The relationship between the selection and promotion of civil officials in ancient times
In ancient times, the selection of civil servants was different in different periods, which had a certain relationship with promotion. Before the Spring and Autumn Period, the hereditary system was used to select officials, which was the system of "hereditary ministers and hereditary salaries." In this case, promotion might depend more on family status and blood relations. Generations of officials in the family relied on hereditary privileges to gradually advance within the official system. During the Warring States Period, the system of "hereditary ministers and hereditary salaries" was gradually abolished, and military merits became the main basis for the selection of officials. This meant that civil servants who had military merits could be promoted and realize the transition from a lower position to a higher position. During the Han Dynasty, the imperial court established and developed various systems for selecting officials, including inspection, recruitment by the emperor, appointment by the public house and prefectures, recommendation by ministers, examination, appointment of children, payment of funds, and many other methods. Among them, the inspection system focused on the evaluation of public opinion and the ability of officials in the village before recommending officials or promoting them. If one was recommended in the regular subjects (such as filial piety, Mao Cai, etc.) or special subjects (such as virtuous and upright, virtuous literature, Ming Jing, etc.) and performed well, there would be a chance for promotion. Conscription was the direct selection of talents by the emperor or the government. Those who were conscripted were often selected because of their talent or reputation, and then gradually promoted in the officialdom. If the talents recommended by the ministers were recognized, they would also open the road to promotion. During the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the nine-grade system was adopted. The middle-grade, middle-grade, and small-grade officials elected by each state and county evaluated the qualifications of the state and county scholars according to their family background, morality, and ability (divided into nine grades) and wrote comments. The scholars who obtained the qualifications were awarded official positions by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. In the early stages, the starting official position might be determined by the level of the evaluation, and then the promotion within the official system would be based on factors such as the official's achievements. However, as the power of the aristocratic families developed, family background became the main factor, and promotion was more controlled by the aristocratic families. The Sui and Tang Dynasties began to implement the imperial examination system. Passing the imperial examination was only to obtain the qualifications to be an official. They still needed to be selected by the Ministry of Civil Affairs before they could officially be appointed as officials. The imperial examination was featured by the selection of talents by subject examination, such as the imperial examination (the emperor set up his own subject examination to select talents) and the regular examination (held annually, with dozens of subjects such as scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi, etc.). Among them, Ming Jing and Jinshi were the most valued by society. Civil officials who passed the imperial examination and achieved good results were awarded official positions after successfully passing the selection of the Ministry of Civil Affairs. In the process of being an official, they were gradually promoted based on their achievements. During the Song Dynasty, the imperial examination system was further developed and perfected."The selection of scholars does not depend on family background." More children from poor families entered the officialdom through the imperial examination. During their official period, they were gradually promoted according to their own ability and achievements. In general, the selection method of ancient civil servants greatly affected the acquisition of initial official positions, and the subsequent promotion was related to many factors such as political achievements, moral character, ability, etc. At the same time, factors such as family background under different selection systems also affected the promotion to varying degrees. While waiting for the TV series, you can also click on the link below to read the classic original work of "Dafeng Nightwatchman"!
The relationship between civil officials and officials in ancient times
In ancient times, civil servants were part of the officials. Officials were appointed government workers of a certain level, while civil servants were officials who mainly carried out civilian work in the government. In ancient times, the official system of civil officials included many positions, such as nobility, prime minister, and grand tutor. These positions had different functions. Civil officials held positions in both the central and local governments. The central government was in charge of the appointment and removal of officials, and the Ministry of Revenue was in charge of land and household registration. The local government was in charge of county governors during the Qin and Han Dynasties. They performed their respective duties in their respective positions and were an important part of the ancient official system. They participated in national governance, government affairs management, social affairs, and many other aspects of work. While waiting for the TV series, you can also click on the link below to read the classic original work of "Dafeng Nightwatchman"!
