Important Illustration Knowledge Points in Biology

Biology elective second year of high school chapter 1 knowledge points: - Research and application of the reagent: - Pectinase: It breaks down pectins and dissects the cell wall and intercellular layer of plants, which helps to increase the juice yield of fruits and make the juice clear. Pectinase was not an type of an ester. It included polygallouronases, pectinases, pectinases, and pectinesterases. - The activity of the reagent could be expressed by the reduction of the reagent or the increase of the product in a unit of time and volume. - Control of plant pests and animal diseases: - Control policy: prevention first, comprehensive control. - Comprehensive control methods for crop pests and diseases: - Investigation of pests and diseases: According to the purpose, requirements and targets of the investigation, it can be divided into basic situation investigation, fixed-point system investigation and pest control effect investigation. The investigation was generally carried out in the form of a sample. The sample methods included chessboard, diagonal, straight, Z, and so on. There were concepts such as disease incidence rate (preliminary understanding of the harm situation), insect population reduction rate (understanding the effect after prevention and treatment), etc. The prediction of plant pests and diseases was based on the analysis and judgment of the data obtained from observation and investigation. It calculated the occurrence period, occurrence quantity, and damage degree of the pests and diseases, and issued early warnings in time for prevention and control. - Plant quarantine: The purpose is to prevent the spread of dangerous pests and weeds. The quarantine targets were seeds, seedlings, and agricultural products, including international quarantine and domestic quarantine. - Agricultural control: Take measures such as the selection of resistant varieties (such as insect-resistant tobacco), the formulation of reasonable farming systems (such as reducing the amount of pesticide used), and the establishment of scientific fertilizer and water management to directly or indirectly eliminate or suppress the occurrence and harm of diseases, insects, and weeds. Biology elective second year of high school, knowledge points: - Cell cycle and mitosis: The cell is the basic unit of an organism, and its normal growth and development requires a series of life cycles. The cell cycle referred to the entire process of cells starting from one mitosis to the next mitosis. It was mainly divided into four stages. - G1 phase (growth phase): During this period, cells grow and synthesize the required protein and organelle. - S phase (DNA replication phase): During this period, cells replicate the DNA in their genomes, ensuring that each daughter cell has complete genetic information. - G2 phase (prophase): During this period, cells grow further and are ready to enter mitosis. - M stage (mitosis stage): During this period, cells undergo mitosis, including the formation of the Spindle, nuclear division, and cell division. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

The following is a summary of some high school biology knowledge points: 1. The relationship between chemical elements and organisms: organisms contain a variety of chemical elements. These elements have different functions and effects in the body, such as forming compounds and participating in physiological processes. 2. The list of compounds in the cell: There are many kinds of compounds in the cell, such as sugar, fat, protein, and nuclear acid. Each of them has different structures and functions. For example, sugar is the main energy material, fat can store energy, and so on. 3. Nucleic acid was divided into DNA and DNA, and its basic units were respectively, DNA and DNA. 4. Identification of reducing sugar, fat, protein, and DNA in biological tissues: Use specific reagents for identification. For example, Fehling's reagent can identify reducing sugar and produce brick-red precipitations; Sultan III dye solution can identify fat and produce orange color, etc. 5. The characteristic of the membrane was that it was selectively pervious, allowing certain substances to pass through while preventing other substances from passing through. 6. The cell membrane's substance exchange function: The cell membrane can carry out substance exchange through free dispersion, assisted dispersion, active transportation, and other methods. 7. The similarities between mitochondria and plastids were that they both had a double-layered membrane structure, were related to energy conversion, and contained a small amount of DNA. 8. The comparison of eukaryote organelle: Different organelle had differences in structure and function. For example, the ER was the synthesis, processing, and transportation channel of protein and other molecular substances; the Golgi apparatus mainly processed, classified, and packaged the protein from the ER. 9. During mitosis, the changes of nuclear DNA, the nuclei of the nuclei, and the nuclei of the nuclei were as follows: during the interphase, DNA replication and the synthesis of related protein were carried out, and the DNA content was doubled; during the prophase of mitosis, the nuclei of the nuclei appeared, and at the anaphase, the nuclei of the nuclei split, and the sister Chromatids separated. 10. The source of ATP-in the body: It is mainly produced by cell breathing (both oxygen and oxygen free breathing) and photosynthesis. 11. [The destination of the ATP-binding in the body: It is used for various life activities of cells, such as muscle contraction and material synthesis.] 12. The comparison between light reaction and dark reaction in photosynthesis: the light reaction occurs on the thylakoid membrane of the plastids, producing oxygen, bound bound 13. The relationship between light energy utilization rate and photosynthesis efficiency: Light energy utilization rate refers to the ratio of the energy contained in the organic matter accumulated by the plant's photosynthesis to the sunlight energy that shines on the ground; photosynthesis efficiency refers to the ratio of the energy contained in the organic matter produced by green plants through photosynthesis to the light energy absorbed during photosynthesis. 14. The relationship between the external factors that affect photosynthesis and the improvement of light energy utilization: The external factors include light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, etc., and appropriately increasing the value of these factors can improve the light energy utilization. 15. The metabolism of the three major nutrients in humans and animals: sugar, fat, and protein can be synthesized and decomposed in the body, and they can be converted to each other. 16. The comparison between the two types of breathing: Aerobic breathing produces a large amount of energy and requires oxygen to participate. The reaction site is mainly the mitochondria. The anoxia-less breathing produces a small amount of energy and does not require oxygen. The reaction site is the cellular matrix. In addition, there were also knowledge points about cell structure and function, gene expression, genetic laws, biological evolution, ecological systems, etc., such as cell membrane system, gene translation and translation process, Mendel's law of inheritance, modern biological evolution theory, etc.(Genetic frequency changes, isolation and speciation, etc.), the components of the ecosystem (producers, consumers, disposers, non-biological substances and energy), energy flow (one-way flow, step-by-step reduction), material circulation, and many other topics. These knowledge points were all important parts of high school biology learning, but due to space constraints, it was difficult to list all 300. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

