How to measure the voltage of the port of the single-chip computer with a universal meter?
When testing the voltage at the port of the single-chip computer with a universal meter, connect the red pen to the port pin of the single-chip computer, connect the black pen to the GND (ground), and then read the voltage displayed by the universal meter. It should be noted that the operating voltage range of different MCUs is different. For example, the normal operating voltage range of the STC89C52RC is 5.5V - 3.4V, and the most commonly used voltage in this range is 5V. If the ATmega single-chip processor was used, it was impossible to measure the resistance between the output high-level IO-to-GND or the output low-level IO-to-vcc-resistance due to the existence of the output static voltage. Read more exciting novels for free
What is the maximum voltage that can be connected to the io port of the single-chip computer?
Generally, when the power supply of a single-chip computer is 3.3V, the highest voltage of its I/O is 3.3V. For a 5V single-chip computer, such as the STC89C52RC single-chip computer, the working voltage range is 5.5V - 3.4V. The voltage that the I/O port can withstand during normal operation is related to the working voltage. However, the content of the maximum voltage that the I/O port can receive is not found, but it is known that the voltage exceeding 5.5V is absolutely not allowed, as it will burn the single-chip computer. Therefore, the maximum voltage that can be connected to the I/O port of different types of MCUs is different, which is related to the working voltage range of the MCUs. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Measuring voltage and current with a single-chip computer
The following methods can be used to measure voltage and current in the 51 single-chip computer: ** 1. Voltage-measuring ** 1. ** voltage adjustment ** - If the voltage to be measured exceeds the working voltage range of the ADC0809 (8-bit ADC), the voltage to be measured can be reduced to an appropriate range through a resistance voltage splitter circuit to avoid affecting the conversion accuracy. 2. ** Connection and Setting ** - He connected the divided voltage to the input pin of ADC0809 and set the reference voltage. 3. ** Samplings and Conversion ** - The input pin was then subjected to a sample and conversion operation, which resulted in a digital representation of the voltage. 4. ** Conversion of results ** - According to the reference voltage and measurement range of the ADC0809, a suitable formula was determined to convert the obtained digital value into an actual voltage value. ** 2. Current measurement ** 1. ** Current to voltage conversion ** - Using a resistance in series with the current to be measured, according to Ohm's law, the current value can be indirectly obtained by measuring the voltage signal generated at both ends of the resistance. 2. ** Connection and Setting ** - This voltage signal is connected to the input pin of ADC0809. 3. ** Samplings and Conversion ** - The digital representation was obtained by performing a sample and conversion operation. 4. ** Conversion of results ** - The numerical value is converted into an actual current value using a formula related to the measurement range and the reference voltage. During the entire measurement process, it was necessary to pay attention to setting the corresponding operating mode, reference voltage, clock frequency, and other parameters of the ADC0809, and to perform the correct data reading operation. At the same time, due to the limited resolution of the ADC0809, in order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the measurement results, the stability and anti-interference ability of the circuit should also be paid attention to. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Design of voltage regulator based on single-chip computer
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Single-chip computer current and voltage acquisition module
About the single-chip current and voltage acquisition module: - In terms of voltage collection, for example, in the routine of realizing the ADC voltage collection of the simulated knob based on the low-code FlexLua single-chip computer, voltage collection can be realized by configuration of the ADC voltage collection function. For example, in the code, the AD voltage collection function can be set up by using a statement such as LIB_ADConfig(1,300000)(where the maximum value of 4096 samples corresponds to 3.6V input voltage, and the collection time interval of each point is 300ms). When the channel collects 1 point, the buffer is full, and then the collected voltage value can be obtained and processed. At the same time, in some application scenarios, if the voltage to be collected exceeds the sample range of the ADC port of the single-chip computer, it may be necessary to map the voltage into the sample range through a voltage dividing circuit (such as a resistance voltage dividing circuit), and it can be filtered and anti-interference by using a voltage dividing circuit. - In terms of current acquisition, since the ADC module of the single-chip computer recognized the voltage signal, it was necessary to convert the current signal into voltage first. A common practice was to add a current sensing resistance (such as a 0.05 Ohmic resistance) at the load side to convert the current signal into a voltage signal before collecting it. In addition, there was also the IUC02 voltage and current conversion module (suitable for single-chip design), which could be used for 0 - 20ma/4 - 20ma single-chip signal acquisition. This was also a way to achieve current acquisition. