Enamel PaintingsFilament Enamel Color Painting was an innovative application of Filament Enamel Craftsmanship. The traditional cloisonné was made from copper, with flat copper wire, and then it was filled with colored glaze. And on this basis, the embroidery on the silk could be innovative, such as changing the carrier medium.
From the examples, there were works such as the Western figure clock painted with stringed silk, as well as some painted objects with stringed silk from the Qing Dynasty, such as the "Qianlong Year" bronze body painted with the picture of the teacher's son. At the same time, there were also some homemade filigree paintings that could be made at home. This process might simplify some traditional processes and allow ordinary people to experience the joy of filigree painting.
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Gilded Enamel MeaningGold gilding was a metal processing technique. Gold and mercury were combined into gold amalgam, which was then applied to the surface of a bronze ware. Then, the mercury was heated to evaporate, and the gold would adhere to the surface of the ware. Enamel was a type of porcelain, known as " artistic porcelain." The gilded glaze was a combination of gilding and glaze. It was commonly seen in some crafts or accessories. For example, the gilded glaze was reflected on the Thai Buddha plaque and its shell. The gilded bronze glaze Sanlongding incense burner was also a combination of this kind of craft.
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Yongzheng Enamel BowlDuring the Yongzheng period, the small bowls made of colored glaze had a high artistic value. Its porcelain body was even more delicate and exquisite. For example, the Yongzheng Enamel Peony Pattern Small Bowl was beautifully shaped and had a light and thin carcass. The interior of the bowl was plain and had no patterns. The outer wall was painted with yellow, green, purple and other colors. With carmine as the lining, the color contrast was strong. The Yongzheng Enamel Landscape Bowl had a luxurious mouth and narrow lips, an arc-shaped deep wall, and a short circle foot. The carcass was white and crystal clear. The outer wall was painted with blue color. On one side, there was a colorful painting of blue landscape, and on the other side, there were three seals painted in red. In the center of the bottom, the blue material was written with the style of" Made in Yongzheng Year". In the auction market, small cups and bowls from the Yongzheng period were often valued because of their unique charm in terms of shape, painting, and firing techniques, as well as the historical and cultural significance they carried. At the same time, the modern technology of engraving was developing rapidly. There were some high-quality imitations, but the real thing was still the darling of the capital market.
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Is there a problem with the repeated appearance of granules in the decayed teeth? How to treat it? VideoIt was a problem for the flesh to appear repeatedly in the decayed teeth, and it needed to be treated according to the cause. If necessary, an oral X-ray should be taken. The specific treatment is as follows:
If the X-ray showed that there was a deep cavity in the tooth crown, the surrounding gums would extend into the cavity to form a tissue. After removing the proliferating gums under local anesthesia, the cavity could be repaired and filled. If the pulp angle of the tooth was punctured, the pulp would proliferate and produce polyp under the chronic stimulation of bacteria. Under anesthesia, the pulp and polyp could be removed directly to complete the root canal treatment. If the X-ray showed that there was a hole in the pulp chamber of the tooth and the fascia at the root furuncle had grown into the pulp cavity, the affected tooth would need to be removed under local anesthesia.
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Cast Body Gilded EnamelThe technique of casting and pinching the silk and making the glaze originated from the royal palace in the 13th century and reached its full prosperity during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. This technique combined bronze casting, porcelain painting, traditional painting, carving, gilding, and many other techniques. It could be said to be the epitome of traditional China craftsmanship. The production of casting body and stringing silk ware reached its peak during the Kangxi and Qianlong periods of the Qing Dynasty. Later, with the decline of the Qing Dynasty, the prosperity gradually declined. Finally, due to the dismissal of the palace craftsmen, this traditional national skill flowed into the folk.
In the process of making the casting body, according to the design requirements of the pattern, the copper wire must be pinched into the outline of the pattern, and then the outline of the pattern must be sewn on the surface of the metal body. Then, the pattern must be filled with the glaze, and then it must be baked in the kiln. This process must be repeated several times, and then it must be polished and gilded to become the finished product.
Among the many types of enamelware, some specific works of stringed-wire enamelware often showed unique artistic charm. For example, some of the stringed-wire enamelware in the old collection of the Forbidden City had a flat vase with a pattern of pine crane and reed goose with a gilded copper body. The carcass was thick, full of gilding and exquisite patterns. There was also a square casket with a dragon pattern made of stringed-wire enamelware imitated the bronze ritual ware Fang Yi of the Shang Dynasty. The carcass was thick, the production was neat, and the color was calm, giving people a solemn feeling. These could be used as a reference for the artistic style and craftsmanship of the gilded and inlaid inlaid porcelain ware.
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Filament Enamel Gilded FurnaceThere are many forms of gold-plated copper gilded glaze furnaces. For example, the gold-plated copper gilded glaze furnace made in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty is a three-legged, two-eared, circular furnace. The gold-plated hollow bat and cloud pattern cover are decorated with four groups of glazed ruyi-shaped lotus patterns, gold-plated hollow cloud dragon pattern buttons, gold-plated inscriptions on the furnace mouth, colorful thunder patterns on the lower part of the mouth edge, ruyi patterns on the body, and lotus patterns on the twining branches. The bottom has the four-character regular script of "Qianlong Year System". The total height is 32 cm, and the maximum width is 38 cm. Exhibits and collections in the Museum of the Summer Resort; There was also a silk-strung enameled beast-face-patterned stove, which was 17.4 cm high, 8 cm in diameter, and 2.6 cm in foot distance. The shape of the stove imitated the bronze ware of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The top of the stove was a steamer and the bottom was a Li. The rope pattern stood on the ears. The top of the stove was gilded with a lotus seat and a dragon pattern button. The whole body was covered with sky-blue glaze. The cover was decorated with beast-face patterns, the abdomen was decorated with banana leaf patterns, and the inside was decorated with beast-face patterns. The three bags were also decorated with beast-face patterns. The images of the beast-face patterns were different and varied. The feet were gilded with gold. The middle of the bottom is engraved with the words "Qianlong Year System" in regular script. It is now in the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taiwan.
