Biology elective, a must-memorize knowledge point encyclopedia, PEP edition
The following are some of the must-memorize knowledge points for the Biology elective 1 of the People's Education Version: 1. **DNA related knowledge ** - ** Dissolution **: DNA and protein have different dissolutes in different concentration of NaCl-based solutions. This feature can be used to separate DNA from impurities. DNA is not dissolved in alcohol solution, but some protein is dissolved in alcohol, which can further separate DNA and protein. - ** Resistance to acids, high temperatures, and deterrents **: The protein has no effect on DNA. Most protein cannot withstand high temperatures of 60 - 80°C, while DNA will only denature above 80°C. The deterrents can disintegrate the cell membrane, but it does not affect DNA. - ** Identification **: Under the conditions of boiling water bath, DNA will be dyed blue when it comes into contact with diamines. diamines can be used as a reagent for DNA identification. - **DNA extraction and identification of experimental materials **: Biological materials containing DNA are acceptable, but biological tissues with relatively high DNA content are better. - ** Disrupting cells to obtain the Dna-containing fluid (chicken blood cells and plant cells as examples)** - Chicken blood cells: Distilled water was added to the chicken blood cell fluid, stirred with a glass rod, and filtered to obtain the filtered fluid. Distilled water was a hypotonic liquid for chicken blood cells. A large amount of water entered the blood cells and caused them to burst. Stirring accelerated the rupture and released DNA. - Plant cells (taking onions as an example): Add the washing agent and salt to the chopped onions, stir and grind them thoroughly, and then filter them to obtain the grinding liquid. The washing agent dissolved the cell membrane, which was conducive to the release of DNA, while salt (NaCl2) was conducive to the dissolution of DNA. If the grinding was insufficient, the DNA in the nucleus would not be completely released, which would affect the results of the experiment. The filtered liquid of this step may contain impurities such as protein, glycan, and R A. - ** Removing impurities in the filtered solution **: There are three methods: one is to use the different dissolutes of DNA in different concentration of NaCl-solution; the second is to use a protein to decompose the protein but not the DNA; the third is to use the different denature temperatures of the protein and DNA. - **DNA extraction and identification procedures (onion as an example)** - Weigh 30 grams of chopped onions, add a small amount of Quartz sand to aid grinding, pour 10mL of 2-mole/L solution of NaCl3 and grind them thoroughly (onions can be treated first to reduce irritation). The purpose of grinding is to break the cells and let the DNA dissolve in the NaCl3 solution. There is no need to grind them into a porridge paste, and you can't use a whisk. - After grinding, it was filtered with a funnel and gauze to obtain the filtered liquid. - Add 20ml of 95% alcohol solution to the filtered solution (pour it slowly along the beaker wall without shaking or stirring). The upper layer of the solution will separate out a white, fibre-like viscous substance (DNA), which can be gently rolled up with a glass rod. 2. ** Traditional fermentation technology ** - ** Fruit wine making ** - ** Principle **: Yeast's anoxide-free breathing, the reaction formula is C6H12O6 → 2C2H50H +2CO2 + energy. - ** Source **: Wild yeast attached to grape skin or artificially cultivated yeast. - ** Condition **: 18 - 25 ° C, sealed, venting (CO2) at intervals. - ** Detection **: Under acidic conditions, the reaction between the alcohol and the potassium bichromate is grayish-green. - ** Fruit vinegar production ** - [Principle: Aerobic Breathing of Acetic Acid bacteria.] When O2 and sugar source were sufficient, sugar would be decomposed into vinegar; when O2 was sufficient and sugar source was insufficient, alcohol would be transformed into jumped and then into vinegar. Read more exciting novels for free
Biology elective course 2: Knowledge Points
