Porcelains in Kilns
Porcelains from different periods and regions had different characteristics: - ** Yuan Dynasty porcelain cellar **: - Yuan Qinghua: - ** Blue and White Hair Color **: There are three types: rich and colorful (using imported Sunibo green material), light and elegant (using a mixture of imported and domestic materials), and bluish gray. Quite a few of them have dark black spots after burning. The most positive type of blue and white flowers used imported Su Ma Li green material, high iron and low Manganese, blue and white deep blue with purple, blue with green. - [Glazed glaze: It usually presents a bluish-white tone and has a glass-like texture.] - ** Bottom characteristics **: Irregular circular feet can be seen at the bottom of plum bottles and large jars. The depth of the feet is different, and the circle is thick and wide. The soles of the feet often have spiral marks and nail-shaped protruding points, showing the signs of the eight-shaped spiral cutting. - ** Matrix and impurities **: The matrix is thick and hard, and contains a lot of impurities and iron. - ** Yuan Dynasty Green Glazed Vat **: From the green glazed vat in the Chenlu Zhenyuan Blue Flower Cellar, it is a priceless treasure, but the specific characteristics of the green glazed vat itself are not mentioned. - ** Song Dynasty Porcelain Cellar **: - ** Jiangxi early and middle Northern Song Dynasty porcelain cellar (all porcelain bowls)**: The ring is high and wide, the carcass is thick, and the inner bottom is not glazed. This characteristic is not found in Sichuan cellars. - ** Ru porcelain (Looking at the Ru porcelain from the 47 cellars in the Barbarian Camp)**: - ** Glaze color **: There are azure, pink, egg blue, etc. - ** Styling and Craftsmanship **: The styling is exquisite, the craftsmanship is exquisite, the glaze color is rich, and the opening is dense. Except for a few utensils, most of them were fully glazed and had three or five nail burn marks at the bottom, which was consistent with the characteristics of the royal porcelain in the late Northern Song Dynasty. - ** Porcelains of the Song Dynasty, such as a bowl with green patterns, a bowl with green patterns, a bowl with green lotus petals, and a bottle with a black pattern. **: Unique in shape, bright and smooth in glaze. The novel "Shou Zang" is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Eight Kilns, Ten Kilns
The eight major kiln systems were usually called Ding, Cizhou, Yaozhou, Jun, Longquan, Jingdezhen, Jian, and Jizhou (or Yue) kiln systems. However, it was not clearly defined as the corresponding "ten kiln entrances". If we look at the main kiln mouths of the eight kiln systems, for example, the Ding kiln of the Ding kiln system (mainly produced in Quyang County, Baoding City, Hebei Province), the Cizhou kiln of the Cizhou kiln system, the Yaozhou kiln of the Yaozhou kiln system, the Jun kiln of the Jun kiln system, the Longquan kiln of the Longquan kiln system, the Jingdezhen kiln of the Jingdezhen kiln system (including the Hutian kiln), the Jianyang kiln of the Jian kiln system, and the Jizhou kiln of the Jizhou kiln system, etc., we still can't make up the so-called "ten kiln mouths". Therefore, the expression "eight kiln systems and ten kiln entrances" might have some confusion or be a self-created statement in a specific context. The novel "Shou Zang" is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Porcelains of the Tang Dynasty
The production and use of porcelain in the Tang Dynasty were more widespread. The varieties and shapes of porcelain were novel and diverse, and the degree of refinement of the production exceeded that of the previous generation. The development of porcelain in the Tang Dynasty formed celadon represented by Zhejiang Yue kiln and river porcelain as daily utensils, which were closely related to the times and social trends. The characteristic of Tang Dynasty porcelain was that it paid attention to the mutual contrast between the shape and the glaze color, rather than winning by the decorative patterns. The colors of the Tang Dynasty porcelain were also relatively rich. There were green, black, white, yellow, green, brown, blue, and other colors. The shape of the porcelain in the Tang Dynasty was round and full, and the aesthetic concept of fat was reflected in the porcelain. In the Tang Dynasty, Yue kiln porcelain was famous for its fine porcelain body, uniform glaze color, and color like ice and jade. In general, the Tang Dynasty porcelain made significant progress in terms of technology, shape, and glaze color, becoming an important period in the history of Chinese porcelain development.