The following is a summary of some of the knowledge points from the high school biology elective (old textbook): - It was very important to go back to the textbooks and build a knowledge system to clarify the basic knowledge. - Do more related questions to consolidate knowledge points, especially the experimental knowledge points. Unfortunately, because he did not obtain the complete details of the elective knowledge point, he could only give such a general answer. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

1. ** Element classification ** - [Basic Element: C] - [Basic Elements: C, H, O, N] - ** Main Elements **: C, H, O, N, P, S. - ** Major Elements **: C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Ca2, M2, etc. - ** Trace elements **: Iron, Mn, Mn, Copper, B, Mo, etc. 2. [Elemental Source: Absorbed selectively from the natural world.] 3. ** Elements in cells are arranged in order ** - The order of the heavy elements was: O > C > H > N. - ** Dry heavy element order **: C>O>N>H. 4. ** Elemental status of different organisms ** - The types of chemical elements contained in different organisms were basically the same, but the content of the same element in different organisms was quite different. The content of different elements in the same organism was also different, which reflected the unity and difference of cells. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

The study of biology in high school required scientific methods to construct a knowledge system and carry out effective revision. First of all, going back to the textbook was the basics. He had to focus on the bold words and the summary of the chapters in the textbook. He had to try to summarize the content and draw a mind map to build a knowledge framework to avoid missing knowledge points. For example, he could use books like " Basic Knowledge of High School Biology ", which could effectively help him sort out his knowledge. The first round would give him a complete knowledge system for him to memorize. In the second and third rounds, he could repeat the training in the form of filling in the blanks, which would help him improve steadily. Secondly, he would conduct specialized training. Using the real questions of the biology college entrance examination and the special practice questions of the test center to carry out targeted training to improve the accuracy and speed of the questions. In terms of knowledge, high school biology included the material and structural basis of life, metabolism, reproduction and development of living things, regulation of life activities, inheritance and variation, origin of life and evolution of living things, biology and the environment, and so on. The knowledge of these sections needed to be deeply understood and memorized. For example, the three major knowledge points of genetic engineering, cell engineering, and embryo engineering were also important. Materials like the Butterfly Transformation High School Biology Knowledge Points and Training were also helpful in improving grades. It contained all the knowledge points of high school biology and had been categorized in detail to make it easy to memorize. Moreover, each knowledge point had after-school training to consolidate it, and there were also explanations from famous teachers to help understand it. At the same time, the learning methods of some top students were also worth learning from. For example, the female top student in science in Hengzhong High School would sort out and summarize the basic knowledge points and check for missing areas that were easy to make mistakes. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