Biology elective second year of high school chapter 1 knowledge points: - Research and application of the reagent: - Pectinase: It breaks down pectins and dissects the cell wall and intercellular layer of plants, which helps to increase the juice yield of fruits and make the juice clear. Pectinase was not an type of an ester. It included polygallouronases, pectinases, pectinases, and pectinesterases. - The activity of the reagent could be expressed by the reduction of the reagent or the increase of the product in a unit of time and volume. - Control of plant pests and animal diseases: - Control policy: prevention first, comprehensive control. - Comprehensive control methods for crop pests and diseases: - Investigation of pests and diseases: According to the purpose, requirements and targets of the investigation, it can be divided into basic situation investigation, fixed-point system investigation and pest control effect investigation. The investigation was generally carried out in the form of a sample. The sample methods included chessboard, diagonal, straight, Z, and so on. There were concepts such as disease incidence rate (preliminary understanding of the harm situation), insect population reduction rate (understanding the effect after prevention and treatment), etc. The prediction of plant pests and diseases was based on the analysis and judgment of the data obtained from observation and investigation. It calculated the occurrence period, occurrence quantity, and damage degree of the pests and diseases, and issued early warnings in time for prevention and control. - Plant quarantine: The purpose is to prevent the spread of dangerous pests and weeds. The quarantine targets were seeds, seedlings, and agricultural products, including international quarantine and domestic quarantine. - Agricultural control: Take measures such as the selection of resistant varieties (such as insect-resistant tobacco), the formulation of reasonable farming systems (such as reducing the amount of pesticide used), and the establishment of scientific fertilizer and water management to directly or indirectly eliminate or suppress the occurrence and harm of diseases, insects, and weeds. Biology elective second year of high school, knowledge points: - Cell cycle and mitosis: The cell is the basic unit of an organism, and its normal growth and development requires a series of life cycles. The cell cycle referred to the entire process of cells starting from one mitosis to the next mitosis. It was mainly divided into four stages. - G1 phase (growth phase): During this period, cells grow and synthesize the required protein and organelle. - S phase (DNA replication phase): During this period, cells replicate the DNA in their genomes, ensuring that each daughter cell has complete genetic information. - G2 phase (prophase): During this period, cells grow further and are ready to enter mitosis. - M stage (mitosis stage): During this period, cells undergo mitosis, including the formation of the Spindle, nuclear division, and cell division. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
English elective unit 21 text translation PEP edition
" John Snow defeats 'King Cholera.'" It was one of the most feared diseases in the world until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how to overcome it. The disease could cause severe diarrhea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century, millions of people died from the disease when it broke out in Europe. As a young doctor, John Snow was frustrated that no one knew how to prevent or treat malaria. Over time, he became a famous doctor and even attended to Queen Victoria during her childbirth. However, he never lost his desire to completely eradicate the plague. At that time, doctors generally had two conflicting theories to explain the transmission of malaria. One theory was that the bad air caused the disease, while the other theory was that it was caused by bacteria in food or water. Snow agreed with the second theory. Although this theory was correct, he still needed evidence. Thus, when the plague broke out in London in 1854, Snow began his investigation. He found that two particular streets had a very serious epidemic of malaria, with more than 500 deaths in ten days, so he was determined to find out the cause. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
English elective compulsory volume one answer pep edition
Only from the reference materials given, I can only obtain the answers to some of the exercises in the first volume of the People's Education Version. For example, the answer to the multiple-choice question on the application of language knowledge is 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. A. The answer to the cloze question is 1. C, but he did not obtain the complete answer content of the first volume of the People's Education Version's elective compulsory book, so he could not accurately provide more. " Choose " was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
English elective 1 unit 1 text translation pep edition full text
This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine had been awarded to Tu Youyou (one of the winners). Her research led to the discovery of a crucial new anti-malaria drug, artesunate. It saved tens of thousands of lives and improved the health of many people. More than 200 million people are infected with malaria every year, and about 600,000 of them die from the disease. It became a key component of anti-malaria drugs, saving an estimated 100,000 lives in Africa alone every year. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
