Single-chip computer current and voltage acquisition module
About the single-chip current and voltage acquisition module: - In terms of voltage collection, for example, in the routine of realizing the ADC voltage collection of the simulated knob based on the low-code FlexLua single-chip computer, voltage collection can be realized by configuration of the ADC voltage collection function. For example, in the code, the AD voltage collection function can be set up by using a statement such as LIB_ADConfig(1,300000)(where the maximum value of 4096 samples corresponds to 3.6V input voltage, and the collection time interval of each point is 300ms). When the channel collects 1 point, the buffer is full, and then the collected voltage value can be obtained and processed. At the same time, in some application scenarios, if the voltage to be collected exceeds the sample range of the ADC port of the single-chip computer, it may be necessary to map the voltage into the sample range through a voltage dividing circuit (such as a resistance voltage dividing circuit), and it can be filtered and anti-interference by using a voltage dividing circuit. - In terms of current acquisition, since the ADC module of the single-chip computer recognized the voltage signal, it was necessary to convert the current signal into voltage first. A common practice was to add a current sensing resistance (such as a 0.05 Ohmic resistance) at the load side to convert the current signal into a voltage signal before collecting it. In addition, there was also the IUC02 voltage and current conversion module (suitable for single-chip design), which could be used for 0 - 20ma/4 - 20ma single-chip signal acquisition. This was also a way to achieve current acquisition. Read more exciting novels for free
Measuring voltage and current with a single-chip computer
The following methods can be used to measure voltage and current in the 51 single-chip computer: ** 1. Voltage-measuring ** 1. ** voltage adjustment ** - If the voltage to be measured exceeds the working voltage range of the ADC0809 (8-bit ADC), the voltage to be measured can be reduced to an appropriate range through a resistance voltage splitter circuit to avoid affecting the conversion accuracy. 2. ** Connection and Setting ** - He connected the divided voltage to the input pin of ADC0809 and set the reference voltage. 3. ** Samplings and Conversion ** - The input pin was then subjected to a sample and conversion operation, which resulted in a digital representation of the voltage. 4. ** Conversion of results ** - According to the reference voltage and measurement range of the ADC0809, a suitable formula was determined to convert the obtained digital value into an actual voltage value. ** 2. Current measurement ** 1. ** Current to voltage conversion ** - Using a resistance in series with the current to be measured, according to Ohm's law, the current value can be indirectly obtained by measuring the voltage signal generated at both ends of the resistance. 2. ** Connection and Setting ** - This voltage signal is connected to the input pin of ADC0809. 3. ** Samplings and Conversion ** - The digital representation was obtained by performing a sample and conversion operation. 4. ** Conversion of results ** - The numerical value is converted into an actual current value using a formula related to the measurement range and the reference voltage. During the entire measurement process, it was necessary to pay attention to setting the corresponding operating mode, reference voltage, clock frequency, and other parameters of the ADC0809, and to perform the correct data reading operation. At the same time, due to the limited resolution of the ADC0809, in order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the measurement results, the stability and anti-interference ability of the circuit should also be paid attention to. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Design of voltage regulator based on single-chip computer
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How to measure the voltage of the port of the single-chip computer with a universal meter?