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Enamel phoenix peony patternEnamel phoenix and peony patterns were a combination of decorative patterns that appeared on the surface of the porcelain ware. On the back of the golden ground, the peony phoenix holding box was painted with blue glaze. The collection was dignified and the porcelain body was delicate. The glaze was bright and even, and the workmanship was exquisite. There was also a yellow porcelain vase with a phoenix pattern and peony blessing bag. It was exquisite, dignified, and smooth. The phoenix pattern was exquisitely decorated, and the carving was exquisite. It had a profound meaning and the workmanship was complicated. From the perspective of historical development, the Qing Dynasty advocated sensory aesthetics, and the glaze color became a commonly used decorative technique for peony patterns. Moreover, the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties had high artistic achievements in painting peonies. The glaze phoenix peony pattern also reflected the craftsmanship and aesthetic taste of that time.
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Yongzheng Enamel Porcelain PlateThe following is some information about the Yongzheng Enamel Porcelain Plate:
- Qing Emperor Yongzheng Enamel Rose Plate: 3.8cm high, 17.5cm diameter. It has a wide mouth, a shallow wall, a flat bottom, and a short ring foot. The bottom of the vessel and the plate are covered with white glaze. The center of the bottom of the plate is painted with budding and blooming roses, decorated with a pair of clear yellow ears of grain, blue-petaled wild chrysanthemums and wing-spreading wasps. The ink book mentioned,"Every morning, the moon is bright, and every year, Changchun is occupied." The poem depicted three vermilion and white seal characters in red,"Taihe","Jincheng", and "Xuying". Such autumn fruit poems and paintings echoed each other, conveying the beautiful and rich meaning of the golden autumn sunshine and lush fruits. The bottom was written in blue with the words "Qing Yongzheng Year System" in six-character double-line regular script, plus double circles. The outer wall is covered with yellow glaze, bright and plain without decoration.
- Enamel colored plum blossom pattern bowl: Enamel colored porcelain has been regarded as a precious palace porcelain since the late Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. It was deeply cherished by the emperors of past dynasties. Although it was a bowl, it also reflected the preciousness of Yongzheng porcelain.
- There was also a kind of Qing Yongzheng Enamel Color Porcelain Plate, which might have the characteristics of no patterns in the ware (inferred from the other Yongzheng Enamel Color Porcelains). There might be differences in size and other aspects. The production process was more exquisite and the painting was exquisite. For example, there were various flower patterns painted on the plate, accompanied by poems and seals. Moreover, colored porcelain had always been favored in the capital market, and there had even been cases where high-quality imitations could be authentic.
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Introduction to Enamel Color CraftsmanshipEnamel crafts were mainly divided into three categories: stringed silk, micro-painted, and filled with inlaid silk. Now, stringed silk was the main trend. Most of the traditional enamels were made of red copper, and the mineral glaze was burned into colorful patterns at high temperature. The production mainly went through the processes of making the body, pinching the silk, blue, baking, polishing, gilding, etc. The materials were relatively simple, the procedures were cumbersome, and it took a long time.
The production process of modern colored porcelain was as follows: first, the rough shape of the selected porcelain body was outlined with ink, and then a pattern was drawn on the oil paper with a fine needle and then patted on the porcelain body (the pattern needed to be symmetrical and aligned up and down). Then, the raw material (the same kind of paint as the underglaze blue and white, commonly known as Zhu Ming material) was used to hook the line. When hooking the line, the raw material was rubbed with sesame oil and added with Camphor oil to maintain smooth lines. After drawing the line and waiting for it to dry, he removed a layer of pot ash (the black ash at the bottom of the firewood stove in the countryside). Then, after making the glass white and painting the ground, he carried out the first burning of the furnace. The temperature was between 800 - 850 degrees. After the first burning, the painter used oil paint (rich and gorgeous colors, imported like the third generation of Qing Dynasty) to draw layers and yin and yang effects, and then carried out the second burning (the temperature was the same as the first burning). After the second burning, the color became more stable. In order to increase the visual effect, the gold was processed with 24K pure gold powder and painted with gold lines, gold fruits, and gilded edges. After the completion of the third low-temperature burning (about 620 degrees), after the third burning, the gold processing part of the kiln could be made with extremely fine sand or agate pen.
Modern enameling craft could also be produced through the enameling decorative painting production equipment. The image could be input into the computer, and the computer would input the image into the program module of the decorative painting production equipment. Finally, the decorative painting production equipment would be controlled to print, and then the process could be made with the enameling consumables. The finished product had good quality and accurate image. It could be used to produce the enameling decorative painting with glass, wood, acryl, ceramic tiles, etc., and had a wide range of applications.
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