How to quickly memorize high school biology knowledge
Here are some ways to quickly memorize high school biology knowledge: 1. ** Simple memorization method **: By analyzing the teaching materials to find the main points, the knowledge is simplified into a few regular words to help memorization. 2. [Comparing and categorizing memorization method: After learning a piece of knowledge, summarize and summarize it. Using the connections between the various knowledge points as clues, construct a knowledge network and form a knowledge system.] For example, the function of the hypohedron was summarized. It was the central regulation of the nervous system, including the central regulation of body temperature, the central regulation of water and salt balance, the central regulation of blood sugar, and the control of biological rhythms. It also had the function of secreting hormones, such as the synthesis and secretion of certain hormone releasing hormones and the synthesis of antidiuretical hormones. Through this summary, it could be better remembered. 3. ** Homophonic Memory Method **: Condense some knowledge points with homophonic words and string them into an interesting sentence or a commonly used word to help remember. For example, organisms that belong to the class of blue-green algae include blue-colored (blue algae) monastic (Nostoc), which can produce (Nostoc) tremors (Oscillatoria). 4. [Associate Memory Method]: Memory biological knowledge through association of related things or scenes. 5. [Mind Map Method: It can connect the knowledge points of high school biology in a scientific way, which is beneficial to strengthen the understanding and extension of the knowledge points.] 6. [Shuo Wen Jie Zi Memory Method: Many biological terms can be grasped by memorizing the meaning of the word.] For example, a procaryotic cell is a cell with a primitive nucleus, and a eukaryotic cell is a cell with a true nucleus. 7. [Understanding Memory Method: Memory based on understanding the material.] In the learning process, the main focus was on meaningful memory, supplemented by mechanical memory. For biological theoretical knowledge, one had to first understand it thoroughly, then process and organize the complex problems into simple forms that were easy to remember. For example, the expression of genes included two processes: translation and replication. To understand replication was to convert the genetic information in DNA into a form of recording, while translation was to translate one sequence into another, so that one could remember it better. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Biology elective course two key points of knowledge summary
Except for a few organisms such as viruses, all organisms were composed of cells. The cell was the basic unit of the structure and function of the organism. The chemical composition of the virus was DNA and protein or R A and protein. I. Eukaryotic cell structure and function 1. ** Cell wall **: There is a cell wall outside the cell membrane of plant cells. The main components are starch and pectins, which can be removed by cellases and pectinases. It is used for support and protection. 2. ** Cell membrane **: It is mainly composed of fat (Phospholide) molecules and protein molecules. There is also a small amount of sugar. Among the fat, Phospholide is the most abundant. Its functions included separating cells from the external environment, controlling the entry and exit of substances into cells, and communicating information between cells. 3. * * - ** Cell matrix **: It contains water, mineral salt, fat, sugar, ammo acid, and many other types of acids. Many chemical reactions are carried out here. - ** Cell organ ** - ** mitochondria **: The main place for oxygen breathing, known as the "power workshop". It is composed of a double-layered membrane. The inner membrane folds inward to form a ridge, increasing the membrane area. There are a variety of microorganisms and a small amount of DNA related to oxygen breathing. - <strong></strong></strong><strong></strong>& - ** ER **: A network structure formed by the connection of single membranes. It increases the membrane area inside the cell. It is related to the synthesis and processing of protein in the cell. It is also the "workshop" for the synthesis of fats. - ** Ribosome **: Granular body, part of which is attached to the plasmatic reticule, while the other part is free in the plasma. It is the place where protein is synthesized. - ** Golgi apparatus **: It cannot synthesize protein, but it can process, classify, and package protein. Plant cell division is related to the formation of cell walls. - ** Vacuum **: Mature plant cells have a vesicle. The vesicle contains cell fluid, which contains substances such as sugar, mineral salt, coloring matter, and protein. It can regulate the cell's internal environment and maintain the cell's shape and expansion. - ** Centrosome **: Animal cells and lower plant cells have a centrosome. Each centrosome is composed of two vertically arranged centric granules and their surrounding materials. The centrosome of animal cells is related to mitosis. - Lysosome: An organelle with a single-layered membrane structure. It contains a variety of lysomes and can break down a variety of substances. 