When testing the voltage at the port of the single-chip computer with a universal meter, connect the red pen to the port pin of the single-chip computer, connect the black pen to the GND (ground), and then read the voltage displayed by the universal meter. It should be noted that the operating voltage range of different MCUs is different. For example, the normal operating voltage range of the STC89C52RC is 5.5V - 3.4V, and the most commonly used voltage in this range is 5V. If the ATmega single-chip processor was used, it was impossible to measure the resistance between the output high-level IO-to-GND or the output low-level IO-to-vcc-resistance due to the existence of the output static voltage. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The Principle of the Single-Chip Computer's Automatic Voltage-output Circuit
The following are some principles of voltage output circuits related to single-chip processors: ** 1. Power supply self-locking to open the circuit (Take a circuit as an example)** 1. ** Initial state ** - Before the circuit is powered up, the switch "STAR" is turned off. When the single-chip computer is not powered up, the base of T1 is grounded through R9(100k) and is in the cut-off state. Test and T1, which were connected to the base resistance R7 of T3, were both in the off state, so T3 was also in the off state. At this time, the power supply +9V was isolated by T3 and was not loaded on the voltage regulator chip IC2. The output of IC2 was maintained at a low level. 2. ** Starting Circuit ** - Press the button "Test" to start the circuit. The base of T3 is grounded through R7, Test, and b-e of T2, making T3 turn on. At this time,+9V was added to the voltage stabilizing chip of IC2 through T3, and the output of IC2, VRCC, was added to the single-chip computer. 3. ** Self-locking open ** - After the single-chip computer was working, it would output a high voltage through IO2 and turn on T1 through R8. At this time, even if Test is released, the base of T3 can be grounded through R7, LED1, and T1 to achieve power self-locking. After that, the single-chip software could make the IO2 port turn low again, causing T1 to be turned off, and then T3 to be turned off. ** II. Principle of the direct current step-down circuit (part related to the voltage output of the single-chip computer)** 1. ** Resistance voltage division ** - The simplest way to step down the voltage is to divide the voltage with a resistance, such as the formula [V out = 12> times5> div7 + 5]=5V. However, this method cannot be used with a load. 2. ** Zero-Stabilizer Diode Step-Down ** - The principle was to use the characteristics of the voltage stabilizing circuit, which was cheap and practical. For example, in a series voltage stabilizing circuit, the base of BG was clamped at 13V by the voltage stabilizing device D, and its transmitter output a constant 12V operating voltage. 3. ** Low-voltage-difference linear regulator ** - The circuit is simple, easy to learn and use, and can achieve stable voltage output. 4. ** Switch power supply step-down circuit ** - This kind of circuit had a large voltage drop and a large output power. ** 3. Limiting circuit principle (related to voltage output)** 1. ** Basic limiting circuit ** - In the positive half cycle, when the input voltage is greater than or equal to 0.7V, the positive direction of the circuit is turned on. At this time, the output voltage is clamped at 0.7V. When <VIN> is less than 0.7V, it is in the cut-off state. During the negative half-cycle, it is equivalent to the current reversing, and it is also in the cut-off state. At this time,<VOUT>= VIN>, the <VOUT> wave follows the change of <VIN>>. 2. ** Bias limiting circuit ** - In order to generate different magnitude of the limiting voltage, a bias voltage, VBIAS, was added to the circuit. Only when the voltage was greater than or equal to the voltage, the voltage could be turned on. At this time, VOUT was clamped, and its value was 0.7V+VBIAS. ** 4. Principle of clamp circuit (related to voltage output)** 1. ** Basic clamp circuit (Diode-in-Combination with a Condenser)** - Assuming that the time constant is large enough so that the output wave will not be distorted. When the input is negative in the negative half cycle, the voltage is turned on and the voltage is gradually charged to the voltage. During this process, the voltage is zero. When the input voltage is positive in the positive half cycle, the voltage is cut off, and the voltage is equal to the voltage on the voltage plus the positive half cycle voltage. At this time, the voltage is equal to 2V. 2. ** Bias clamp circuit ** - Similar to the limiting circuit, in order to obtain the required clamp value, a bias voltage was added to the circuit. When the applied bias is in the same direction as the conducting direction of the LED, the clamp value will increase by <<V1>>,<<OUT = 2V +V1>>. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Seeking a high current 8-pin single-chip computer
