Techniques and methods of using biological agentsThe techniques and methods of using biological agents were as follows:
1. [Method of injection]:
- ** Subcuticular injection **: It is suitable for the injection of small doses of biological agents. It is to inject the drug into the tissues under the skin. For example, the usual dosage of Etanercepin, Chancroft, or Enli (a fusion protein of the tumor hormone receptor) was 50 milligrams, which was injected once a week or twice a week. Humira (an anti-tumor hormone mongrel) was injected once every two weeks.
- ** Muscle injection **: It is used to inject a medium dose of biological agent into the muscle.
- ** IV injection **: Usually used for the injection of large doses of biological agents or emergency use. The drug is directly injected into the vein. For example, Remicade (anti-tumor factor mongrel) was administered at 3 - 5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight by slow intravenous infusion, with an interval of two to four weeks for the first three sessions, and once every eight weeks for the subsequent sessions.
2. ** Follow the doctor's advice **: The method of use and dosage must be strictly in accordance with the doctor's recommendations to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the drug. Different injection methods, dosage, and intervals of biologics may be different. For example, the withdrawal of biologics in the treatment of Lupus erythematis depends on many factors, such as the severity of the disease, local medical insurance policies, the patient's economic conditions, and the convenience of medical treatment. Moreover, different doctors may have different opinions.
3. ** Note **: Do not inject yourself or use it without a doctor's guidance to avoid adverse reactions or affecting the treatment effect. When using biologics, one should also consider their impact on immunity. Although they generally did not have liver and kidney toxicity or withdrawal symptoms after withdrawal, biologics were antagonist of inflammatory factors, which may cause a certain decline in the body's immunity.
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College Biological Science Proficiency TestThe following are some aspects that might be involved in the college biological science professional level test:
** 1. Basic Knowledge **
1. ** Biochemistry **
- Biochemical concepts, research content, and research scope must be mastered. For example, biochemistry was the study of the chemical composition, structure, and various chemical changes in the process of life.
- For the part of the nuclear acid, he had to be familiar with the types of nuclear acid (DNA and R A), distribution, chemical composition, primary structure (such as the connection order of the nt), key structures such as the double spiral structure of DNA, the secondary structure of tNa (clover type), and so on. He also had to master the concepts of nuclear acid degeneration (such as double-strand uncoiling at high temperatures), renaturation, hyperchromicity effect (increase in ultraviolet-light absorption during degeneration), and hypochromicity effect.
- In protein chemistry, the types of essential acids, the concept and calculation of the acidic point of the acids, and the relationship between the formation of peptidic bonds and the residue of the acids were the basics. The first, second, and higher-level structures of the protein (such as the secondary structure forms such as alpha helices and beta sheets) and the relationship between structure and function must be mastered, such as the principle of protein degeneration and renaturation (such as heating and chemical reagents to change the spatial structure of the protein), the properties of the two ions (charged under different pH.), and the properties of the ultraviolet-violet absorption (there is an absorption peak at 280mn).
- The relevant knowledge of the protein, the composition of the whole protein, the mechanism of the protein (such as reducing the activation energy of the reaction), the method of determining the activity of the protein (such as determining the amount of the product produced or the amount of the substance consumed), the principle of purification of the protein (using the difference between the properties of the protein and the impurities), etc. must be clear. It was necessary to have a deep understanding of the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km, which reflected the affinity between the reagent and the reagent) and the effects of different types of reagents (competitive, non-competitive, etc.) on the reaction.
2. ** Cell biology related **
- The concept of cells being the basic structure and functional unit of organisms needed to be understood in depth.
- The structure and function of different types of cells, such as the difference between plant cells (with cell walls and plastids) and animal cells (without cell walls). For example, the plastids in plant cells were the sites of photosynthesis, the mesophysical cells contained more plastids, and the root tip cells had the ability to divide. In animal cells, the red blood cells had no nucleus and were in the shape of a double concave disc for transporting oxygen.
- The basic concepts and processes of life activities such as cell reproduction (mitosis, Meiosis, etc.), division (cells develop in different functional directions), and death (programmed death) must be mastered.
3. ** Genetics Basics **
- Genetic material basis, such as DNA is the main genetic material, its replication process (semi-reserved replication), gene expression (translation process) and other basic principles.
- The laws of inheritance, such as Mendel's laws of inheritance (the law of separation and the law of free combination), and its application, including the application in the analysis of simple crossbreeding experiments.
4. ** Microbiology **
- The basic types of microorganisms, such as the structural characteristics of bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc. For example, bacteria had basic structures such as cell walls, cell membranes, and protoplasts, while viruses had no cell structure and were composed of a protein shell.
- The types of metabolism of microorganisms, such as autotrophy (able to synthesize organic matter from inanimate matter) and heterotrophy (relying on organic matter to obtain energy), fermentation, and other forms of metabolism.
** 2. Experimental Skills **
1. ** Microscope Operation **
- The steps to use the low and high magnifying glasses included the order of setting, focusing, mounting, focusing, and observation.
- Able to accurately identify the cell structure or the form of microorganisms observed under a microscope.
2. ** Experiment Design and Analysis **
- According to the given experimental purpose, a reasonable experimental plan should be designed. For example, to explore the influence of a certain factor on the activity of the reagent, independent variables (such as temperature, pH, etc.), dependent variables (such as the speed of the reagent), and control variables (such as the concentration of the reagent, the concentration of the reagent, etc.) should be determined.
- Correct analysis and interpretation of experimental results, such as drawing conclusions from experimental data, analyzing the sources of experimental errors, etc.
** 3. Comprehensive applications **
1. ** Intersection of Biological Science and Other Sciences **
- Biological science and chemistry. For example, in biochemistry, the application of chemical knowledge in understanding the structure and reactions of biological molecules.
- Biological science and physics, such as the application of physical techniques in cell structure research (such as the principle of electron microscope imaging involving physical electricity, magnetism, etc.).
2. ** The application of biological science in practice **
- In the field of biotechnology, such as genetic engineering technology (the operation steps and applications of the DNA technology, such as the production of genetically modified crops, gene therapy, etc.), cell engineering (the principles and applications of plant tissue culture, animal cell fusion, etc.), etc.
- Its applications in agriculture, medicine, and the environment include biological control (using natural enemies or biological toxins to control pests) in agriculture, pharmaceutics (using biotechnology to produce drugs, such as using microorganisms to ferment to produce antibiotics) in medicine, and Bioremediation (using microorganisms and other biological means to control the polluted environment) in the environmental field.
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