Jade ware of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the State of Wu

The Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system and the patriarch system, and the hierarchy was strict. This had a great impact on the jade system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The ritual jade of the Western Zhou Dynasty had clear rules on the use of grades. Gui was an important ritual vessel in the Western Zhou Dynasty. It was flat and rectangular, with an equinoceros triangle at the top. It was well-made and generally had no decorative patterns. Cong was shaped as a square pillar of different heights. The central hole was larger, and the corners were straight and strong. Most of the surfaces were smooth and without patterns. Very few were carved with bird patterns or other patterns on the four surfaces of the square body. In the early days, there were many plain jade, with irregular edges and cutting marks and damages. The surface of the jade was thick inside and thin outside, with deep straight cuts, and the middle hole was single-sided drilled. In the later period, there were dragon patterns, phoenix patterns, cloud patterns and other decorations carved by negative lines on the surface of the jade. Huang was in the shape of a half-wall or a fan, with holes on both ends. In addition to the plain ones, there were usually dragon patterns and phoenix patterns carved with shallow Yin lines, and there were also those directly shaped like animals, which were more vivid and unique. These jades played an important role in the etiquette system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

Wu was a Chinese surname with a complicated origin. It may have originated from the surname Jiang of Emperor Yan, about 5000 years ago; it may also have originated from the Wuhui clan of Zhurong, about 4000 years ago; it may also have originated from the surname Yao, about 3500 years ago; and it may have originated from the surname Wu of the Yellow Emperor, about 2600 years ago (Taibo of the King of Wu was called the ancestor of the Kai clan by later generations of the Wu surname). In terms of distribution, the modern Wu surname was mainly distributed in Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Jiangsu provinces, accounting for about 34% of the total population of the Wu surname, followed by Henan, Zhejiang, Hunan, Sichuan, Hubei, Shandong, Jiangxi, and Anhui provinces, with another 41% concentrated. On a global scale, Wu was mainly distributed in North Korea, Vietnam, Myanmar, Singapore, the philippines, Vietnam, the United States, Canada, Australia, and other countries. In history, there were many famous people with the surname Wu, such as Wu Chengen (author of Journey to the West) in the Ming Dynasty, Wu Sangui (founder of the Wu Zhou regime) in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and Wu Jingzi in the Qing Dynasty. Wu Daozi of the Tang Dynasty, Wu Guang of the late Qin Dynasty, Wu Qi of the Warring States Period, Wu Jianren of the Qing Dynasty, Wu Changshuo of the Qing Dynasty, Wu Qijun of the Qing Dynasty, Wu Quan of the Five Dynasties, etc. The original meaning of the word "Wu" was to speak loudly. It was a word that understood the meaning. The upper part was "mouth" and the lower part was "". Later, the word "entertainment" was specially created to replace its original meaning."Wu" was now mostly used as the name of the country and surname. In history, there was the vassal state of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period, and there was Dongwu in the Three Kingdoms Period. Later,"Wu" also generally referred to Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. The language here was called "Wu language". While waiting for the TV series, he could also read the exciting content related to this site!

The Fish-dragon Jade Artifacts of the Western Zhou Dynasty had unique characteristics. In terms of decorative patterns, the dragon-shaped jade pendant was mostly carved with single and double negative lines to form the outline of the dragon. The dragon body was mainly made of scale patterns, heavy ring patterns, and cloud patterns. The dragon patterns turned from concrete to abstract. In terms of usage, the dragon-shaped jade ware developed from the totem worship of the Neoliths, the worship of ghosts and gods in the Shang Dynasty, to the ceremonial utensils of the Western Zhou hierarchy and the decorative jade of the gentleman's virtue. Finally, it became the symbol of the power, status, identity and wealth of the noble class. There was a fishtail dragon-shaped jade pendant that was unearthed. It was made of green jade and ice blue. It was 5.8 centimeters long. The front half was a dragon head with a round hole on the head. The back half was a fish-shaped tail. The front of the dragon body was carved with variant dragon patterns by Yin lines, and the back was decorated with line patterns. It had the common characteristics of fish and dragons. The jade processing techniques of the Western Zhou Dynasty had their typical characteristics. For example, the processing of the human-dragon jade was done by grasping the fine stone tools with bare hands. Later, it was not carefully polished, leaving traces of hair. Since there were no weights, it was still processed by bare hands, showing a satin luster. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

The spiral pattern jade ware of the Western Zhou Dynasty had its own uniqueness. Take the spiral pattern jade Cong as an example. It was a flat cylindrical decoration made of white jade from Hetian jade. It was red in color, 11.3*10.6*4.3 cm in size, and weighed 1217.6 grams. It was a sacrificial vessel for the gods, with swirling patterns and a greasy luster. Judging from the work marks, there were many kinds of marks, such as engraving marks, grinding marks on the surface of the jade, corner marks, etc. There were also traces of time, such as soil erosion, biting marks, flying sand marks, etc. This kind of jade cong had an important significance in the jade culture at that time. The formation of its color required specific conditions such as environment, temperature, humidity, and so on. It could only be formed after thousands of years of fermentation. At the same time, the inner circle and the outer circle of the jade cong symbolized heaven and earth. The hole in the middle represented the communication between heaven and earth, reflecting the world view at that time. It had high cultural value, historical research value, artistic appreciation value, and collection value. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

King Wu conquered Zhou during the Western Zhou Dynasty.

