Porcelains and jades of the Han Dynasty
Han Dynasty porcelain: - Porcelains of the Han Dynasty could be generally divided into four categories: gray pottery, hard pottery, glazed pottery, and celadon. There were many kinds of utensils, including food containers, storage containers, and other living utensils. There were also underworld utensils specially made for burial. Different ages and regions had different types of porcelain, making methods, decorative patterns, and firing temperatures. The porcelain industry of the Han Dynasty was much more developed than before. Kilns were densely distributed in the southeast. The method of making the embryo changed from the clay plate method to the pottery car pulling the embryo, making the porcelain embryo more delicate. The glaze was also greatly improved. The glaze layer was thickened, the luster was strong, the glaze was good, and the body and glaze were tightly combined. For example, the Eastern Han Yue kiln green glaze four-series jar now hidden in Shangyu County, Zhejiang Province, has a straight mouth, short neck, smooth shoulders, bulging belly, flat bottom, grayish-white fine texture, green glaze color, no longer can see the characteristics of the original celadon. The artistic style of pottery sculptures in the Han Dynasty was influenced by the aesthetic trend of thought at that time. Artists focused on the vast real world and advocated the broad and noble beauty in the form of artistic expression. They believed that only by grasping the essential characteristics of the object and sketching the outline could they reflect and convey the inner spirit of the object. Han Dynasty jade ware: - Among the jade carvings of the Han Dynasty, round carvings were more expensive and rare. There were only a dozen round carvings of the Han Dynasty in the entire museum. The round jade carvings of the Han Dynasty were once popular in the Neoliths and the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period disappeared, they became popular again in the Han Dynasty. The round-carved jade required a lot of jade materials, and the cost of the materials was more than ten times that of the sheet-shaped jade. This might be the reason why it was rare. In the case that there are few round carvings in the collection, we can find the characteristics of the era from other cultural relics of the same period to help identify the round carvings of the Han Dynasty. There were many sheep shapes in the cultural relics of the Han Dynasty, which had special meanings. For example, sheep symbolized good luck. There were five basic elements in the identification of jade articles in the Han Dynasty: material, workmanship, shape, pattern, and moisture. However, due to the uniqueness of jade articles, the identification of authenticity was more complicated. The identification of jade articles should be the result of comprehensive analysis and could not be partial. For example, the processing traces of a single article could not be used as a judgment standard, but could only be used as a reference. Read more exciting novels for free
Porcelains, jades, jades, jewelries, models and specifications
For jadeite, its size was usually measured in millimeters. Different types of jadeite jewelry had different considerations in terms of size specifications. For example, when choosing a jade pendant, it had little to do with the thickness, but it paid more attention to color, water, workmanship, etc. When choosing a bracelet, in addition to paying attention to the wide face, the thickness was also very important. If it was too thin and too thin, it would be easy to break. Under the same wide face, the greater the thickness, the more expensive it would be. The largest number in the size of the jade egg face was usually the length rather than the thickness, and its thickness should be suitable for the length and width. The shape of the water drop and egg face was generally not too thick. As for jade, different jade articles had different size. For example, the 18th century white jade seahorse with skin was 13 centimeters long, the Eastern Han white jade unicorn was 5.5 centimeters wide, the Ming yellow jade lying dog was 24 centimeters long, the Western Zhou jade cow was 3.2 centimeters wide, and the clear jade hook cloud pattern ring was 8.5 centimeters in diameter. These size could help determine the value of the jade articles during trading. For porcelain, there was no specific and unified model specifications, but when collecting, one would often pay attention to information such as the production period. There was no unified measurement standard that specifically targeted the model specifications like jade. However, the size of porcelain would affect its price, value, collection value, and other aspects. As for jewelry, the reference did not clearly state the overall model specifications of the jewelry, but different types of jewelry (such as jade, which belonged to the category of jewelry) had their own considerations in terms of size. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Porcelains of the Tang Dynasty
The production and use of porcelain in the Tang Dynasty were more widespread. The varieties and shapes of porcelain were novel and diverse, and the degree of refinement of the production exceeded that of the previous generation. The development of porcelain in the Tang Dynasty formed celadon represented by Zhejiang Yue kiln and river porcelain as daily utensils, which were closely related to the times and social trends. The characteristic of Tang Dynasty porcelain was that it paid attention to the mutual contrast between the shape and the glaze color, rather than winning by the decorative patterns. The colors of the Tang Dynasty porcelain were also relatively rich. There were green, black, white, yellow, green, brown, blue, and other colors. The shape of the porcelain in the Tang Dynasty was round and full, and the aesthetic concept of fat was reflected in the porcelain. In the Tang Dynasty, Yue kiln porcelain was famous for its fine porcelain body, uniform glaze color, and color like ice and jade. In general, the Tang Dynasty porcelain made significant progress in terms of technology, shape, and glaze color, becoming an important period in the history of Chinese porcelain development.