The difference between the selection and promotion of civil servants in ancient times
In ancient China, there were many differences between the selection and promotion of civil servants. 1. Selection 1. ** Selection methods in different periods ** - ** Qin and Han Dynasties ** - It mainly uses the methods of inspection, recruitment and miscellaneous selection. Inspections were recommended by all levels of local talents with both ability and political integrity. For example, those recommended by the state were called scholars, and those recommended by the county were called filial piety. Conscription included the emperor's conscription ("conscription") and the government's conscription ("conscription"). It was to recruit famous people to be officials. Moreover, in order to reduce the risk brought by the recommendation system and facilitate the inspection, the Qin and Han Dynasties adopted the official trial system, such as setting up "Shou"(the official rank with the word "Shou" in front of the official rank is a probationary official),"fake"(the meaning of acting, acting),"lead"(the meaning of concurrently leading) and other probationary forms. Most officials had to go through regular and irregular inspection periods before they were officially appointed. - ** Sui and Tang Dynasties ** - Civil officials were selected through the imperial examination system. The imperial examination was featured by the selection of talents by subject examination, which was divided into system examination and regular examination. The emperor set up his own subject examination to select candidates. The regular examination was held every year. There were dozens of subjects such as scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi, etc. Among them, Ming Jing and Jinshi were the most valued by society. Passing the examination would only grant one the qualifications to become an official. One would still need to be selected by the Ministry of Personnel before they could officially become an official. - ** Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties **: The imperial examination system was further developed and perfected."The selection of scholars does not depend on family background." The imperial examination became the main way to select officials. At the same time, civil servants of all dynasties were selected by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. 2. ** Selection based on characteristics ** - Under the inspection system, the focus was on the evaluation of public opinion in the village and the ability to be an official. Under the nine-grade system, the officials were assessed according to family background, morality, and ability. However, as the power of the aristocratic families developed, family background gradually became the main factor in the assessment. The imperial examination system was mainly based on the examination results of the examinees. Different subjects had different assessment contents, such as the Ming Jing, which emphasized the meaning of the classics, and the Jinshi, which emphasized poetry and Fu. 3. ** Selection subject and scope ** - Under the system of inspection and recommendation, local governors inspected and selected talents within their jurisdiction and recommended them to their superiors or the imperial court. Under the system of recruitment, the emperor or the government recruited them. The nine-grade Zhongzheng system was elected by each state and county, and then produced a small Zhongzheng to evaluate talents. The imperial examination system was open to the broad social class. As long as one met the requirements for the examination (such as identity, knowledge, etc.), one could participate. The scope was wider. 4. ** The purpose of the selection ** - To a certain extent, the imperial examination system was to meet the needs of the Han regime for the bureaucrats. The original intention of the nine-grade system was to select talents, but later it evolved into a tool for the gentry to control the selection of officials. The imperial examination system was to adapt to the rise of the power of the poor and common landlords since the Northern and Southern Dynasties. It broke the monopoly of the gentry and selected more talented people to enter the officialdom. ** 2. Promotion ** 1. ** Relationship between assessment system and promotion ** - ** Qin and Han Dynasties **: The assessment method of officials was mainly based on the upper calculation system. At the end of each year, each county and marquis would collect and report the situation of household registration, income and expenditure of money and grain, and the number of thieves. After the county and state summarized it, they would make a book and report it to the central government. The censor would participate in the review. The results of the assessment were the basis for officials 'rewards, punishments, and promotions. - ** Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties **: Although the aristocratic families were powerful and wars were frequent, Cao Wei, Western Jin, and Northern Dynasties also formulated corresponding assessment regulations, and the assessment results affected the promotion of officials. - ** Sui Tang to Song Dynasty **: The imperial examination system of the Song Dynasty was further developed and perfected. The imperial examination became the main way to select officials. The performance and achievements of officials during their term of office were also an important basis for promotion. 2. ** Other influencing factors in promotion ** - Under the nine-rank system, the family background of an official played an important role in promotion. It was easier for the children of the aristocratic families to obtain promotion opportunities, resulting in the situation of "no poor families in the upper ranks, and no powerful families in the lower ranks". Under the imperial examination system, in addition to obtaining the qualifications to be an official through examination results, the official's connections in the officialdom, political ability, and implementation of the court's policies would also affect promotion. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, some officials who had literary talent and were good at handling government affairs and making friends with dignitaries were promoted faster. Moreover, the moral requirements of officials in different dynasties would also affect their promotion. Officials with high moral character and integrity often had more opportunities for promotion. While waiting for the TV series, you can also click on the link below to read the classic original work of "Dafeng Nightwatchman"!
Where are the civil officials in ancient times?
In ancient times, civil officials usually stood on the left (west) while military officials stood on the right (east). This kind of arrangement was common in ancient court meetings. In addition, according to the regulations of different dynasties, the standing order of officials would also be arranged according to the level of officials. Therefore, it could be concluded that in ancient times, civil officials stood on the left side of the court.