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The Principle of the Single-Chip Computer's Automatic Voltage-output Circuit
The following are some principles of voltage output circuits related to single-chip processors: ** 1. Power supply self-locking to open the circuit (Take a circuit as an example)** 1. ** Initial state ** - Before the circuit is powered up, the switch "STAR" is turned off. When the single-chip computer is not powered up, the base of T1 is grounded through R9(100k) and is in the cut-off state. Test and T1, which were connected to the base resistance R7 of T3, were both in the off state, so T3 was also in the off state. At this time, the power supply +9V was isolated by T3 and was not loaded on the voltage regulator chip IC2. The output of IC2 was maintained at a low level. 2. ** Starting Circuit ** - Press the button "Test" to start the circuit. The base of T3 is grounded through R7, Test, and b-e of T2, making T3 turn on. At this time,+9V was added to the voltage stabilizing chip of IC2 through T3, and the output of IC2, VRCC, was added to the single-chip computer. 3. ** Self-locking open ** - After the single-chip computer was working, it would output a high voltage through IO2 and turn on T1 through R8. At this time, even if Test is released, the base of T3 can be grounded through R7, LED1, and T1 to achieve power self-locking. After that, the single-chip software could make the IO2 port turn low again, causing T1 to be turned off, and then T3 to be turned off. ** II. Principle of the direct current step-down circuit (part related to the voltage output of the single-chip computer)** 1. ** Resistance voltage division ** - The simplest way to step down the voltage is to divide the voltage with a resistance, such as the formula [V out = 12> times5> div7 + 5]=5V. However, this method cannot be used with a load. 2. ** Zero-Stabilizer Diode Step-Down ** - The principle was to use the characteristics of the voltage stabilizing circuit, which was cheap and practical. For example, in a series voltage stabilizing circuit, the base of BG was clamped at 13V by the voltage stabilizing device D, and its transmitter output a constant 12V operating voltage. 3. ** Low-voltage-difference linear regulator ** - The circuit is simple, easy to learn and use, and can achieve stable voltage output. 4. ** Switch power supply step-down circuit ** - This kind of circuit had a large voltage drop and a large output power. ** 3. Limiting circuit principle (related to voltage output)** 1. ** Basic limiting circuit ** - In the positive half cycle, when the input voltage is greater than or equal to 0.7V, the positive direction of the circuit is turned on. At this time, the output voltage is clamped at 0.7V. When <VIN> is less than 0.7V, it is in the cut-off state. During the negative half-cycle, it is equivalent to the current reversing, and it is also in the cut-off state. At this time,<VOUT>= VIN>, the <VOUT> wave follows the change of <VIN>>. 2. ** Bias limiting circuit ** - In order to generate different magnitude of the limiting voltage, a bias voltage, VBIAS, was added to the circuit. Only when the voltage was greater than or equal to the voltage, the voltage could be turned on. At this time, VOUT was clamped, and its value was 0.7V+VBIAS. ** 4. Principle of clamp circuit (related to voltage output)** 1. ** Basic clamp circuit (Diode-in-Combination with a Condenser)** - Assuming that the time constant is large enough so that the output wave will not be distorted. When the input is negative in the negative half cycle, the voltage is turned on and the voltage is gradually charged to the voltage. During this process, the voltage is zero. When the input voltage is positive in the positive half cycle, the voltage is cut off, and the voltage is equal to the voltage on the voltage plus the positive half cycle voltage. At this time, the voltage is equal to 2V. 2. ** Bias clamp circuit ** - Similar to the limiting circuit, in order to obtain the required clamp value, a bias voltage was added to the circuit. When the applied bias is in the same direction as the conducting direction of the LED, the clamp value will increase by <<V1>>,<<OUT = 2V +V1>>. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Single chip voltage simulation software