4. ** Nucleus **: - Its structure included the nuclear membrane (a double-layered membrane with a nuclear pore on the membrane, which was the channel for the exchange of substances and information between the nucleus and the plasma), the nucleus (the shape and number of different organisms were different, and it would disappear and reappear periodically during cell division), and Chromatin. Some cells have more than two nuclei, while others have no nuclei (such as the red blood cells of a mammalia). <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Seven basic biological structure knowledge points PEP edition
The following are the basic structural knowledge points of the seventh grade biology book published by the People's Education Press: ##1. Cell structure 1. ** Common structure of animal and plant cells ** - Cell membrane: Separates the substances inside the cell from the external environment, allowing the cell to have a stable internal environment. - [** Protoplasm **: A colorless, transparent, jelly-like substance located between the cell membrane and the nucleus. The protoplasm contains structures such as mitochondria.] - Nucleus: It contains genetic material and is the control center of the cell's life activities. 2. ** Unique structure of plant cells ** - ** Cell Wall **: Located on the outermost layer of plant cells, it plays a supporting and protective role. - ** Bubble **: Plant cells have a bubble, which is filled with cell fluid and dissolved with a variety of substances. The color of flowers is related to the cyanidins in the petal cell fluid. The color of cyanidins changes with the ph of the cell fluid. In young cells, the number of vesicles was small and numerous. As the cell grew, many small vesicles would combine to form a large central vesicle. - <strong></strong></strong><strong></strong> ##2. Cell Physiology 1. ** Cell Division **: The increase in the number of cells is achieved through cell division. 2. Cell growth: The process of cell size growing from small to large is called cell growth. 3. [Cell division: The result of cell division is the production of different tissues.] ##3. Temporary Filming 1. ** Steps for preparing onion skin cells for temporary mounting **:(The specific steps are not detailed, but it involves the process of collecting materials, making slices, dyeing, etc.) - In the middle of the slide, clean water was added, and the dyeing process was the process of adding an iodine-based solution. 2. ** Steps for making temporary mounting of human oral cells **:(The specific steps are not given in detail, but it involves the process of collecting materials, making films, dyeing, etc.) - Normal salt solution was dripped in the center of the slide, and the cells were scraped from the inside of the mouth with a toothpick. - Pay attention to the operation specifications when covering the cover glass to avoid bubbles, and operate correctly when staining to ensure that the cell structure can be clearly observed. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Senior one English pep edition unit 5 text knowledge points
The following are some of the text knowledge points from the PEP (2019) High School English compulsory unit 1: ** I. Terminology ** 1. **refer** - "To refer to, refer to." - To expand the collocation "refer to" has the meaning of "refer to","refer to","refer to". refer to refer to to...”It means to submit to. For example, If you don't understand some words, you can refer to the dictionary. 2. **based** - Based on (something). The same root word "basic" is an adjective "basic" and "basis" is a verb "basic". - With "base..." "on/upon" means "to build on","be based on/upon" means "take" as the basis ", and" at the base of "means" take "as the base". For example, One should always base his opinion on facts. 3. **variety** - a variant of a plant, language, etc The cognates "various" are adjectives "different" and "vary" is the verb "change". - It is used in conjunction with a variety of = variety of, for various reasons, and very from. to...”vary from, to, to For example, All languages change over time and vary from place to place because of the local accent. 4. **appreciate** - A verb can express appreciation, respect, gratitude, and understanding. The same word "appreciation" is the same as the term "appreciation". - With "appreciate + n./ pron./ "I'm very grateful to you." sb. 