The Ranking of Civil Officials in Ancient Times
In ancient times, the ranking of civil officials was often complicated. There were different ways of ranking in different dynasties and periods. The following are some of the more common ranking methods of civil officials in ancient times: 1. Ranking of civil officials in the Han Dynasty: During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the top five officials were Taichang, Doctor, Counselor, Langguan, Wuguan Zhonglang General, and Taizhong Doctor. The other officials were ranked according to their positions and achievements. 2. Ranking of civil officials in the Tang Dynasty: During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Taichang, Doctor, Bachelor, Chaosanlang, and Shi Jiang Bachelor were the top five officials. The other officials were ranked according to their positions and achievements. 3. Song Dynasty Civil Officials Ranking: During the Song Taizu period, Taichang, Doctor, Self-review, Zhizhi Prison, and Dudian were the top five officials. The other officials were ranked according to their positions and achievements. 4. Ranking of civil officials in the Ming Dynasty: During the reign of Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, Taichang, Doctor, Self-criticism, Secretary Lang, Editor, and Examiner Lang were the top five. The other officials were ranked according to their positions and achievements. 5. Ranking of Civil Officials in the Qing Dynasty: The ranking of civil officials in the Qing Dynasty was more complicated. There were different standards and ranking methods in different periods. Generally speaking, Taichang, Doctor, Reviewer, Prefect, and Magistrate were the top five officials ranked according to their positions and achievements. It should be noted that different ranking methods may have different standards and emphasis, so the specific ranking results may be different.
The Rank of Civil Officials in Ancient Times
In ancient times, civil officials had clear ranks: 1. ** First-grade Civil Officials **: Including Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, Grand Protector, Grand Scholar, etc. 2. ** From the first-grade civil officials **: There are junior teachers, junior teachers, junior guardians, crown prince imperial teachers, crown prince imperial teachers, crown prince imperial guards, ministers of various departments, censors of the left capital, censors of the right capital, etc. 3. ** Second-grade Civil Servants **: Including the Crown Prince's Junior Teacher, Crown Prince's Junior Fu, Crown Prince's Junior Guardian, Provincial Governors, Left and Right Assistant Ministers of various departments, etc. 4. ** Second-grade civil officials **: For example, provincial governors, cabinet scholars, Hanlin Academy scholars, provincial governors, etc. 5. ** Third Rank Civil Officials **: For example, the Left Deputy Imperial Censor and Right Deputy Imperial Censor of the Imperial Censorate, the General Political Envoy of the General Political Department, the Minister of the Supreme Court, the Minister of the Zhan Shi Fu, the Minister of the Taichang Temple, the Prefect of Shuntian Prefecture, the Prefect of Fengtian Prefecture, the provincial judges, etc. 6. ** From the three grades of civil servants **: There are Guanglu Temple Qing, Taipu Temple Qing, provincial salt transport envoy, etc. 7. ** Fourth-rank Civil Officials **: For example, the Deputy Envoy of the General Administration Department, the Assistant Minister of the Supreme Court, the Assistant Minister of the Zhan Office, the Assistant Minister of the Taichang Temple, the Assistant Minister of the Honglu Temple, the Assistant Minister of the Taipu Temple, and the provincial officials. 8. ** From the fourth-grade civil officials **: such as the Imperial Academy's scholar, the scholar, the Imperial College Jijiu, the cabinet scholar, the provincial prefect, etc. 9. ** Fifth-grade civil officials **: Including the left and right concubines of Chunfang, the Shaoqing of Guanglu Temple, the supervisor of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau, the six departments to the matter, the doctors of the various departments, the Tongzhi of the various governments, the Zhizhou of Zhili Province, etc. 10. ** From the fifth rank civil officials **: For example, Honglu Temple Shaoqing, various supervisory censors, Hanlin Academy's attendants, Yuanwailang of various departments, provincial governors, etc. 11. ** Sixth-grade civil officials **: such as the Imperial College, the Cabinet Attendant, the Left and Right Chunfang, the Left and Right Zhongyun, the Chiefs of the various departments, the General Judgment of the Capital Government, the Magistrate of the Capital County, the General Judgment of the provinces, etc. 12. ** From the sixth-grade civil officials **: For example, the left and right Chunfang left and right praise good, the Imperial Academy repair, Guanglu Temple Department is, Zhili state state, state equivalent. 13. ** Seventh-grade Civil Officials **: Including the revision of the Imperial Academy, the seventh-grade pen paste style of the various departments, the professors and instructors of Shuntian government schools, the county magistrate of Jing County, the magistrate of other counties, and the professors of various government schools. 14. ** From the seven-grade civil servants **: such as the Hanlin Academy review, the Ministry of the Ministry 15. ** Rank Eight Civil Officials **: For example, the Imperial Physician of the Imperial Academy of Medicine, the Rank Eight Brush Stickers of the various departments, the experience of the outer government, the county magistrate of the outer county, the state scholar, the county instructor, etc. 16. ** From the eight-grade civil servant **: There are Hanlin Academy Dian book, government, state, county discipline and so on. 17. ** Rank-9 Civil Officials **: For example, the nine grades of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the county's main book, etc. 18. ** From the ninth grade civil officials **: such as the Imperial Academy waiting for the imperial edict, the punishment department prison, the state official, the inspection and so on. 19. ** Low-ranking Civil Officials **: Including the officials of the capital and the outer counties, the post officers, the river park, etc. While waiting for the TV series, you can also click on the link below to read the classic original work of "Dafeng Nightwatchman"!