Species variety was an important component of biological variety. It was the most intuitive embodiment of biological variety and also the core of the concept of biological variety. The differences between individuals of different species reflected the variety of species. Biological species and species would affect the ecosystem. At the same time, the variety of genes determined the variety of species, and the essence of the variety of species was the variety of genes. China was one of the countries with the richest biological species. For example, the species of mosses, ferns, and seed plants in China were second only to Brazil and Colombia, ranking third in the world. China was also the country with the richest gymnosperm, known as the " hometown of gymnosperm." In terms of biological classification, organisms were divided into different levels of taxonomical units according to the degree of similarity between organisms. From large to small, they were kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, species, and species. Species was the basic unit of classification, and the same species had the closest kinship. The larger the taxon, the more species it contained, but the less similar the species were, the fewer common characteristics, and the farther the kinship was. The smaller the taxon, the fewer species it contained, and the more common characteristics, the closer the kinship was. The fundamental measure to protect the biological variety was to protect the habitat of living creatures and the variety of the ecosystem. The establishment of nature reserves was the most effective measure to protect the biological variety. It was of great significance to protect the species, genes, and ecological environment. It was conducive to the stability of the ecosystem and could also provide humans with more kinds of biological resources and scientific research materials. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

|knowledge points| particulars| |--|--| |The molecular mechanism of gene mutation| Genetic mutation can occur during amitosis, protocaryote fission, and viral DNA replication. Genetic mutation does not change the number of genes, but only the structure (from A→a or a→A, the essential difference between A and a is the change in the molecular structure of genes, namely the type, quantity, and order of the deoxynotides)| |gene mutation types| Dominant mutation (such as a→A, the mutation will show the trait); Recessive mutation (such as A→a, the mutant trait can be stably inherited after it is shown)| |The effect of gene mutation on traits| Change biological traits (mutation causes changes in codons, causing changes in protein functions, such as sickle cell leukemia); do not change biological traits (Soma cell genes may not change in reproductive cells, parent DNA base pair changes will produce hidden genes that are passed on to offspring, and the hidden traits will not appear when the offspring are mixed. Codon degeneracy may translate into the same aa, traits are affected by genes and environment, and in some environments, genetic changes will not appear.)| |The pros and cons of genetic mutation| The pros and cons depend on the living environment, and some are both harmless and useless.| |The probability of genetic mutation in cells| Germinal cells> Soma cells, cells with vigorous division> cells that have stopped dividing| |Requirements for Mutation Breeding Materials| Materials that can undergo cell division (such as germinated seeds, mice, etc.) meet the requirements, while materials that do not undergo cell division (such as dried seeds, animal sperm, etc.) do not meet the requirements.| |Genetic Reassembly| In the narrow sense, gene reorganization refers to the free combination of non-allelic genes on non-homological embryos and the cross-exchange of non-sister chromatids on homological embryos during the process of Meiosis. In the broad sense, it also includes genetic material changes caused by genetic engineering and plant somatic-cell hybrids. The different causes of B and B in the picture include gene mutation (interphase) or cross-exchange (prophase). When asking the root cause, consider gene mutation. If there is a hint of division, judge according to the hint.| |Comparisons of Chromatic Mutations and Other Mutations| (Not explicitly mentioned in comparison, temporarily omitted)| |Comparisons of Common Breeding Methods| (Not explicitly mentioned in comparison, temporarily omitted)| |Selection of breeding methods| Mutation breeding can produce new genes, but cross-breeding cannot, but it can realize gene reassembly. The simplest and most conventional breeding method is cross-breeding. Cross-breeding is used to concentrate the good traits of two parents; Haploids are used for rapid breeding; Mutation breeding is used to greatly improve varieties; Polyploids are used to increase yield and nutrient content; The time of cross-breeding is F2; There are differences in the method of obtaining pure mutants in animal and plant cross-breeding (self-breeding in plants and test-crossing in animals).| |Human genetic diseases| It can be judged by the typical chart. The pedigree chart can be used to determine whether it is inherited with Y (if the patient is all male, it may be inherited with Y)(Other judgment contents are not completely mentioned, temporarily omitted)| <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