's) doing sth.”thank (someone) for doing something If…I would be very grateful. For example: I'd appreciate it if you let me know whether you are free in advance. 5. **struggle** - Noun and intransitive verb, meaning "struggle; struggle; struggle". - struggle for, struggle against, struggle for, struggle for, struggle against, struggle for, struggle for, struggle, struggle, struggle try to do something For example, After the accident, Tom struggled to his feet and dialed 119. 6. **equal** - equal to something. The cognate word "equally" is an adverb "equally", and "equality" is the nominal "equality". - With "be equal to sth./ doing sth.”be up to something A is better than B in some way. For example, I don't think he is equal to doing this kind of work. 7. **demand** - The verb means to demand, the verb means to urge, and the intransitive verb means to inquire. The same word "demanding" is an adjective "demanding". - It is matched with "be in (great) demand" to mean "in urgent need","meet/satisfy one's demands" to mean "satisfy one's needs","demand to do something". ask for something (should) do...”It meant,"Request…" For example, science graduates are in greater demand than art graduates in China. 8. **relate** - Verb, meaning "connect; tell." The same root word "relation" is a verb "relation, connection". - Match it with "relate to <anno data-annotation-id =" 00000000 - 4c10 - 4c10 - 4c10 - 9c10 - 9c11111111118 "></anno></anno>" sth.to tell sb. about, be related to, in/with relation to, in/with relation to For example: He later related the whole story to me. ** II. Sentence Patterns ** 1.“That/This was a time when...”This is the period of. This was a time when I hated to go to school. 2.“No matter how/ what/ when...”It can be used to introduce concessive adverbials. For example: No matter how difficult the problem is, we should not lose our heart. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Eight on the English PEP edition gg
The description of "Eight English People's Education Version ff" was rather vague. If it was referring to the grammar content of the first volume of the eighth grade's People's Education Version, it contained the grammar points of multiple units, such as: - **Unit 1**: Special questions and answers in the past tense, such as "Where did you go on vacation?" I went to New York City.” - **Unit 2**: The usage of frequency adverbs, such as always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never, etc. in sentences. - **Unit 3**: A comparison of adjectives, such as "more outgoing", used to compare the characteristics of two people or things. - **Unit 4**: The most advanced use of adjectives, such as "the best movie theater", indicating the most... thing within a certain range. - **Unit 5**: General questions and answers about the present tense, such as "Do you want to watch a game show?" Yes, I do. / No, I don't.” - **Unit 6**: Ordinary future expressions, such as "I'm going to be an engineer." I'm going to study math very hard.”show one's intention - **Unit 7**: A general future tense used to describe future situations, such as "Cities will be very big and crowded."“Will people have robots? No, they won't.”The sentences reflect the structure of the simple future tense (will + the original form of the verb) and its usage in different context. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Biology Knowledge Garden
The following was some information related to biological knowledge: ** 1. Basic characteristics and concepts of living beings ** 1. ** Irritability and adaptability ** - Living organisms would have a certain reaction to external stimulation. This was irritability, and it was a dynamic process. Adaptability included stress and static adaptation characteristics, such as the protective colors of animals and plants. Both were determined by genetic inheritance. 2. ** Commonality of Life ** - In terms of material basis, there were common compounds and elements, such as the types of neutrons, the types of aa, the arrangement of the structure of the DNA, the structure of the genes (including the non-coding region and the coding region), and the genetic code. These were all common manifestations of life. ** 2. Cell related knowledge ** 1. ** Cell size and structure ** - The size of the cells was at the millimeter level. Under the electron microscope, fine structures with a diameter of less than 0.2 millimeters could be seen. The smallest cell was a pathogen. - Prokaryonic cells had their own characteristics, such as no nuclear membrane, no nuclei, no embryos, only Ribosome, the cell wall was composed of peptidoglycan, inheritance did not follow the three laws, the only inheritable variation was gene mutation, no biological membrane system, the gene structure code region was continuous; Mammals mature red blood cells had no nucleus and mitochondria, did not divide, and carried out oxygen free breathing, which could be used to extract cell membrane. - As the center of the biological membrane system, the ER was connected to the cell membrane on the outside, the nuclear membrane on the inside, and the outer membrane of the mitochondria. It could fold, assemble, and add sugar groups to the protein, and then form vesicles with membranes to transport it to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and secretion. 