From the end of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, the historical events of Western Europe corresponding to the period of German classical philosophy mainly included the following categories: The Enlightenment: The Enlightenment was an important event in the history of European thought that took place from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century. Enlightenment ideologists emphasized rationality, freedom, democracy, and individual rights, trying to enlighten the people through rational and scientific methods to promote political and social reforms. German philosophers such as Leibniz and Kant were important representatives of the Enlightenment. 2. Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution was an important change in European history that took place from the early 19th century to the early 20th century. The industrial revolution had brought about a huge increase in productivity, promoted rapid economic development, and also changed people's production and lifestyle. The philosophers in the period of German classical philosophy, such as Hegel and Karl Max, had a deep understanding of the industrial revolution and its influence. 3. The French Revolution: The French Revolution took place in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was a revolution that overthrew the French feudal monarchical system. The philosophers of the German classical philosophy period, such as Nietzsche and Heidegger, had a deep thought and influence on the French Revolution. 4. Unification of the Kingdom of Austria and the Kingdom of Austria: In the early 19th century, the Kingdom of Austria and the Kingdom of Austria finally achieved unification in 1866. The philosophers in the period of German classical philosophy, such as Hegel and Max Weber, had a deep thought and analysis of the unification movement of the Kingdom of Austria and the Kingdom of hungarian. These historical events had an important impact on the development of German classical philosophy, making the ideas and methods of German classical philosophy more widely spread and applied.
The 17th century German literature was one of the centuries of German literature, also known as the 17th century German classical literature or the German Renaissance. The literature of this period was mainly influenced by the literature and ideas of the Italian Renaissance, including humanism, scientific thought, rationality, and realism. The representative works of 17th-century German literature included the works of Goethe, Schiller, Kant, Hegel, and others. Goethe was one of the most famous German writers and philosophers in the 17th century. His works included classic literary works such as Faust and Heine. Schiller's works, including "The Devil's Kiss" and "Ode to Joy", were regarded as one of the outstanding representatives of 17th-century German literature. Kant's works included Critiques of Pure Reason, Critiques of practical reason, and other philosophical works. Hegel's works included philosophical works such as Principles of the Philosophy of Law. The 17th century German literature had a profound influence on the literature and culture of later generations and was considered one of the important periods in the history of German literature.
The unification of Italy in the 19th century. Through a series of political and military campaigns, different Italian states were united into one nation - state, which had a profound impact on European politics and culture.
One of the famous historical events in the 19th century was the Industrial Revolution. It brought significant changes in manufacturing, transportation, and communication. Factories emerged, and new inventions like the steam engine revolutionized the way goods were produced and transported.
The invention of the Internet in the late 20th century completely transformed the way people communicate, access information, and do business.
The 19th century was an important period in the history of European music. Many representative music works appeared. Here are some examples: The rise of romantic music: In the early 19th century, romantic music began to become popular in Europe. This style of music emphasized emotion and personality as opposed to traditional musical forms and techniques. The representative figures of romantic music included van Gogh, Chopin and Schubert. Revival of symphonies: During the period of Romanticism, symphonies became one of the main forms of classical music. In the middle of the 19th century, Symphony No. 9 of the late composer became one of the most famous symphonies in the world and also promoted the revival of symphonies. Impressionist music: Impressionist music was a music genre developed in the late 19th century that emphasized the description of nature and scenery. Its representative figures include Monet, picador, etc. Their musical works usually have bright colors and dynamic lines. 4. The formation of the music: In the late 19th century, the music became popular in Europe. This style of music originated from the emphasis on improvisation and free play in Blues and swing. Representatives of the music industry included the great piano masters Carl Bottler and John Lennon. Revival of opera: opera was one of the most important forms of classical music in Europe and was revived in the early 19th century. This music style emphasized drama and acting, usually performed by a director and a singer. The representative figures of opera included Verdi and Puccini. These musical works represented the main characteristics of 19th century European music, including the emphasis on emotion and personality of romantic music, the revival of symphonies, the painting of nature in impressionist music, and the formation of knight music.
Many 17th - century German novels were often influenced by the social and political unrest of the time, such as the Thirty Years' War. They might show the chaos and destruction through their stories.
One of the greatest is 'The Magic Mountain' by Thomas Mann. It explores themes like time, illness, and society through the experiences of Hans Castorp in a sanatorium. Another is 'All Quiet on the Western Front' by Erich Maria Remarque, which gives a brutally honest account of World War I from the perspective of German soldiers.
They often had complex characters. For example, in Goethe's 'Faust', the character Faust is a complex figure full of contradictions, representing the human pursuit of knowledge and power. The settings were also diverse, from small German towns to grand European cities. And the themes usually included moral and philosophical inquiries, like the exploration of good and evil, and the role of the individual in society.
The greatest American novelist in the first half of the 19th century was probably James Joyce or William F Scott. James Joyce was one of the most outstanding American poets in the 19th century. His novel, The Sith, was regarded as the founding work of modern American novels. William Faulkner was another outstanding novelist. His novels, The Sound and the Fury and The Color Purple, were considered one of the most outstanding novels in 19th-century America. Faulkner's novels have profound social and moral topics and explore the complexity and contradiction of human beings.
Well, I can recommend a book about the history of Europe from the 13th to the 16th century. It's an Introduction to European History. This book was written by Charles Dickens and is a classic European history book. The book systematically introduced the development of European history from the Mongol invasion in the 13th century to the religious wars and the Renaissance in the 16th century. It also covers political, social, and cultural changes in Europe, including the Dark Ages of the Middle Ages and the prosperity of the Renaissance. This book is an easy-to-understand European history book suitable for beginners.