The Rank of Civil Officials in Ancient Times
There were many ways to differentiate the ranks of civil officials in ancient times: 1. ** Divided by Grade ** - ** Han Dynasty **: The number of Lu Shi was used as a symbol of the level of official positions. For example, Jiuqing was in the middle of 2,000 stones, provincial governors and prefects were in the middle of 2,000 stones, and county magistrates were in the range of 1,000 to 600 stones. - [Cao Wei: Official positions are divided into nine grades, with one grade being the highest and nine grades being the lowest.] - ** Sui and Tang Dynasties **: The ninth grade is divided into Zhengcong. Starting from Zhengfourpin, each grade is divided into two grades, up and down, a total of 30 grades. - ** Ming and Qing **: The nine grades are only divided into the main and subordinate grades, a total of eighteen grades. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, officials within the ninth grade were called inside the stream, officials outside the ninth grade were called outside the stream, and officials not included in the ninth grade in the Qing Dynasty were called not in the stream. 2. ** Rank System ** - In the Sui Dynasty, there were official positions (officials with duties) and scattered officials (officials without duties). For example, the official rank of Wen was called the Third Division of Kaifu Yi Tong from the first grade, the second grade was called Tejin, and the civil officials below the sixth grade were called Lang. - In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the grade of a person's rank official was not necessarily the same as the grade of the official he served. The rank official was higher than the official, and the official added the word "Xing"; The rank official was lower than the official, and the official added the word "Shou"; The rank official was two grades lower than the official, and the word "test" was added. 3. ** Medal System ** - In the Tang Dynasty, some scattered official titles of the previous generation were used to reward military merits. They were called Xunguan. There were twelve levels in total, such as Shangzhu State and Zhuguo. Later generations followed the Tang system but the grades were slightly different. In the Ming Dynasty, there were civil and military merits. In the Qing Dynasty, the merits and titles were combined. 4. ** System of knighthood ** - It was said that in the Zhou Dynasty, there were five grades of knighthood: duke, marquis, uncle, son and male. In the Han Dynasty, there were only two grades of knighthood: king and marquis. In the Han Dynasty, the food cities of the marquises were generally counties, but there were also villages, pavilions and the title of township marquis and pavilion marquis. 5. ** An example of official rank (Ming and Qing Dynasties as an example)** - ** First Rank **:(Wen) Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, Grand Protector, Grand Scholar, etc. - ** From the first grade **:(Wen) Young Master, Prince Grand Master, etc., Minister of the Ministry, Censor of the Left Capital, Censor of the Right Capital, etc. - ** Second Rank **:(Wen) Prince's Junior Teacher, Prince's Junior Fu, Prince's Junior Protector, Provincial Governors, Left and Right Assistant Ministers of various departments, etc. - ** From the second grade **:(Wen) Provincial governor, cabinet scholar, Hanlin Academy master scholar, provincial governor, etc. - ** Third Rank **:(Wen) Left Deputy Imperial Censor of the Imperial Censorate, Right Deputy Imperial Censor, General Administration Envoy of the General Administration Department, Minister of the Supreme Court, etc. - ** From the third grade **:(Wen) Guanglu Temple Qing, Taipu Temple Qing, provincial salt transport envoy, etc. - ** Fourth Rank **:(Wen) Deputy Envoy of the General Administration Department, Dali Temple Shaoqing, etc. - ** From the fourth grade **:(Wen) Hanlin Academy Shi Du Bachelor, Shi Shuo Bachelor, Imperial College Jijiu, etc. - ** Fifth grade **:(Wen) Left and right spring square left and right concubines, Guanglu Temple Shaoqing and so on. - ** From the fifth rank **:(Wen) Honglu Temple Shaoqing, various supervisory censors, etc. - ** The sixth grade **:(Wen) Imperial College Secretary, Cabinet Attendant, etc. - ** From the sixth grade **:(Wen) left and right spring square left and right praise good, Hanlin Academy repair, etc. - ** Seventh grade **:(Text) revised by the Imperial Academy, seventh-grade pen paste style of various departments and academies, etc. - ** From the seventh grade **:(Wen) Hanlin Academy review, Zhongshu Branch Zhongshu, etc. - ** Rank-8 **:(Text) Imperial Physician of the Imperial Academy of Medicine, Rank-8 pen paste style of various departments, etc. - ** From the eighth grade **:(text) Hanlin Academy Dian book, government, state, county discipline, etc. - ** The ninth grade **:(text) The ninth grade of each department, the main book of the county, etc. - ** From the ninth grade **:(text) Hanlin Academy waiting for the imperial edict, punishment all prison, etc. - ** The last to enter the stream **:(Wen) Beijing, outer county officials, post officers, etc. While waiting for the TV series, you can also click on the link below to read the classic original work of "Dafeng Nightwatchman"!