Porcelains of the Qianlong Period
Qianlong period (1736 - 1795) porcelain has the following characteristics: 1. * * Styling ** - The overall shape was neat and the proportions were appropriate. In the early stage, the shape of the ware was similar to that of the Yongzheng period, but it was more exquisite, especially for small pieces. In the later stage, it was slightly dull. There were many types of porcelain used in the palace, some of which sacrificed practicality for novelty, but the utensils were extremely neat and fine regardless of size. The curve is not as beautiful as Yongzheng period, but compared with Jiazhou, Daozhou period Jun Xiu. - The feet are wider and wider than the previous dynasty, and the ridge of the feet is round. Some are coated with yellow or black protective glaze. 2. * * In terms of the carcass ** - The fetus soil was carefully refined, and the fetus bone structure was compact, dense, heavy, and malleable. This provided the conditions for the variety of porcelain. In the early stage, the carcass was fine and moist, but in the later stage, it gradually became rough. The overall porcelain was fine, and its regularity and thickness were closely related to the high purity of the soil. In the early stage, it could maintain the fine and moist characteristics of Yongzheng period. Although it was slightly worse in the later stage, it was still better than the late Qing Dynasty. 3. * * The color of the blue and white flowers ** - There were many kinds of expressions, but most of them were stable and pure green hair color. In the early stages, there were black, brown, gray, light blue and other colors, with calm tones and clear patterns. 4. * * Various Glaze Colors ** - The Lujun glaze was different from the Yongzheng period in Qianlong, composed of turquoise green and deep blue. - Enamel color developed to its heyday, with more colors than in the Yongzheng period. The theme selection was more abundant, and more western characters were painted. In the late Qianlong period, in order to make the porcelain more elegant and luxurious, the mouth and bottom of the porcelain would be gilded with gold, regardless of the cost and no longer inscribed poems. - The bronze color was painted on porcelain with powder colors and gold colors, imitating the rust spots of ancient bronze ware. It was an invention of porcelain color during the Qianlong period. - There were also porcelain paintings that were painted with famille rose, as well as colored ground rolling (using tools to draw out the lines that looked like they were rolled out), light painting (drawing a round frame on the colored ground for painting), and other techniques. - Some porcelains were painted on red, yellow, blue, green and other colors, which were called multicolored or pastel. - In the late Qianlong period, the glaze color of the pastel porcelain became more and more rich, and three new techniques appeared, namely,"rolling road","Wanhua brocade" and "green pastel". - The blue and white porcelain was neat, and the shape and drawing technique were perfect. He made this relatively simple porcelain with a royal style. 5. * * Glaze ** - The glaze of blue and white porcelain was bluish-white in color, and so was that of civilian kilns. The degree of bluish-white varied, and the glaze was plump, firm, smooth, and clean. Occasionally, there was a slightly wavy glaze, and there was also a glazed color that was pinkish white (more common in civilian kilns). - The glaze of the exquisite porcelain ware was firm and smooth like jade, smooth and flawless. Generally, the glaze of the porcelain ware was different. It was exquisite in the early stage and gradually rough in the later stage. 6. * * Craftsmanship ** - The craftsmanship was extremely high, exquisite, beautiful, and full of wonders. 7. * * Patterns and decorations ** - The patterns and decorations had distinct characteristics of the era. The painting was meticulous, the layers were clear, and the style was rigorous and delicate. The patterns of imperial porcelain tended to be standardized, and the strokes were meticulous, but the composition was rigid and elaborate. The beautiful women in ancient costumes had high buns, and the soft flower paintings used boneless painting. The figures in the later decorative patterns had no spirit and a large nose. The dragon pattern had a variety of forms. It had a square head and a large head. It was solemn and vigorous, but there were also delicate and slender ones. Most of them had a lion head, more dragon hair, and dragon feet that were obviously prominent and had a strong three-dimensional feeling. The dragon body was thick and clumsy, usually with four or five claws. The folk kiln porcelain was freehand and realistic, and the pen was bold and unconstrained. Influenced by western painting art, there were patterns of western figures, buildings, boats, and dogs on the porcelain. 8. * * In terms of style ** - The official kiln porcelains were "Qianlong Year System","Qing Dynasty Qianlong Year System" and so on. The novel "Gilded Palm" is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Porcelains of the Song Dynasty
There were two books related to Song Dynasty porcelains, namely," Porcelains Appreciation Catalog of China's Song and Yuan Dynasties " and " Porcelains Catalog of China's Song and Yuan Dynasties." The former was written by Shuai Ciping and Zhou Xiaoya and published by China National Photographic Art Press, while the latter was designed to help readers understand Song and Yuan porcelain in depth. The book contained rich pictures and detailed descriptions of different types of porcelain, which would help readers improve their appreciation of Song and Yuan porcelain and their ability to distinguish between real and fake. " Fairy Dream of Tang Shi: Fate of Peony " is equally wonderful. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Song Dynasty Porcelains