The FH03S was a high-current 8-bit single-chip processor with an integrated 24C02 memory chip. It has unique performance and functions. It has a built-in E2PROM memory that can be repeatedly erased and data is not easy to lose. The user can save data even when not connected to an external power supply. Its high-current design is excellent in driving ability and can meet the requirements of high-load applications. It also has an integrated 24C02 memory chip with a capacity of 2KB. It can store a large amount of data and the serial interface design is convenient to connect with the single-chip computer. In addition, the FH8A51G high-current 8-bit single-chip processor, with SOP08 and SOT23 - 6 packages, has a higher cost-performance ratio, and increases the function of the IO-pin's up and down resistance, making it more widely used. It has a 1KW program memory, 64Bytes data space, a hardware 16-bit timer, an 8-bit hardware pulse width generator, and a universal comparer. These two types of MCUs were available for selection. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Single chip voltage simulation software
There were some software that could be used to simulate the voltage of the single-chip computer, such as the Simuide, which could not only simulate the circuit but also simulate the AVR single-chip computer. The windows version had the built-in tuning software for the pid single-chip computer. Due to the GPL agreement, the debuggers for the linux-based version needed to be installed. It integrated the Arduino compilation and tuning environment, and the Arduino code could be written and run on it. There were a variety of electronic components in the software that could be freely used. Probes and voltage meters could be added anywhere in the circuit simulation circuit. An ammeter or an earpiece could be used to monitor the voltage and other changes. It could also monitor the memory and register of the single-chip computer. There was also the Proteus software, which was excellent in the simulation of single-chip processors. It supported the simulation of 8051, PAC, and AVR single-chip processors. It could carry out circuit design, circuit board layout and design, circuit simulation parameters analysis, and also support the analysis of various circuit parameters such as voltage. It could also visualize the simulation data through various charts and graphs. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What is the maximum voltage that can be connected to the io port of the single-chip computer?
Generally, when the power supply of a single-chip computer is 3.3V, the highest voltage of its I/O is 3.3V. For a 5V single-chip computer, such as the STC89C52RC single-chip computer, the working voltage range is 5.5V - 3.4V. The voltage that the I/O port can withstand during normal operation is related to the working voltage. However, the content of the maximum voltage that the I/O port can receive is not found, but it is known that the voltage exceeding 5.5V is absolutely not allowed, as it will burn the single-chip computer. Therefore, the maximum voltage that can be connected to the I/O port of different types of MCUs is different, which is related to the working voltage range of the MCUs. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
single-chip computer programming tutorial
The following is a basic tutorial written on a single-chip computer: ##1. Initial preparations 1. ** Choose the model of the single-chip computer and the development board ** - According to your learning goals and interests, you can choose models suitable for beginners such as the 51 single-chip processor and STM32. Buy a development board that contains the model of the selected single-chip computer, and prepare the necessary accessories, such as USB to serial port module, LED lights, buzzers, etc. 2. ** Installs the Integrated Development environment ** - For example, 51 MCUs may use Keil, and STM32 may use STM32 CubeID. 3. ** Driver configuration ** - According to the requirements of the development board, the necessary drivers were installed. For example, the development board that uses ST-Link requires the ST-Link driver to be installed. The specific operation may include inserting the driver into the computer, opening the computer device manager to check if the installation was successful, and so on. ##2. Learning to program 1. ** Basic programming ** - Learn how to write and compile a single-chip computer program using the IDE. This included understanding programming languages. Single-chip processors usually used C or assembly language for programming. Beginners were advised to start with C. Familiarize yourself with the operation interface of the IDE, such as how to create a project, how to add source files, etc. 2. ** Simple experimental programming ** - He started writing programs from simple experiments, such as lighting up LED lights, controlling the sound of the buzz, and so on. These simple experiments helped to understand the basic operation of the single-chip computer. To light up the LED lights as an example, you need to understand the settings of the general input and output port (CPU) of the single-chip computer. You need to control the level state of the pins through programming to achieve the lighting or extinguishing of the LED. - When writing code, you must follow the programming specifications and grammar requirements of the selected single-chip computer. For example, in the C language, one had to correctly define variable types, functions, etc. 3. ** Advanced experimental programming ** - As his understanding of the single-chip computer deepened, he tried more complicated experimental programming, such as using ADC (Analogy to Digital Conversion) modules to read the simulated signal, using Pulse width Modulation (Pulse width Modulation) to control the motor speed, and so on. This required a deeper understanding of the other functional modules of the single-chip