Northern Song Dynasty cultural relic pagoda

Answer 1

There were many pagodas from the Northern Song Dynasty that remained as cultural relics.
- Kaiyuan Temple Pagoda in Dingxian County, also known as Liaodi Pagoda and Dingzhou Pagoda, is the tallest ancient brick pagoda in China. It was built in the fourth year of Xianping of the Northern Song Dynasty (1001) and was completed in the second year of Zhihe of the Northern Song Dynasty (1055). It was located in the Kaiyuan Temple at the southern gate of Dingzhou City. Because Dingzhou was a military location close to the Liao and Song Dynasties, the Song Dynasty used it to observe the enemy's situation, so it was also known as the "Anti-enemy Tower". The tower was 83.7 meters high and had 11 floors. It was octagonal and was a pavilion-style building. It was composed of three parts: the base, the tower body, and the tower. The entire tower contracted from the bottom to the top according to the proportion of the floors. The layers were stacked with short eaves. The inner structure of the tower was that the outer tower surrounded the inner tower, and the stairs spiraled from the inner tower to the top of the tower. The tower was connected by the inner and outer layers, forming a strange structure of the tower. There were 25 Buddhist shrines in the pagoda, with murals or clay statues, as well as 35 stone inscriptions, of which 31 were meritorious stone inscriptions from the Northern Song Dynasty when the pagoda was built, and there were two stone inscriptions. On March 4, 1961, it was announced by the State Council of the People's Republic of China as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection sites.
- ** Three-colored stupa (unearthed from the underground palace of the Northern Song Dynasty tower at the former site of Fahai Temple in the old city of Mi County, Henan Province)**: It is a square seven-story pagoda with dense eaves, the largest and most exquisite. The tower was made of clay, and was divided into two sections. The upper and lower sections were fired and combined. The whole body was covered with yellow, green, and brown colored glaze, so it was also called the "Three-colored Glazed Pagoda". It was made up of three parts, the base, the tower body, and the pagoda. The base, the first and second floors of the tower body were the lower sections, and the third to seventh floors and the pagoda were the upper sections. The base was a Sumera-style brick structure. The waist of the Sumera-style seat was decorated with decorative patterns such as corner columns, middle columns, pagodas, crouching deer, and lotus flowers. The seat was decorated with a circle of lotus flowers. The first floor of the lower section of the pagoda is higher. The four walls are open, and there are four sitting Buddhas inside the door. The outer wall of the pagoda is plastered with patterns such as Kirin, Heavenly King, Lishi, Baolian, Lianzhu, etc. On the second floor of the tower, there was a plaque on the front wall under the eaves. On it was engraved the words "Diary of the Benefactor Qiu Xun on April 28, the second year of Xianping". From the second floor to the seventh floor, the height of each floor decreased layer by layer. The eaves of the tower were slightly divided in turn. The surface of the tower was decorated with decorative patterns such as sitting Buddha, lotus flower and cloud. The middle of each floor was decorated with concave arc, round and pointed arch holes at intervals, which seemed to be fake windows. The eaves of each floor of the tower were respectively molded with wooden tiles and slabs, and the wing angles of each floor were raised upward. Tasha was located at the top of the tower, and it was formed by stacking alms bowls, phase wheels, canopies, and pearls.
- ** Sakyamuni Buddha Pagoda **: 100 meters south of the Five Ancestors Temple in Huangmei County, Huanggang City, Hubei Province. It was built in the third year of Yihe (1121). It was an octagonal five-story pavilion-style stone tower with a wood-like structure. It was 5.1 meters high. It was covered with a lotus petal and a square lotus sumi-seat. The side length was 1.9 meters. There was a tower in the corner. On the east wall of the bottom floor of the tower, there is a shrine with a Buddha statue inside. On the right side, there is a "Sakyamuni Tathagata Stone Pagoda" engraved. The south wall of the third floor was engraved with the words "Yihe 3rd year, Xin Chou, 16th December, Diary of the Craftsman", all of which were engraved in regular script. It was a key cultural relic protection unit at the provincial level.
- ** Prista **: Located in Xingtai, Hebei Province, it is the only Northern Song Dynasty square tower in Hebei Province. It was built in the third year of Huangyou. The emperor at that time was Zhao Zhen, Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty. The tower was a seventh-level wooden brick tower with dense eaves. It was 27.35 meters high. The dense eaves structure indicated that the tower could not be climbed.
- Kaifeng Fanta: It was built in the seventh year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (974). It was located in the Qingtian Temple of the Northern Song Dynasty. It was the most complete and original brick building of the Song Dynasty. It was also the first hexagonal pagoda.
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