2. ** The substances in the cells ** - The three major energy storage substances in plant cells were fat, starch, and protein, while the important energy storage substances in animal cells were mainly fat and protein. - The basic elements of protein were C, H, O, N, and S were its characteristic elements; the basic elements of the acid were C, H, O, N, and P, and P were its characteristic elements; the elements of hemoglobin were C, H, O, N, and Fe3; the elements of chlor-2 were C, H, O, N, and Fe3; the elements of indoleacetic acid were C, H, O, and N; sugar and fat did not contain mineral elements. 3. ** The life course of cells ** - The life process of cells included undifferentiated, differentiated, aging, and death. The essence of cell division was the selective expression of genes, which was regulated by the non-coding regions on both sides of the gene at the level of replication. Cell totipotency refers to the potential of differentiated cells to develop. The totipotency of animal cells can be divided into totipotency cells (such as early embryo cells of animals), pluripotency (such as embryonic cells), and specialization (such as hemopoetic stem cells). The totipotency of plant cells can be arranged into fertilized eggs, reproductive cells, and somacells. The material basis of totipotency is that the cells contain the full set of genetic materials of the species. ** 3. Bioengineering related ** 1. ** The composition of bioengineering ** - Bioengineering consisted of three major parts, namely genetic engineering, biological cell engineering (upstream technology), biological fermentation engineering, and fermentation engineering (downstream technology). - Genetic engineering tools were restriction restriction endases and DNA ligases (which acted on the phosphorous ester bond); cell engineering tools were cellases and pectinases (when obtaining protoplasts, a suitable concentration of glucose solution had to be prepared to ensure that the protoplasts were orthotropically stable), and Trypsin (used in animal cell engineering). ** 4. Energy related to living beings ** 1. **ATP** - As a direct energy source in the cell, it was in small amounts and could be converted to AAD. The physiological activities that require energy consumption include active transportation, effluxes and secretions, dark reactions, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, bioelectricity, and the synthesis of large molecular organic substances. The physiological activities that do not require energy consumption include infiltration and transpirations. The physiological activities that form ATP-are breathing and light reactions. ** 5. Human Physiology ** 1. ** Blood cells ** - Red blood cells were the most abundant in the blood, but they did not have a nucleus. Platelets also did not have a nucleus. There were no blood cells in the blood plasma, and white blood cells had a nucleus, which could be used for paternity testing. 2. ** Nephron ** - Nephron includes glomeruli, glomeruli, and glomeruli. The glomeruli had a filtering effect, and the tubulae had a reabsorption effect. The liquid in the kidney capsule was the original urine, and the urine in the original urine was not reabsorbed by the tubulae. ** 6. Biological factors that affect health ** 1. ** Pestilence caused by bacteria, viruses and genes ** - The bacteria had a cell wall and could live independently in the air and soil from animals and plants. It used to be the number one killer of human health, such as malaria and plague. Now, only some super bacteria were more difficult to deal with. However, as long as the bacteria infection did not cause large-scale organ death, multiple antibiotics could be used at the same time to cure it. - The virus did not have a cell wall and had to survive in an animal's body. It died quickly after leaving the host's body. It could not be transmitted through air or objects (except in special circumstances), but it could be transmitted through droplets. At present, there was no medical method that could attack the virus in the human body without harming the cells. After being infected with the virus, it basically relied on its own immunity to heal itself. The vaccine was an effective means to fight the virus by stimulating the immune system to produce immune cells before it was really infected to prevent the virus. The most typical disease caused by genes was cancer. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>