There were many varieties of porcelain in the Song Dynasty. Among them, there were five famous kilns that produced porcelain, namely Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln, Jun kiln and Ding kiln. The Ru kiln porcelain body was delicate and the glaze was warm. It was mainly azure and light azure. It had the reputation of "breaking the clouds after the rain". It was listed as the first of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty. It was an official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty. The kiln site was located in Qingliang Temple, Baofeng County, Ruzhou City, Henan Province. The official kiln was the imperial kiln of the Song Dynasty. It was divided into the Northern Song Dynasty official kiln (located in Kaifeng City, Henan Province) and the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln (located in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province). The porcelain of the official kiln was well-shaped. The glaze color was mainly green glaze. The glaze was smooth like jade, and the glaze color was soft and warm. The raw materials were mostly lime-alkali-based glaze. The process of unglazed and repeated glaze was used to produce high-quality thick-glazed porcelain. The main types of ware were bowls, bottles, furnaces, and so on. The Ge Kiln was a mysterious kiln in the Song Dynasty. The location of the kiln had not yet been determined (some said it was located in Longquan City, Zhejiang Province, or Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, etc.). The porcelain body of Ge kiln was firm and dense, and the glaze color was lustrous. It was mainly featured by gold wire patterns and ice cracks. Jun kiln was a folk kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty. The kiln site was located in Shenhou Town, Yuzhou City, Henan Province. Jun kiln porcelain had a grayish-black carcass and a gorgeous glaze color. It was mainly made of kiln glaze. Because the glaze was thick and flowing during firing, it would produce a unique physical phenomenon of "earthworms walking in the mud". It was one of the most gorgeous varieties among the five famous kilns. Ding kiln was a folk kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty. The kiln site was located in Jianci Village, Yebei Village, Dongyanchuan Village and Xiyanchuan Village in Quyang County, Hebei Province (formerly Dingzhou City). Ding kiln porcelain body quality is hard and dense, the glaze color is warm, the glaze is smooth like jade, mainly white glaze, and also black glaze, sauce glaze and green glaze. The novel, Drunken Golden Cup, is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
The porcelains of the Golden Jade Hall
The generation of the Abundance of Gold and Jade porcelain was more complicated and needed to be analyzed from many aspects. First of all, Longquan kiln porcelain had the "Full Hall of Gold and Jade" style. Longquan kiln had existed in the Song Dynasty, and most of its porcelain was printed. Therefore, if it was Longquan kiln's "Full Hall of Gold and Jade" style porcelain, it might be from the Song Dynasty. There were many types of porcelain in the Ming Dynasty. The Hongzhi period porcelain had its own characteristics. Although there was no mention of the "Full Hall of Gold and Jade" style, it could be identified from the overall style of Hongzhi porcelain. Chenghua and Hongzhi porcelains were similar in style, but there were still slight differences. Hongzhi porcelain was light and elegant in shape, with soft lines, etc. If there was a porcelain that was suspected to be in the style of Hongzhi period and had the "full house of gold and jade" style, it could be further judged from these shapes and lines. Porcelains from different periods of the Qing Dynasty had different identification characteristics, such as the characteristics of the characters (Kangxi, Yongzheng, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu, etc.). Although it was not directly aimed at the "Golden Jade Hall" style, it could be used as a reference for the overall generation. If there were characters on the porcelain in addition to the "Golden Jade Hall" style, it could be judged from these aspects whether it was Qing Dynasty porcelain and its specific period. In addition, he also needed to judge the age of a "Full Hall of Gold and Jade" porcelain from the soil, glaze, color, and shape. For example, if the body was fine and the glaze was as smooth as jade, it might be a porcelain made in a specific period. It was not easy to make heavy-duty famille rose porcelain, and the rate of finished products was low. It was lost from generation to generation. If the porcelain of "Full Hall of Gold and Jade" had similar technological characteristics to heavy-duty famille rose porcelain, it could also be used as a reference for generation. The novel "Gilded Palm" is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
The 10 Most Expensive Porcelains in China