The relevant knowledge points of organic matter in biology in Grade Eight were as follows: 1. ** Concept and Type ** - The term organic usually referred to carbon-containing compounds, but some simple carbon-containing compounds, such as carbon dioxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbonates, and carbonides, were usually classified as inanimate because their properties were similar to those of inanimate substances. The common organic substances in the body were sugar, fat, protein, and nuclei. 2. ** Sugar-based ** - ** composition and classification **: Carboids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are generally divided into monosomes, disomes, and glycans. Monosomalose was a sugar that could no longer be digested, such as glucose (C H Chi O), which was the main energy material needed for cell life activities. Frucose was also a simple sugar, a simple sugar unique to plant cells. Disaconids are formed by the condensation of two molecules of simple sugar, such as cane sugar (composed of glucose and glucose), glucose (composed of two molecules of glucose), and glucose (composed of glucose and glucose). Polyose was a kind of big molecular sugar formed by the dehydration condensation of many simple sugar molecules. The starch in plants was an important kind of glycan, which was the material used to store energy in plant cells. Cellulose was also a glycan, which was the main component of plant cell wall and played a supporting and protective role in plant cells. Glycogen in animal cells was the glycan used to store energy in animal cells, which was mainly distributed in the liver and muscle. - [Identification method: When starch meets with iodination, it turns blue. Iodine solution can be used to identify the existence of starch.] When reducing sugar (such as glucose, etc.) and Fehling's reagent were heated in a water bath, they would produce a brick-red deposit, which could be used for the identification of reducing sugar. 3. ** Fat * - Fatty is composed of three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The content of hydrogen in its molecules is relatively high, and the content of oxygen is relatively low. Fat was a good energy storage material in cells. It could be broken down to provide energy when needed for life activities. Fat also had the functions of heat insulation, heat preservation, buffer, and pressure reduction. For example, the fat under the skin of animals could serve as heat preservation, and the fat around the internal organs could serve as buffer and pressure reduction to protect the internal organs. - ** Identification method **: Fat can be dyed orange by the dye solution of Sultan III and red by the dye solution of Sultan IV. 4. ** protein ** - ** Constitution and structure **: The basic building block of a protein is an aa, and there are about 21 aa that make up a protein. The general structural formula of an amine acid was that a central carbon atom was connected to an amine group (-NH2), a starch group (-COOx), a hydrogen atom, and a side chain group (R group). The R groups of different kinds of acids were different. Many of the protein molecules were dehydrated and condensed to form a protein chain. One or more of the protein chains were coiled and folded to form a protein with a certain spatial structure. - ** Function Diversity **: The protein is the main bearer of life activities and has many functions. For example, some protein is an important material that forms the structure of cells and organisms, such as feathers, hair, spider silk, etc., which are mainly composed of protein; some protein has the function of catalyze, such as the protein of the protein; some protein has the function of transport, such as the protein of the protein of the protein of - ** Identification method **: The protein will react with the biuret reagent and produce a purple reaction. 5. ** Nucleic acid ** - Nucleic acid is a substance that carries genetic information in cells. It plays an extremely important role in the inheritance, mutation, and protein synthesis of organisms. Nucleic acid was divided into two types: DNA and DNA. DNA was mainly found in the nucleus, and there was also a small amount of DNA in the mitochondria and plastids. DNA was a big molecular made up of DNA, while DNA was a big molecular made up of Ribonetides. Each Ribonetides was made up of a nitrogen base, a pentagon sugar, and a phosphorous acid. - ** Identification method **: The two stains, methylethyl-green and pyrone-red, have different affinities for DNA and DNA. methylethyl-green makes DNA appear green, and pyrone-red makes DNA appear red. Techniques to learn these knowledge points: 1. ** Construct Knowledge Network **: Construct a complete knowledge network of the types, composition, structure, function, and identification methods of organic matter. This will help to systematically understand and remember. 2. ** Comparisons **: Comparing different types of organic substances, such as the similarities and differences between sugar, fat, and protein in terms of composition elements and functions, and the differences between DNA and DNA in terms of composition, structure, and distribution. 3. ** Practice **: Link the knowledge of organic matter with daily life, such as the relationship between nutrients in food and organic matter, the relationship between human health and organic matter such as protein and fat, etc. This can deepen the understanding and memory of knowledge. 4. [Experiment Understanding]: Understand the nature and identification methods of organic substances through experiments, such as personally conducting experiments on reducing sugar, fat, and protein. Grasp relevant knowledge during the experiment. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>