During the Tubo Dynasty, the tributes from the Xizang region and the rewards from the central government (such as the central government of the Yuan Dynasty) included a large number of jade. In the Yuan Dynasty Xizang was closely connected with the central government. Among the gifts were Buddha statues, porcelain, silk and a large number of jade articles. In the Yuan Dynasty, the concept of "gold is valuable and jade is priceless" prevailed. Jade culture was highly respected and recognized by all aspects of society. The jade making institutions and jade grinding workshops in the inner court were unprecedentedly large, and the official jade craftsmanship industry was particularly developed. However, due to the short history of the Yuan Dynasty and the early integration of Tibet into China, the political relationship between the central government of the Yuan Dynasty and Xizang was far more prominent than the economic and cultural relationship. The number of jade articles collected by the Tibetan museum of the Xizang region was limited and the shape of the articles was single. However, it could be seen that the interaction between the Tubo Dynasty and the Central Dynasty involved exchanges related to jade. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

Xie Zhi was a strange beast in ancient legends. It had a horn that could distinguish right from wrong. When it saw people fighting, it would use its horn to touch evil and unreasonable people. The ancients regarded it as an auspicious thing. In the Han Dynasty, jade articles related to Xie Zhi were unearthed, such as the Western Han jade Xie Zhi Pei unearthed in the seventh site of the Great Wall Armory in the northwest suburb of Xi'an City in 1976. It was collected by the Institute of Archeology of the China Academy of Social Sciences. The jade pendant was made of white jade. It was round and flat, with a diameter of 4.2 centimeters and a thickness of 0.45 centimeters. It was well-shaped and exquisitely made. The front edge was outlined with a circle of thin Yin lines. The Yin lines and hollowed-out techniques were used to represent the image of a single-horned goat. There was also the jade Xiezhi that was unearthed from the Han Tomb in Sanqiao Town in the western suburbs of Xi'an and collected by the Xi'an Cultural Relics Bureau. In addition, in 1979, a jade Xiezhi beast from the Han Dynasty (206 - 220 B.C.) was also unearthed from a Han Dynasty tomb in Shapo, southern suburbs of Xi'an City. It was 3.5 cm tall, 2.5 cm long, and 1 cm wide. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

Please clarify the question. For example," What are the characteristics of the decorative patterns on the jade articles of the Han Dynasty?" Or," What is the origin of the jade materials in the jade ware of the Han Dynasty?" Wait, so that I can answer accurately. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

The green jade of the Han Dynasty had the following characteristics and meanings: ** 1. Material Characteristics ** 1. ** Elements and causes ** - The material composition of sapphire was the same or similar to that of white jade. The cause of formation was the same as that of white jade. They were both formed by contact metamorphosis, but only because they contained trace elements of iron. 2. ** Color expression ** - The ancients said that the color of sapphire was shrimp green, snot green, willow green, bamboo green and so on. - According to "Ge Gu Lun," the green jade in ancient jade is light green and yellow. ** 2. Physical Attributes ** - It was usually larger, more delicate, warm, and oily. - A portion of the green jade had a very good toughness due to its dense interwoven structure. It was an important raw material for making thin-body utensils. - Among the Hetian jade, green jade was the hardest and was also known as steel jade. ** 3. The embodiment and significance of the jade ware in the Han Dynasty ** 1. ** In terms of ritual vessels ** - "Zhou Li, Spring and Autumn, Da Zong Bo" records: "Jade is used to make six objects, and it is used to worship the four directions of heaven and earth. He used the green jade to salute the sky, the yellow Cong to salute the earth, the green Gui to salute the east, the red Zhang to salute the south, the white Hu to salute the west, and the black Huang to salute the north." Gui was a kind of rectangular jade ware with a triangular or flat top. It was used in ancient times to worship the gods of the position and also to distinguish the status level (as recorded in the historical records,"Wang Zhi Zhen Gui, one foot two inches, Gong Zhi Heng Gui, nine inches." Hou holds the letter Gui, seven inches long. "Five inches"). During the Warring States Period, other than being used as a ritual vessel, the Gui also had the function of recording the alliance oaths of the vassals in order to cooperate with each other and protect their forces. 2. ** Relating to the imperial power ** - Although white jade was valued after the Han Dynasty, green jade was important in the Han Dynasty and before that. Many exquisite artifacts in ancient times were made of green jade, especially the jade seal that represented the imperial power. Therefore, green jade was also called the "Imperial Jade". Sapphire products of the Han Dynasty include holding pigs and so on. Not only were there a large number of green jade products in Liangzhu culture, but also the green jade of Hetian jade was widely used in the jade articles unearthed from Fuhao Tomb in Yin Ruins. 3. ** In terms of cultural implications ** - The Han Dynasty jade feather cup (double-ear cup) had a delicate and warm jade quality, a deep and pure jade color, presenting a strong overall aura, with the meaning of eternal foundation. ** 4. Instance ** - There was a Han Dynasty Sapphire Pig, 10.4 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, which was collected in Lianyungang City Museum. There was also the Han Dynasty style blue jade sword with a scabbard with dragon and phoenix patterns. It was made of Hetian blue jade and had a green and yellow color. It was 65cm long and 8.5 cm wide. It weighed 1434 grams and was composed of two parts, the sword body and the scabbard. The hilt, the sword frame, and other parts had exquisite carvings. This kind of jade sword was even rarer than the bronze sword. At that time, it should be a high-grade, non-practical, ceremonial or sacrificial place. It was used as a medium to show the level and communicate with the gods through jade. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>