Ranking of Civil Officials in Ancient Times
In ancient China, there were many ways to rank civil officials: 1. * * Rank Rankings related to the Nine-Grade System ** - * * Zheng Yi Pin **: Taishi, Taifu, Taibao, Grand Scholar, etc. - * * From the first grade **: young teacher, young teacher, young guardian, prince Taishi and so on. - * * Second Rank **: Crown Prince's Junior Teacher, Crown Prince's Junior Fu, Crown Prince's Junior Guardian, etc. - * * From the second grade **: provincial governor, cabinet bachelor, etc. - * * Third grade **: Left deputy censor, right deputy censor, etc. - * * From the third grade **: Guanglu Temple Qing, Taipu Temple Qing and so on. - * * Fourth Rank **: Deputy Envoy of the General Administration Department, Deputy Official of the Supreme Court, etc. - * * From the fourth grade **: Hanlin Academy's scholar, scholar, etc. - * * The fifth grade **: left and right spring square left and right concubines and so on. - * * From the fifth grade **: Honglu Temple Shaoqing and so on. - * * Sixth Grade **: Imperial College, Division of Industry, etc. - * * From the sixth grade **: left and right spring square left and right praise good and so on. - * * Seventh grade **: revised by the Imperial Academy, etc. - * * From the seventh grade **: Hanlin Academy review, etc. - [Level Eight: Imperial Physician of the Imperial Academy of Medicine.] - * * From the eighth grade **: Hanlin Academy Dian Book, etc. - * * Ninth Grade **: Ninth Grade of each department. - * * From the ninth grade **: Hanlin Academy waiting for the imperial edict, etc. - * * Last entry **: Beijing, outer county officials, etc. 2. * * Divided by ancient official system ** - The imperial court group (nine grades) had seven grades and nine grades, such as the crown prince, the grand tutor, the great doctor, and the middle minister. Among them, high-ranking officials such as doctors were called doctors, and the highest title was Taishi. - The civil officials in the 18 types of palace groups included Gongqing, Shangshu Ling, Shangshu, She, Sikong, Sikou, etc. 3. * * Divided according to the traditional fifth class title ** - * * Rank **: refers to Shangqing, Taibao, Duke, Marquis, etc. - * * Earl Rank **: Including Earl, Uncle, etc. - * * Child Level **: Including Viscount, Uncle, etc. - * * Male Level **: There are men, Duangong, etc. - [Servant-level: Including servants, entertainers, etc.] 4. * * Divided by Position ** - * * Qing Guan **: Those who held higher levels of power in the court, such as Shangqing, Taibao, Dianqian Guan, Taichangqing, Shangshu Ling, Right Prime Minister, etc. - * * Constitution Officer **: For example, an appointed official such as the Minister of War. In addition, there were also the four officials and ten officials. The four officials included officials, the Ministry of Revenue, the Ministry of War, and the Ministry of Justice. The ten officials mainly referred to officials, prefects, ministers, ministers, and so on. However, this classification was not simply a ranking. While waiting for the TV series, you can also click on the link below to read the classic original work of "Dafeng Nightwatchman"!