computer, such as the programming application of timers, interrupt systems, etc. ##3. Search for Tuors and Resources 1. ** Online tutorial ** - Find online tutorial and videos about MCUs on platforms such as Bilibili and CSPD blog. These courses and videos might include basic to advanced programming knowledge, real-life case studies, and so on. 2. ** Book Learning ** - Read classic books about single-chip processors, such as "51 Single-Chip Computer Development from Entry to Proficiency","STM32F10x Series Arm Cortex-M3 Microcontroller Development Guide", etc., to obtain more systematic and in-depth programming knowledge from the books. ##4. Practicing Program 1. ** Project Design ** - Try designing a small project, such as using a microchip to control a smart home device or making a simple robot. When designing a project, one had to plan the functional requirements, hardware selection, software architecture, and so on. 2. ** Project Realization ** - Translate the design into an actual product, write the corresponding program code to realize the project function, and test and debugged it. In this process, various problems may be encountered, such as hardware circuit connection problems, program logic errors, etc., which need to be solved by debugging tools and methods. For example, he could use the single-chip computer's interface to set breakpoints and view variable values in the IDE. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The Development of Single-Chip Computer Scale
The following are the general steps and key points of the development of the single-chip electronic scale: ** 1. Hardwares ** 1. ** Main control chip selection ** - He could choose a more common chip like the 8051 single-chip computer. It had 4KB of internal program memory (Scalable), 128-Byte internal data memory (Scalable), multiple bi-directional parallel input/output ports, and other resources to meet the basic control and data processing needs of the electronic scale. - It also has the advantages of low working voltage, low power consumption, strong driving ability, etc. For example, its I/O port is bi-directional and the output circuit is a complementary push-pull output circuit. The external circuit is simple in driving the digital tube display, and its A/D is 10 bits to meet certain precision requirements. 2. ** Sensing and signal processing ** - The sensor was used to obtain physical quantities such as weight. For example, using a pressure sensor to detect the weight of an object usually required a special signal processing chip, such as the HX711 for processing pressure signals (range 0 - 5kg, accuracy 0.1 g). 3. ** display module ** - The 1602 LCD module was used to display the date, time, weight and other information. It was necessary to connect the single-chip computer to the 1602 liquid crystal, including the connection of the data port and the control port. The software programming was also used to initiate and write data into the 1602 liquid crystal. 4. ** Clock module (option)** - If you need to record time-related information, you can use the DS1302 clock chip. It could provide accurate date and time information for the electronic scale. The microchip needed to communicate with it through the corresponding interface circuit to read and set the time. 5. ** Communication module (option)** - If you want to upload the data to the PC display, you can use the 232 serial communication. The single-chip computer had to set up the serial port, including the configuration of baudrate, data bit, stop bit, and other parameters to achieve stable data transmission with the PC. 6. ** Power Circuit ** - It provided a stable power source for the entire system. It was necessary to design a suitable power supply circuit according to the voltage requirements of the selected chip and other electronic components. For example, a voltage stabilizing chip was used to convert the input voltage to a stable 5V or 3.3V voltage to meet the power supply requirements of the single-chip computer, sensor, display module, etc. ** 2. Software ** 1. ** Selection of programming language ** - If you use the 8051 single-chip computer, you can generally use assembly language or C language for programming. For beginners, C language was relatively easier to understand and write complex program logic. - For the PIC-based single-chip computer, you can also use the C language or its specific programming language, but you should pay attention to the differences between the 8051 single-chip computer and the 8051 single-chip computer in terms of instruction set and register usage. 2. ** Program Function Realization ** - ** Initialize settings **: Initialize the ports, timers, and interrupt of the single-chip computer. For example, set the port connected to the sensor to the input mode and the port connected to the display module to the output mode; Initialize the timer to meet the timing requirements (if there is a timing function requirement); Configure the interrupt (if the interrupt is needed to process the sensor data collection or other events). - ** Data Collection **: Obtain weight and other data from the sensor through programming. If the HX711 was used to process the pressure signal, it was necessary to read the processed pressure data (weight data) from the HX711 according to the communication protocol of the HX711 and convert it into an actual weight value. - ** Data processing **: To process the collected data, such as filtering to reduce errors caused by sensor noise. Simple arithmetic average filtering or other filtering algorithms can be used. - ** Show Function **: Show the processed weight, date, time and other data on the 1602 LCD. This required writing the corresponding display function according to the display specifications of the 1602 liquid crystal, converting the data into a format suitable for display and sending it to the liquid crystal display module. - ** Communication function (option)**: If there is a serial communication function, write a serial communication program to send the data to the PC in the agreed format. This included the packaging and verification of the serial port data to ensure the accuracy of the data transmission. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
