Biology Knowledge Garden

Answer 1

The following was some information related to biological knowledge:

** 1. Basic characteristics and concepts of living beings **
1. ** Irritability and adaptability **
- Living organisms would have a certain reaction to external stimulation. This was irritability, and it was a dynamic process. Adaptability included stress and static adaptation characteristics, such as the protective colors of animals and plants. Both were determined by genetic inheritance.
2. ** Commonality of Life **
- In terms of material basis, there were common compounds and elements, such as the types of neutrons, the types of aa, the arrangement of the structure of the DNA, the structure of the genes (including the non-coding region and the coding region), and the genetic code. These were all common manifestations of life.

** 2. Cell related knowledge **
1. ** Cell size and structure **
- The size of the cells was at the millimeter level. Under the electron microscope, fine structures with a diameter of less than 0.2 millimeters could be seen. The smallest cell was a pathogen.
- Prokaryonic cells had their own characteristics, such as no nuclear membrane, no nuclei, no embryos, only Ribosome, the cell wall was composed of peptidoglycan, inheritance did not follow the three laws, the only inheritable variation was gene mutation, no biological membrane system, the gene structure code region was continuous; Mammals mature red blood cells had no nucleus and mitochondria, did not divide, and carried out oxygen free breathing, which could be used to extract cell membrane.
- As the center of the biological membrane system, the ER was connected to the cell membrane on the outside, the nuclear membrane on the inside, and the outer membrane of the mitochondria. It could fold, assemble, and add sugar groups to the protein, and then form vesicles with membranes to transport it to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and secretion.
2. ** The substances in the cells **
- The three major energy storage substances in plant cells were fat, starch, and protein, while the important energy storage substances in animal cells were mainly fat and protein.
- The basic elements of protein were C, H, O, N, and S were its characteristic elements; the basic elements of the acid were C, H, O, N, and P, and P were its characteristic elements; the elements of hemoglobin were C, H, O, N, and Fe3; the elements of chlor-2 were C, H, O, N, and Fe3; the elements of indoleacetic acid were C, H, O, and N; sugar and fat did not contain mineral elements.
3. ** The life course of cells **
- The life process of cells included undifferentiated, differentiated, aging, and death. The essence of cell division was the selective expression of genes, which was regulated by the non-coding regions on both sides of the gene at the level of replication. Cell totipotency refers to the potential of differentiated cells to develop. The totipotency of animal cells can be divided into totipotency cells (such as early embryo cells of animals), pluripotency (such as embryonic cells), and specialization (such as hemopoetic stem cells). The totipotency of plant cells can be arranged into fertilized eggs, reproductive cells, and somacells. The material basis of totipotency is that the cells contain the full set of genetic materials of the species.

** 3. Bioengineering related **
1. ** The composition of bioengineering **
- Bioengineering consisted of three major parts, namely genetic engineering, biological cell engineering (upstream technology), biological fermentation engineering, and fermentation engineering (downstream technology).
- Genetic engineering tools were restriction restriction endases and DNA ligases (which acted on the phosphorous ester bond); cell engineering tools were cellases and pectinases (when obtaining protoplasts, a suitable concentration of glucose solution had to be prepared to ensure that the protoplasts were orthotropically stable), and Trypsin (used in animal cell engineering).

** 4. Energy related to living beings **
1. **ATP**
- As a direct energy source in the cell, it was in small amounts and could be converted to AAD. The physiological activities that require energy consumption include active transportation, effluxes and secretions, dark reactions, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, bioelectricity, and the synthesis of large molecular organic substances. The physiological activities that do not require energy consumption include infiltration and transpirations. The physiological activities that form ATP-are breathing and light reactions.

** 5. Human Physiology **
1. ** Blood cells **
- Red blood cells were the most abundant in the blood, but they did not have a nucleus. Platelets also did not have a nucleus. There were no blood cells in the blood plasma, and white blood cells had a nucleus, which could be used for paternity testing.
2. ** Nephron **
- Nephron includes glomeruli, glomeruli, and glomeruli. The glomeruli had a filtering effect, and the tubulae had a reabsorption effect. The liquid in the kidney capsule was the original urine, and the urine in the original urine was not reabsorbed by the tubulae.

** 6. Biological factors that affect health **
1. ** Pestilence caused by bacteria, viruses and genes **
- The bacteria had a cell wall and could live independently in the air and soil from animals and plants. It used to be the number one killer of human health, such as malaria and plague. Now, only some super bacteria were more difficult to deal with. However, as long as the bacteria infection did not cause large-scale organ death, multiple antibiotics could be used at the same time to cure it.
- The virus did not have a cell wall and had to survive in an animal's body. It died quickly after leaving the host's body. It could not be transmitted through air or objects (except in special circumstances), but it could be transmitted through droplets. At present, there was no medical method that could attack the virus in the human body without harming the cells. After being infected with the virus, it basically relied on its own immunity to heal itself. The vaccine was an effective means to fight the virus by stimulating the immune system to produce immune cells before it was really infected to prevent the virus. The most typical disease caused by genes was cancer.
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