the position of civil officials in ancient times
In ancient times, the status of civil officials was relatively high. In terms of court etiquette, it had been reflected since the Han Dynasty. In court, civil officials were in the east and military officials were in the west. They were arranged according to their official positions. The east was the superior position and the west was the inferior position. This showed that the status of civil officials was higher than that of military officials. However, before the Song Dynasty, this difference was not obvious outside the court etiquette. In terms of treatment, there was a clear difference between civil officials and military officers. The status of civil officials was relatively higher. In terms of functions, as the dynasty developed, the demand for military force decreased during the peaceful period of society. The main responsibilities of the court were gradually replaced by civil officials. For example, in the late Tang Dynasty, the status of civil officials gradually surpassed that of military officers. In terms of talent selection, the status of those who were born in the military examination was lower than those who were born in the liberal arts. After the Song Dynasty perfected the imperial examination system, almost all of the country's political, economic, and cultural affairs were controlled by civil officials. The source of military officers was mainly from the military and grace. The scope of activities was mainly limited to commanding the army and no longer involved in civil affairs. In addition, in the Ming Dynasty, there were still cases where the civil service group had a greater impact on the political situation. For example, there was a shadow of the civil service group's interest game behind major matters such as the inheritance of the throne. While waiting for the TV series, you can also click on the link below to read the classic original work of "Dafeng Nightwatchman"!
Were there female civil officials in ancient times?
Some novels with ancient backgrounds had images of female civil officials. For example," Beauty's Conspiracy " was an unpopular novel with a powerful female protagonist. The story was set in a chaotic world where seven countries were fighting for power, and the female protagonist was a counselor. The female protagonist in " I'm Going Home After I'm a Powerful Official " was also a wise and almost demonic counselor. She was weak and calm. Many years ago, when the previous dynasty was in chaos, she was schemed to be killed and then wandered outside. A few years later, she became the most civil official in the new dynasty with her own brain. There were also novels such as Coincidentally Rain in the Sky that had images of female civil officials. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The characteristics of selecting civil officials in ancient times
The selection of civil servants in ancient times had the following characteristics: 1. ** Selection system is diverse and evolving **: - In the pre-Qin period, there was a prototype of the hereditary system, which was a relatively primitive hereditary system, mainly dependent on blood relations. - During the reform of Shang Yang, the Qin State implemented the system of granting titles based on the number of soldiers who killed enemies on the battlefield. This encouraged the soldiers, increased the combat effectiveness of the army, and made the ranks more mobile. - In the Han Dynasty, there were inspection and recruitment systems. The inspection system was mainly based on the selection of filial piety and honesty, which was divided into annual selection (including filial piety and honesty, scholar, etc.) and imperial selection. The annual selection was recommended by the local government to the central government. The imperial selection was a special subject, and the inspection requirements were not fixed. The inspection system paid attention to Confucianism and required the selection of Confucian scholars, but there were disadvantages such as rigid system and nepotism. The conscription system was to ask the central government for talents from the local government. Most of the conscripted people were celebrities in society, and there were few opportunities for poor students. - During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the nine-grade system was implemented. The central government chose officials to serve as the "Zhongzheng officials" of the place where they were born to visit local scholars, but there were also drawbacks in the later period. - The imperial examination system began to prevail in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. After passing the imperial examination, one had to follow the "examiner" procedure before they could become an official. This system was relatively perfect, and the officials selected were of high quality. During the Song, Ming, and Qing Dynasties, the imperial examination system was generally established. Scholars who passed the examination were granted official positions by the court, but there were also problems such as redundant officials. 2. ** Selection focuses on various factors such as virtue **: - The filial piety and honesty in the inspection system paid attention to the filial piety and honesty in virtue. - During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the imperial examination included eight aspects: morality, righteousness, purity, and prudence. 3. ** The scope of the selection is gradually expanding **: - From the solidifying of the hierarchy of the hereditary salary system to the system of military merit granting titles, civilians had the opportunity to be officials because of military merit. The system of inspection and recruitment also gave some children of poor families the opportunity to participate. The imperial examination system also provided a way for the majority of scholars to enter the official career. 4. ** Closely related to political and social development **: - The political needs of different dynasties prompted the selection system to change continuously. For example, Confucianism became orthodox during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the imperial examination system required the selection of Confucian scholars. The strengthening of the autocratic monarch made the imperial examination system rigid in the process of development. - Changes in social class also affected the selection system. For example, the opportunities for the children of poor families to enter the official career under different selection systems reflected the changes in social class mobility. While waiting for the TV series, you can also click on the link below to read the classic original work of "Dafeng Nightwatchman"!