Porcelains of the Song Dynasty
There were two books related to Song Dynasty porcelains, namely," Porcelains Appreciation Catalog of China's Song and Yuan Dynasties " and " Porcelains Catalog of China's Song and Yuan Dynasties." The former was written by Shuai Ciping and Zhou Xiaoya and published by China National Photographic Art Press, while the latter was designed to help readers understand Song and Yuan porcelain in depth. The book contained rich pictures and detailed descriptions of different types of porcelain, which would help readers improve their appreciation of Song and Yuan porcelain and their ability to distinguish between real and fake. " Fairy Dream of Tang Shi: Fate of Peony " is equally wonderful. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Song Dynasty Porcelains
There were many varieties of porcelain in the Song Dynasty. Among them, there were five famous kilns that produced porcelain, namely Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln, Jun kiln and Ding kiln. The Ru kiln porcelain body was delicate and the glaze was warm. It was mainly azure and light azure. It had the reputation of "breaking the clouds after the rain". It was listed as the first of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty. It was an official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty. The kiln site was located in Qingliang Temple, Baofeng County, Ruzhou City, Henan Province. The official kiln was the imperial kiln of the Song Dynasty. It was divided into the Northern Song Dynasty official kiln (located in Kaifeng City, Henan Province) and the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln (located in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province). The porcelain of the official kiln was well-shaped. The glaze color was mainly green glaze. The glaze was smooth like jade, and the glaze color was soft and warm. The raw materials were mostly lime-alkali-based glaze. The process of unglazed and repeated glaze was used to produce high-quality thick-glazed porcelain. The main types of ware were bowls, bottles, furnaces, and so on. The Ge Kiln was a mysterious kiln in the Song Dynasty. The location of the kiln had not yet been determined (some said it was located in Longquan City, Zhejiang Province, or Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, etc.). The porcelain body of Ge kiln was firm and dense, and the glaze color was lustrous. It was mainly featured by gold wire patterns and ice cracks. Jun kiln was a folk kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty. The kiln site was located in Shenhou Town, Yuzhou City, Henan Province. Jun kiln porcelain had a grayish-black carcass and a gorgeous glaze color. It was mainly made of kiln glaze. Because the glaze was thick and flowing during firing, it would produce a unique physical phenomenon of "earthworms walking in the mud". It was one of the most gorgeous varieties among the five famous kilns. Ding kiln was a folk kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty. The kiln site was located in Jianci Village, Yebei Village, Dongyanchuan Village and Xiyanchuan Village in Quyang County, Hebei Province (formerly Dingzhou City). Ding kiln porcelain body quality is hard and dense, the glaze color is warm, the glaze is smooth like jade, mainly white glaze, and also black glaze, sauce glaze and green glaze. The novel, Drunken Golden Cup, is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Porcelains Unearthed in the Song Dynasty
There were many types of porcelain with entwined patterns unearthed in the Song Dynasty. For example, the green glazed flower pattern porcelain bowl of the Song Dynasty unearthed from the Song Dynasty Colored Painting Tomb of Dashanmen Farm, Gucheng Commune, Heshui County, is 5.5 cm high, 16.3 cm in diameter, 5 cm in diameter at the bottom, with a trumpet-shaped mouth, with an arc belly downwards, a circle foot, and the foot is exposed along the tire. The whole body is covered with green glaze, and the glaze juice is yellow. There is a astringent circle at the bottom of the bowl, and the inner wall is printed with the flower pattern of twining branches, decorated with a diamond-shaped net pattern. The pattern is compact and orderly. It is a national third-class cultural relic and is now collected in Qingyang City Museum. There was also a dark carved lotus