There were some software that could be used to simulate the voltage of the single-chip computer, such as the Simuide, which could not only simulate the circuit but also simulate the AVR single-chip computer. The windows version had the built-in tuning software for the pid single-chip computer. Due to the GPL agreement, the debuggers for the linux-based version needed to be installed. It integrated the Arduino compilation and tuning environment, and the Arduino code could be written and run on it. There were a variety of electronic components in the software that could be freely used. Probes and voltage meters could be added anywhere in the circuit simulation circuit. An ammeter or an earpiece could be used to monitor the voltage and other changes. It could also monitor the memory and register of the single-chip computer. There was also the Proteus software, which was excellent in the simulation of single-chip processors. It supported the simulation of 8051, PAC, and AVR single-chip processors. It could carry out circuit design, circuit board layout and design, circuit simulation parameters analysis, and also support the analysis of various circuit parameters such as voltage. It could also visualize the simulation data through various charts and graphs. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The significance of the design of the electric energy meter based on the single-chip computer
The design of an electric energy meter based on a single-chip computer has many meanings: 1. ** For the improvement of the designer's own ability **: Through thinking and hands-on practice, it can greatly train the designer's self-learning ability, and at the same time improve the knowledge level of the single-chip computer, laying a solid foundation for subsequent related applications. 2. ** Understanding of signal conversion and function realization **: It helps designers to have a clearer understanding of the signal conversion process and function realization. 3. ** Research on the performance of the electric energy meter: It can test the stability of the 89C51 single-chip computer in the application of the electric energy meter, and evaluate the function and superiority of the electric energy meter. 4. ** From the perspective of the development and practical value of the electric energy meter: With the rapid increase in power demand, the electric energy meter is the main tool for measuring electricity. It is extremely important to design an electric energy meter based on a single-chip processor with more functions and higher accuracy to save electricity. This kind of electric energy meter has high precision and accuracy, and has a very good practical development value. It converted the continuous digital data into a non-continuous, scattered digital form and displayed it, combining the results of electronic technology, computing technology, and automated technology with precision electrical measurement technology, breaking the pattern of traditional electronic measuring instruments. The display was clear and intuitive, and the reading was accurate. It adopted advanced digital display technology, which greatly reduced the measurement error caused by human factors. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
n Single-phase digital voltage meter
A single-phase digital voltage meter was an instrument that measured the voltage parameters of three-phase electricity. The unit of measurement was volts (V). There are many types of common single-phase digital voltage meters, such as XC-db140S76- U single-phase digital display voltage meter. It can be used with mutual inducers, voltage diverters, etc. It can display the voltage, current and other parameters in the power grid. It has the advantages of high accuracy, strong isolation, stable performance, and easy installation. It uses a large screen liquid crystal display, which can display voltage and current values and other power parameters at the same time. The user can easily switch the display content by pressing the button, and can also send out an alarm for abnormal situations. The instrument has a variety of communication protocol, and can be connected with computers, Plcs and other equipment to achieve remote monitoring and data acquisition. The Hongrun C100 single-phase electricity meter could also collect the AC voltage signals in the power grid and circuit, and display, control, remote transmission, communication, and other operations after processing. It has a 5-digit LED digital display, energy accumulation pulse output, energy accumulation reset, and other functions such as RS485/232 communication. It has strong anti-interference performance and can pass a variety of EMC-tests. There were also some single-phase digital voltage meters that could be used in specific scenarios, such as the digital voltage meter for electric vehicles ranging from 12 volts to 85 volts, which could be connected to the red and black wires of the meter to display the power. There were also LED liquid crystal dual-display voltage meters that could be used on batteries or batteries to display the voltage and remaining power. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The greater the current of the voltage meter, the smaller the voltage meter value
