The Origin and History of Dunhuang
The word "Dunhuang" was first seen in Zhang Qian's report to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in Records of the Historian·Biography of Dawan. As for its etymology, most modern scholars believe that it is not Chinese, but may be a Chinese transliteration of the local minority language. For example, the Japanese scholar Fujita Toyohachi has verified that it is a transliteration of Tokhara, and the China scholar Cen Zhongmian believes that it is "Taugas". However, it has existed as an official place name in the Records of the Historian written in 104 - 91 B.C. In 111 B.C., the Han Dynasty officially established Dunhuang County. Before the Warring States Period, Dunhuang was a place where nomads lived, and there were many rock paintings from that time. Before the Qin Dynasty, the Yue people were active in the Hexi Corridor, including Dunhuang. Later, they were defeated by the Xiongnu and moved westward. The Hexi Corridor was occupied by the Xiongnu. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, Huo Qubing defeated the Xiongnu. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty first established Wuwei and Jiuquan prefectures, then divided Wuwei into Zhangye and Wuwei prefectures, while Jiuquan was divided into Jiuquan and Dunhuang prefectures. Dunhuang became an important town for the Han Empire to manage the Western Regions. The Han Dynasty built the Great Wall and beacon towers in the Hexi Corridor, and set up Yangguan Pass and Yumen Pass, consolidating the position of Dunhuang as a fortress. The southern route of the Silk Road opened by Zhang Qian passed through Dunhuang, and the new road opened by the Tang Dynasty also passed through Dunhuang. Dunhuang became the center and transit station of trade between China and the West, as well as the "throat lock" of the traffic between China and the West, which promoted the trade and cultural exchange between China and the West. Grape and pomegranate were introduced into China, Chinese silk and the four great inventions were spread to the West, and religious cultures such as Buddhism, Buddhism and Buddhism were also exchanged here. With the spread of Buddhist culture to the east, the artistic image of Flying Apsaras appeared in Dunhuang and became indigenous. In history, the Returning Army led by Zhang Yichao had reached an agreement with the tribe elders. They raised the Tang flag and fought alone for more than ten years, recovering Shazhou and other places. There was also the " Daughter of Dunhuang " Chang Shana. She was born in France. When she was 12 years old, she returned to the motherland with her father and entered the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang. She and her father copied murals for decades and inherited the culture of Dunhuang. The novel " Gilded Palm " is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
What is the origin of Dunhuang Flying Apsaras?
The Dunhuang Flying Apsaras originated from two Buddhist gods in Indian mythology. The "God of Heavenly Songs", Gantalva (Indian Sanskrit transliteration, Indian mythology called "God of Song and Dance"), had the function of "scattering flowers and spreading fragrance". The "God of Heavenly Music", Jinnaro (Indian Sanskrit transliteration, Indian mythology called "God of Entertainment"), had the function of "playing music and dancing." It was a long-term exchange and integration of the Indian Buddhist Heaven and Man, the China Taoist Feather Man, the Western Region Flying Apsaras, and the Central Plains Flying Apsaras. From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there had been images of Flying Apsaras in the murals of Buddhist caves in our country. In the early days, many of them were men, but later they became beautiful women. In Buddhism, the Flying Apsaras were generally referred to as Gantalva and Jinnara of the Eight Protectors. These two gods combined into one and became the Dunhuang Flying Apsaras of later generations, becoming the God of Heaven and Earth in Buddhism. The Dunhuang Flying Apsaras were introduced to China from India. After more than a thousand years of development, they formed a Chinese style. "Legend of the Flying Apsaras" is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
The origin and legend of the Dunhuang Flying Apsaras
Dunhuang Flying Apsaras were an important representative image of Dunhuang culture and art. Its origin was closely related to Buddhist culture. After Buddhism was introduced into China, the image of Flying Apsaras followed and continued to evolve and develop in the soil of Chinese culture. In the legends, the Flying Apsaras were regarded as the heavenly beings of the Buddhist Kingdom. They danced freely in the sky, expressing the joy and peace of the Buddhist Kingdom with their beautiful postures and elegant figures. They either held musical instruments to play beautiful fairy music, or held flowers and other things, symbolizing beauty, good luck, and praise to Buddha. The appearance of the Flying Apsaras in Dunhuang murals and other art forms not only reflected the belief and respect of the ancient people for Buddhism, but also reflected the imagination and yearning of the people at that time for the ideal realm. It integrated the artistic elements of China and the West and became a unique artistic treasure. "Legend of the Flying Apsaras" is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