flower pattern bowl made by Jingdezhen Hutian Kiln in the Northern Song or Southern Song Dynasty. It was 7 cm high, 13.4 cm in diameter, and 6.5 cm in diameter. It had a straight mouth and a straight wall. The straight wall was cylindrical, and the bottom of the foot was shallow. The soles of the feet were left with a light maroon paste. The whole body was covered with a bluish-white glaze. There was no pattern on the inside, and the lotus flower pattern was carved on the outside. The flowers were numerous and the leaves were luxuriant. The carcass was thin, the glaze was bright and moist, and the white was shining green. The body was fine and clean. When the light shone, it could be seen. The porcelain bowl was mostly found in the underground palace of high-level monasteries. " Fairy Dream of Tang Shi: Fate of Peony " is equally wonderful. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Famous Porcelains of Song Dynasty
There were many famous porcelain products in the Song Dynasty. The following are some of the more famous ones: - [Ru kiln porcelain: It was listed as the top of the five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty. It has the reputation of being the top of celadon and the top of the Ru kiln. It is a special tribute for the royal family.] Its porcelain reflected the Taoist's state of mind of purity and inaction. For example, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty put forward the standard of "after the rain, the clouds break, this color is the future". Since the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Ru porcelain had been regarded as a treasure. There was a saying that "even if there was a family with a lot of money, it was not as good as Ru porcelain". - ** Shining Sky Eye Tea Bowl **: This is the Song porcelain that was regarded as a national treasure in Japan. There are only three and a half left in the world, and each of them is priceless. Half of them are in China, and the other three are all in Japan and are listed as national treasures. - The celadon of Ge Kiln had broken lines on its glaze, like silk forming a net, forming a unique beauty of defects. - Ding kiln porcelain: The pattern is neat and has a strict and clear print. - [Yaozhou kiln porcelain: Its carving is sharp and unrestrained, giving people a flowing rhythm.] - ** Jun kiln porcelain **: The glaze color of the Jun kiln is described as begonia red and rose purple. It is as bright as the sunset, and the changes are endless like flowing water. - Cizhou kiln porcelain: It can produce oil drops, partridges, tortoiseshell and other magical crystal glazes. - ** Green-white porcelain from Jingdezhen kiln **: The color is like jade, and the green is like the lake. - [Longquan celadon porcelain: emerald green and bright like plums.] The novel, Drunken Golden Cup, is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Shang Dynasty ornaments and jades
There were many kinds of decorative jade in the Shang Dynasty, including rings, rings, Huang, pipes, beads, bracelets, pendants, strings, rings, hairpins, jade figures, phoenix crowns and jade figures. Jade rings originated from the Neoliths. The Shang Dynasty jade rings had inherited the Hongshan culture jade rings. 18 pieces of jade rings were unearthed from Fuhao Tomb in Yin Ruins. According to the different patterns and shapes, they could be divided into three styles. Its use was still unclear, but it was likely to be an earring. Jade Huang inherited the content of the Neoliths jade Huang, and the style, decoration, and decorative patterns were diverse. There were different types of jade Huang, such as plain jade Huang, animals modified from broken pieces of jade rings, and jade Huang with decorative patterns. Among them, dragon jade Huang was the most common. Jade was originally a tool for untying knots, but later became a baldric. In the Shang Dynasty, there were two types of jade, round rod and curved plate. These kinds of objects could also be used as headwear. The jade hairpin was long, mostly flat and plain. A few of them were carved with patterns of birds or dragons. There were also carved eagle jade hairpins among the special pearl eagle fish ornaments unearthed. In the middle and late Shang Dynasty, jade figures appeared in large numbers, mainly represented by jade people unearthed in Yin Ruins. There were round carved full-body people, round carved human heads, sheet-like full-body people, sheet-like human heads, and other jade pieces with jade ornaments. Round carved full-body jade figures could be used as human accessories. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Porcelains of Shiwan Kiln in Song Dynasty