The higher the voltage, the smaller the value. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The Development of Single-Chip Computer Scale
The following are the general steps and key points of the development of the single-chip electronic scale: ** 1. Hardwares ** 1. ** Main control chip selection ** - He could choose a more common chip like the 8051 single-chip computer. It had 4KB of internal program memory (Scalable), 128-Byte internal data memory (Scalable), multiple bi-directional parallel input/output ports, and other resources to meet the basic control and data processing needs of the electronic scale. - It also has the advantages of low working voltage, low power consumption, strong driving ability, etc. For example, its I/O port is bi-directional and the output circuit is a complementary push-pull output circuit. The external circuit is simple in driving the digital tube display, and its A/D is 10 bits to meet certain precision requirements. 2. ** Sensing and signal processing ** - The sensor was used to obtain physical quantities such as weight. For example, using a pressure sensor to detect the weight of an object usually required a special signal processing chip, such as the HX711 for processing pressure signals (range 0 - 5kg, accuracy 0.1 g). 3. ** display module ** - The 1602 LCD module was used to display the date, time, weight and other information. It was necessary to connect the single-chip computer to the 1602 liquid crystal, including the connection of the data port and the control port. The software programming was also used to initiate and write data into the 1602 liquid crystal. 4. ** Clock module (option)** - If you need to record time-related information, you can use the DS1302 clock chip. It could provide accurate date and time information for the electronic scale. The microchip needed to communicate with it through the corresponding interface circuit to read and set the time. 5. ** Communication module (option)** - If you want to upload the data to the PC display, you can use the 232 serial communication. The single-chip computer had to set up the serial port, including the configuration of baudrate, data bit, stop bit, and other parameters to achieve stable data transmission with the PC. 6. ** Power Circuit ** - It provided a stable power source for the entire system. It was necessary to design a suitable power supply circuit according to the voltage requirements of the selected chip and other electronic components. For example, a voltage stabilizing chip was used to convert the input voltage to a stable 5V or 3.3V voltage to meet the power supply requirements of the single-chip computer, sensor, display module, etc. ** 2. Software ** 1. ** Selection of programming language ** - If you use the 8051 single-chip computer, you can generally use assembly language or C language for programming. For beginners, C language was relatively easier to understand and write complex program logic. - For the PIC-based single-chip computer, you can also use the C language or its specific programming language, but you should pay attention to the differences between the 8051 single-chip computer and the 8051 single-chip computer in terms of instruction set and register usage. 2. ** Program Function Realization ** - ** Initialize settings **: Initialize the ports, timers, and interrupt of the single-chip computer. For example, set the port connected to the sensor to the input mode and the port connected to the display module to the output mode; Initialize the timer to meet the timing requirements (if there is a timing function requirement); Configure the interrupt (if the interrupt is needed to process the sensor data collection or other events). - ** Data Collection **: Obtain weight and other data from the sensor through programming. If the HX711 was used to process the pressure signal, it was necessary to read the processed pressure data (weight data) from the HX711 according to the communication protocol of the HX711 and convert it into an actual weight value. - ** Data processing **: To process the collected data, such as filtering to reduce errors caused by sensor noise. Simple arithmetic average filtering or other filtering algorithms can be used. - ** Show Function **: Show the processed weight, date, time and other data on the 1602 LCD. This required writing the corresponding display function according to the display specifications of the 1602 liquid crystal, converting the data into a format suitable for display and sending it to the liquid crystal display module. - ** Communication function (option)**: If there is a serial communication function, write a serial communication program to send the data to the PC in the agreed format. This included the packaging and verification of the serial port data to ensure the accuracy of the data transmission. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>