The origin and history of roses
Rose was first differentiated from wild roses. It belonged to the same species of rose as rose and rose. Its origin could be traced back to the tertiary period of geological age, about 60 million years ago. This conclusion came from the leaf fossils of the original species of the Eocene rose found in Fushun area, Liaoning Province, China. In 1883, Oligocene-era rose fossils were discovered in the United States, and it also indicated that there were roses on Earth tens of millions of years ago. Roses were born in the northern part of China, North Korea, Japan, Russia and other parts of the northern hemisphere. In China, the history of rose cultivation could be traced back to the Han Dynasty more than 2000 years ago. The Xijing Miscellany mentioned that there was a "rose tree" planted in the Leyou Garden of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. However, the "rose" in the Records of the Historian and the First Aid Chapter written by Shi You of the Western Han Dynasty did not refer to flowers. It was probably named after the Han Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, poems on roses had mentioned the relationship between roses and Chinese roses. In foreign countries, roses were widely planted in ancient Babylon and ancient Greece. In ancient Greek architectural decorations, coin casting, and Crete murals, there were sculptures and paintings with roses as the theme. In the early years of the Christian era, when the Roman Empire was flourishing, the ancient Egyptians sold roses from Southwest Asia to Rome. After the 12th century, the rose planting industry rose in various European countries, and rose planting in Britain was particularly prominent. In the 13th century French fable, The Legend of the Rose, roses symbolized noble women. The War of the Roses (War of the Roses) took place in England between 1455 and 1485. The emblems of the two sides were red roses and white roses. Later, England used roses (actually ancient roses in Europe) as their national flower and changed the royal emblem to red and white roses. The cultivation of roses by the people of various countries had formed a huge family. At present, there were at least 16000 varieties of roses in the world. Among them, the hybrid tea rose was the offspring of four China rose varieties that were introduced to Europe in the second half of the 18th century and crossbred with local varieties. In terms of cultural significance, from ancient Greek mythology to medieval European Christian culture, and then to modern society, roses have always been given different symbolic meanings. In ancient Greek mythology, the story of the goddess Aphrodite made it a symbol of love and beauty. In medieval Europe, roses were called the "flower of the Virgin Mary", symbolizing loyalty, piety, and purity. In modern society, red roses became one of the most common ways to express love. "Hugging You in the Wind of the City" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to click and read it!
The Origin and History of Mars
The formation of Mars was related to the formation of the solar system. The formation of the solar system began with a huge cloud of gas and dust consisting of gas (mainly hydrogen and some helium) and tiny dust particles, known as the solar nebula or the primitive nebula. The formation of Mars could be divided into four stages: 1. Dust accumulation stage: In the early stages of the solar system, a large amount of dust and gas clouds gradually gathered to form the original material of Mars. 2. Planet condensation stage: As the dust and matter further gathered, the core of Mars gradually formed. Its core was mainly composed of iron-Ni alloy, which played a decisive role in Mars 'lower density and smaller volume. 3. Planetary growth phase: After the core is formed, Mars begins to absorb the surrounding gas and dust, and its size gradually increases. This process continues for millions of years until it reaches its current size. 4. Atmospheric Formation Stage: During the growth of the planet, the surface temperature of Mars gradually rises, causing the frozen material to melt and release a large amount of gas. These gases gradually form the atmosphere of Mars. Planetary collisions also played an important role in the evolution of Mars. About four billion years ago, there were a large number of asteroids and comets in the solar system. They collided with Mars, which had a profound impact on the formation and evolution of Mars. Many giant craters and canyons on the surface of Mars might have been formed by the collision of debris. Regarding the origin of life on Mars and the relationship between Mars and Earth, some people believed that Mars might be the earliest planet in the solar system to have life. At least 4 billion years ago, life might have existed on Mars. There were also studies that suggested that life on Earth might have originated on Mars, for example, it might have been sent to Earth by Mars meteorites. The climate of Mars in ancient times may have been very habitable. From 3.5 billion years ago, Mars experienced a "great oxidization period." Through simulations, it was possible that there was a liquid ocean on Mars three billion years ago. The novel "Mars of Paradise" is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to read it!