Here are the 10 most expensive porcelain pieces in China: 1. Qing Qianlong famille rose hollowed-out "Auspicious" revolving heart vase, sold for about 554 million yuan. It was a palace porcelain from the Qianlong period. The craftsmanship was complicated and it combined many techniques. 2. Northern Song Dynasty Ru kiln azure glaze wash, the transaction price of about 250 million yuan. 3. The Chenghua Doucai Chicken Jar Cup was sold for about 281 million yuan (221 million Hong Kong dollars in other words). It was a model of Chenghua Doucai porcelain, with a small and exquisite shape. 4. The blue-and-white vase with the picture of Guigu 'zi descending the mountain was sold for about 230 million yuan. The picture depicted the scene of Guigu' zi descending the mountain. It was a masterpiece of blue-and-white porcelain from the Yuan Dynasty. 5. Qing Emperor Qianlong light yellow ground color icing on the cake Longevity continuous extension of the long-necked gourd bottle, the transaction price of about 226.3 million yuan. 6. The Xuande blue and white fish with algae patterns and ten edges was sold for about 201.27 million yuan. 7. Ming Jiajing five-colored fish algae pattern lid jar, the transaction price is about 187.9 million yuan. 8. Northern Song Dynasty Ru kiln azure glaze sunflower wash, the transaction price of about 180 million yuan, the representative work of Ru kiln porcelain, glaze color azure like jade. 9. Ming Yongle blue and white Ruyi shoulder folding flower and fruit pattern plum vase, sold for about 149.2 million yuan. 10. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty made a bowl painted with spring swallows in apricot forest. "Fairy Dream of Tang Shi: Fate of Peony" is equally wonderful. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Porcelains Unearthed in the Song Dynasty
There were many types of porcelain with entwined patterns unearthed in the Song Dynasty. For example, the green glazed flower pattern porcelain bowl of the Song Dynasty unearthed from the Song Dynasty Colored Painting Tomb of Dashanmen Farm, Gucheng Commune, Heshui County, is 5.5 cm high, 16.3 cm in diameter, 5 cm in diameter at the bottom, with a trumpet-shaped mouth, with an arc belly downwards, a circle foot, and the foot is exposed along the tire. The whole body is covered with green glaze, and the glaze juice is yellow. There is a astringent circle at the bottom of the bowl, and the inner wall is printed with the flower pattern of twining branches, decorated with a diamond-shaped net pattern. The pattern is compact and orderly. It is a national third-class cultural relic and is now collected in Qingyang City Museum. There was also a dark carved lotus flower pattern bowl made by Jingdezhen Hutian Kiln in the Northern Song or Southern Song Dynasty. It was 7 cm high, 13.4 cm in diameter, and 6.5 cm in diameter. It had a straight mouth and a straight wall. The straight wall was cylindrical, and the bottom of the foot was shallow. The soles of the feet were left with a light maroon paste. The whole body was covered with a bluish-white glaze. There was no pattern on the inside, and the lotus flower pattern was carved on the outside. The flowers were numerous and the leaves were luxuriant. The carcass was thin, the glaze was bright and moist, and the white was shining green. The body was fine and clean. When the light shone, it could be seen. The porcelain bowl was mostly found in the underground palace of high-level monasteries. " Fairy Dream of Tang Shi: Fate of Peony " is equally wonderful. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Porcelains and jades of the Han Dynasty
Han Dynasty porcelain: - Porcelains of the Han Dynasty could be generally divided into four categories: gray pottery, hard pottery, glazed pottery, and celadon. There were many kinds of utensils, including food containers, storage containers, and other living utensils. There were also underworld utensils specially made for burial. Different ages and regions had different types of porcelain, making methods, decorative patterns, and firing temperatures. The porcelain industry of the Han Dynasty was much more developed than before. Kilns were densely distributed in the southeast. The method of making the embryo changed from the clay plate method to the pottery car pulling the embryo, making the porcelain embryo more delicate. The glaze was also greatly improved. The glaze layer was thickened, the luster was strong, the glaze was good, and the body and glaze were tightly combined. For example, the Eastern Han Yue kiln green glaze four-series jar now hidden in Shangyu County, Zhejiang Province, has a straight mouth, short neck, smooth shoulders, bulging belly, flat bottom, grayish-white fine texture, green glaze color, no longer can see the characteristics of the original celadon. The artistic style of pottery sculptures in the Han Dynasty was influenced by the aesthetic trend of thought at that time. Artists focused on the vast real world and advocated the broad and noble beauty in the form of artistic expression. They believed that only by grasping the essential characteristics of the object and sketching the outline could they reflect and convey the inner spirit of the object. Han Dynasty jade ware: - Among the jade carvings of the Han Dynasty, round carvings were more expensive and rare. There were only a dozen round carvings of the Han Dynasty in the entire museum. The round jade carvings of the Han Dynasty were once popular in the Neoliths and the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period disappeared, they became popular again in the Han Dynasty. The round-carved jade required a lot of jade materials, and the cost of the materials was more than ten times that of the sheet-shaped jade. This might be the reason why it was rare. In the case that there are few round carvings in the collection, we can find the characteristics of the era from other cultural relics of the same period to help identify the round carvings of the Han Dynasty. There were many sheep shapes in the cultural relics of the Han Dynasty, which had special meanings. For example, sheep symbolized good luck. There were five basic elements in the identification of jade articles in the Han Dynasty: material, workmanship, shape, pattern, and moisture. However, due to the uniqueness of jade articles, the identification of authenticity was more complicated. The identification of jade articles should be the result of comprehensive analysis and could not be partial. For example, the processing traces of a single article could not be used as a judgment standard, but could only be used as a reference. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>