single-chip computer subdividing circuit
Microchip micro-circuits have an important application in the control of stepping motor. Taking the two-phase hybrid stepping motor as an example, its subdivision circuit can be constructed by combining integrated chips and separate components, such as the two-phase hybrid stepping motor's self-adapting subdivision drive circuit designed based on the AT89C51 single-chip computer. In the step motor fine control, the fine division technology was a kind of electronic damp technology. The purpose was to improve the operation accuracy of the motor and achieve high-precision fine division of the step angle. For example, in the driving state of two phases and four beats, when the control system does not subdivide, each step pulse motor will rotate an inherent step angle (such as 10°), and when the subdividing driver works in the 10 subdividing state, the motor will only rotate 1°. The subdividing function was achieved by the driver or the single-chip processor by precisely controlling the phase current of the motor, and had nothing to do with the motor itself. There were many factors to consider when constructing a single-chip circuit: 1. ** Power supply related **: Make clear the differences between the labels of different power supplies, such as VRCs, VRCs, and VSSs. For example, VRCs are usually the power supply voltage of a Bipolar device. In an NPM circuit, it represents the power supply voltage connected to the collector. In a field effect circuit, it represents the power supply voltage connected to the drain. In a PPM circuit, it represents the power supply voltage connected to the transmitter. In a circuit with a PPM circuit, it represents the power supply ground or 0V, which is the reference point of the circuit. 2. ** Resistance selection **: - ** Pull-up Resistor **: The choice of the pull-up resistance needs to balance power consumption, driving ability, and circuit speed. In order to reduce power consumption and chip sink current, the resistance value should be as large as possible; in order to ensure sufficient drive current, the resistance value should be as small as possible; in high-speed circuits, an excessively large pull up resistance may make the signal edge smooth, usually between 1k Omega and 10k Omega. In the reset circuit, the resistance value is critical to the start-up of the single-chip computer. For example, when R1 = 10k Omega, it may cause the SSR pin to show a high level, causing the single-chip computer to continue to reset and not work normally. - ** Current limiting resistance **: For example, in an LED circuit, the current limiting resistance should be calculated according to the operating voltage, current range, and circuit voltage of the LED. If the power of the current limiting resistance is not selected properly, there may be problems. For example, in a circuit with an LED voltage drop of 3V, a total voltage of 96V, and a current limiting resistance of 5.1 Ohms, the calculated current is 18ma. However, if the current limiting resistance is 1206, the rated power is 0.25W, and the actual power is 1.7W, the circuit will have problems. 3. ** Condenser application **: There are two types of filter condensers: high frequency and low frequency. The high-frequency filter (usually 0.1 microF) is used to short-circuit the high-frequency noise protection circuit; the low-frequency filter (usually 100 microF) is used to filter out the low-frequency ripple and stabilize the power supply. It is usually installed next to the power interface or high-power components. 4. ** Usage of other components **: - ** Triode **: It has a variety of functions, such as switching function (by controlling the base current to switch between on and off), amplifying function (can amplify the base current by 100 times to drive a larger load), and level conversion function (used for communication between different levels). - ** Nixie tube **: By controlling the seven segments of A - G and the decimal point, it displays the number. It requires a matrix and a truth table to control the brightness of each segment to correspond to a specific number. - ** Key vibration treatment **: The operation of keys will cause vibration, which can be eliminated by software (delay 5 - 10ms after detecting the closed key and wait for the vibration to disappear before confirming the key state) or hardware (use the short-circuit effect of the high-frequency signal by the capacity). When the single-chip I/O port is not enough, the number of ports can be increased by expanding the chip such as the 74HC13838 translator to meet the design requirements of the subdivision circuit. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>