The Origin and History of Guizhou
Guizhou was named after Guishan, because Guizhou was called Qianzhong in ancient times, so it was called Guizhou for short. Before the Spring and Autumn Period, the northeastern part of Guizhou belonged to Jingchu, and the rest of the area was generally called Nanman. There were many tribes, and the famous one was the country of Qianyu. From the late Warring States Period to the early Western Han Dynasty, Yelang was the most powerful local regime in the southwest. In 135 B.C., Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Tang Meng as an envoy to Yelang. After negotiations, the Marquis of Yelang agreed to set up prefectures and counties in his territory. In 126 B.C., Yelang County and Qielan County were established. In 111 B.C., the county was set up. In 25 B.C., the Yelang Kingdom was destroyed, and the county system was finally established in the Yelang area. During the Three Kingdoms period, most of the southwest belonged to the Shu Han regime, and Guizhou belonged to the counties of Yayu, Zhuti, Xinggu, Jianghan, and Fuling. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties of the Jin Dynasty, in addition to the establishment of the county, the remote areas also belonged to Zhuti, Jianghan and other counties. During the Sui Dynasty, there were two counties in Guizhou, namely, Yuzhou and Mingyang. Today, the northeastern part of Guizhou belongs to Qian 'an County and Yuanling County. During the Tang Dynasty, the system of Jingzhi Prefecture and Jimi Prefecture was implemented in Guizhou today. The Jingzhi Prefecture established in Guizhou included Bozhou and Sizhou, while the Jimi Prefecture established in Guizhou included Juzhou and Manzhou. During the Song Dynasty, the current Guizhou area mainly belonged to Kuizhou Road, while the other areas belonged to Kuizhou Road, Jinghu North Road, Tongchuan Road, Guangnan West Road, Jiannan West Road, Jiannan East Road, etc. In 974 AD, Pugui, the leader of the indigenous people, submitted to the Song Dynasty with the Ju Prefecture under his control. The Song Dynasty had written in the imperial edict that "Guizhou is the only place in the world, far away in the wilderness." This was the earliest record of the area under the name of Guizhou. During the Yuan Dynasty, the chieftain system was implemented all over Guizhou, which belonged to Huguang, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. During the Ming Dynasty, the establishment of the Guizhou Administrative Commissioner Department and the official establishment of Guizhou Province was the beginning of Guizhou's name. During the Qing Dynasty, Zunyi Prefecture and its subordinate counties in Sichuan were transferred to Guizhou. The novel "Taoist Qianshan" is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
The Origin and History of Yunnan
There were more than 100,000 people in the Baoshan area of Yunnan Province who called themselves "themselves". They had the surnames of A, Mang and Jiang. They were descendants of the Khitan tribe and now belonged to more than 10 ethnic groups. In the 1990s, this group of Khitan descendants was discovered in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province. However, there was no more information about their specific development process in Yunnan based on the available information.
The Origin and History of Jingwei
The Jing surname mainly had the following origins: 1. ** Originated from the surname Ji **: From the descendants of the Duke of Dan Jing of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was based on the posthumous title of the ancestor. 2. ** Originated from the surname Gui **: It originated from Jingguo Jun, the descendant of Jingzhong, the son of Duke Li of Chen in the Spring and Autumn Period. It was based on the posthumous title of the ancestor. After Jing Zhong fled to the State of Qi, his descendants, the Tian family, controlled the State of Qi. Tian Ying, the Lord of Jing Guo, was the son of King Wei of Qi and was granted the title of Xue Di. Among his descendants, there were those who took his posthumous title "Jing Guo" as their surname and called them Jing Guo. Later, the provincial text simplified them into single surnames Jing and Guo. 3. ** Originated from Manchu **: From the ancient Jurchen Jingjia tribe, it belongs to the Han surname. In terms of history, the Jing family had migrated. The descendants of the Jing family who migrated from the big pagoda tree in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province were mainly distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan and other places. In addition, there was the historical event of the "Jingnan Incident". Zhu Di launched a rebellion in the name of "clearing the emperor's side and calming the internal difficulties". The "Jing" here meant to calm down and stabilize. While waiting for the TV series, you can also click on the link below to read the classic original work of "Dafeng Nightwatchman"!