The porcelain of the Shiwan kiln in the Song Dynasty had the following characteristics: 1. ** Kiln site development **: Damaogang Kiln, Xiaowanglougang Kiln and Qishi Kiln became the three pillars of Shiwan Kiln. 2. ** In terms of ware types, the Northern Song Dynasty had more varieties of ceramic products than the Tang Dynasty. There were daily-use porcelain, funeral porcelain, and religious sacrificial porcelain. The shape was regular, the surface was smooth, and the bottom was stable. The ware types included long-necked bottles, bowls, high-foot cups, amphoras, three-legged stoves, cups, lamps, etc. 3. ** Firing method **: Long-shaped slope dragon kiln is widely used to fire porcelain. Generally, two methods of direct firing and stacking firing are used. The product qualification rate and quality are greatly improved compared to the Tang Dynasty. 4. ** Glaze color **: The color of the glaze is more than that of the previous generation. The majority of the glazes are green-yellow glaze and yellow sauce glaze, followed by green glaze, black glaze and sauce glaze, and white glaze is the least. The method and process of applying glaze are more advanced than before. Not only is it applied to the surface of the ware, but it is also applied to the inner wall of the porcelain by the swing glaze method. 5. ** Ornamental Craftsmanship **: The decorative craftsmanship of the watch is very rich, including carving, drawing, stamping, sticking, painting, etc. The novel "Listening to the Rain in Green Bamboo and Watching the Egrets" is equally wonderful. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Porcelains with dragon patterns in the Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty dragon pattern porcelain had the following characteristics: - ** The shape and characteristics of the dragon pattern **: The Song Dynasty dragon pattern has a strong three-dimensional sense, and the details of the dragon can be better expressed, but the two edges are thicker than before. The dragon legs are very long (especially the hind legs) and the degree of bending is large, but it looks weak. The joints of the dragon legs often have hook-shaped leg hair, and some are floating. There are short Yin lines on the lower legs to indicate the hair on the legs. There are usually three or four claws. At the end of the tail, there are a few flame-like decorations. - ** Craftsmanship **: Before the Song Dynasty, due to the immature painting technology, the dragon pattern porcelain of the Song Dynasty basically did not have painted dragon patterns. They were all imprinted or carved. - Ding Kiln was one of the famous porcelain kilns in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, Ding Kiln mostly produced white porcelain, but there were also black glaze, sauce glaze, green glaze, white ground brown flower and other varieties. Ding kiln white porcelain body soil is delicate, body quality is thin and bright, glaze color is pure white moist, there are tears, glaze is white glass glaze. The white glaze often showed a more obvious bluish-white color (different from the white glaze of the Ding kiln in the Tang Dynasty), and the thick "tear stains" produced during the glaze process were obviously yellowish. Whether it was burning or over-burning, the "tear stains" flowed from top to bottom. These were important characteristics that needed to be carefully observed to identify Ding kiln porcelain. In the Ding kiln porcelain of the Song Dynasty, varieties such as sauce glaze, brown glaze, black glaze, green glaze, etc. accounted for a small proportion. Complete handed down products were rare and had high collection value. These color glaze varieties were all white, which was an important symbol of difference from other kiln entrances. For example, the Dingyao printed dragon pattern wash, its body soil is delicate, the body is thin and shiny, the glaze is pure white and moist, there are tears on it, now collected in the China ceramic museum. The novel "Gilded Palm" is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!