Dunhuang frescoes
The Dunhuang murals referred to the paintings in the caves of Dunhuang in China. Dunhuang murals were a world cultural heritage, with a total area of more than 50,000 square meters. The frescoes in Dunhuang began during the Sixteen Kingdoms Period and were painted by many dynasties, including the Northern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Uighur, Western Xia, Yuan and Qing Dynasties. Dunhuang murals were mainly divided into statue paintings, scripture paintings, Buddhist story paintings, patron paintings, pattern paintings, landscape paintings, and traditional mythical story paintings. The frescoes in Dunhuang depicted the image of gods, their activities, the relationship between gods and gods, and the relationship between gods and humans. They had different aesthetic characteristics and artistic styles from secular paintings. The frescoes in Dunhuang are an important heritage of ancient China art and culture. They show the lifestyle, culture, religion, and art of the ancient northwest region.
Dunhuang novels
There were two novels called " Dunhuang." One was written by the Japanese writer, Jing Inoue. The story was set in the Tiansheng years of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty. The scholar Zhao Xingde went to Dunhuang after missing the examination. His fate took a huge turn. It included Zhao Xingde's military service, his communication with Zhu Wangli, emotional entanglement, copying scriptures and other plots. The writer had a unique thinking about life and history. The narrative mode inherited and drew lessons from China historical biography literature. When it came to this subject, he had a rigorous academic attitude. This novel made many people pay attention to western China and go to Dunhuang. The other was the work of the China writer Chen Jiming. It was set in the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty. The protagonist was Qi Xi, the imperial painter of Li Shimin. He described the war of the dynasty, the opening of caves by mortals, the statues of court painters, etc. He also wrote about the lives of ordinary people with the changes of villages and families. The book added contemporary elements and connected history and reality through the strange life of a descendant of Tuyuhun. This novel was based on historical facts, describing the change of Xuanwu Gate to the migration and integration of ethnic groups, from various characters in Dunhuang to the changes of the local seasons, animals, wine and songs, and many other elements, trying to pull the reader back to the historical scene. The novel " Gilded Palm " is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Dunhuang documentary
There were two documentaries called " Dunhuang." One was a cultural documentary co-produced by Zhongshi Media Co., Ltd. and the Dunhuang Research Institute and directed by Zhou Bing. It had a total of 10 episodes, which were divided into "Explorers Come","Millennium Construction","Mystery of the Sutra Cave","Nameless Master","Dunhuang Painted Sculpture","Living in Dunhuang","Tianya Business Travel","Dancing Dream of Dunhuang","Call of Dunhuang","Watching Dunhuang". It showed the history and life of Dunhuang for more than 1,000 years by describing the fate stories of ten characters. It aired on the Central TV News Channel from February 14 to 23, 2010 at 21:30 every night. The other was "Dunhuang: Legend of Life," which was the first historical and drama-style legendary documentary. It was dubbed by Feng Xiaogang, sincerely produced by the Emmy Awards international team, and jointly interpreted by Chinese and foreign scholars. It revealed the unknown mystery of Dunhuang from a global perspective. There were five episodes in total, namely "Beacon Smoke Rising,""Disaster Rising,""Lonely Star in the Night,""Eternal Flower," and "Treasure of the Pavilion." Each episode revolved around a core figure closely related to the development history of Dunhuang civilization. In addition, there was also " Dunhuang: Dancing Dreams of Dunhuang," which was a 45-minute documentary in English with Chinese subtitles. There was also a set episode of " Dunhuang Meets Shaoxing ", which was scheduled to be broadcast on CCTV - 9 at 19:22 p.m. from September 14 to 17. It started with the grotto culture, calligraphy culture, poetry culture, and cultural heritage of Dunhuang and Shaoxing, and dug into the deep historical origins and cultural implications of the two cities. "Legend of the Flying Apsaras" is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!