Illustration of the three-stage equation of biological photosynthesis
Photosynthesis could be divided into two stages, light reaction and dark reaction. The light reaction could be roughly divided into two steps, the initial reaction and the formation of assimilation force (including electron transfer and photophosphorous reaction). The following is the reaction process involved: 1. ** Initial reaction **: This stage is the absorption, transmission, and conversion process of light energy by the photosynthesizing dye molecules. After the light energy was absorbed by the photosynthesizing pigments (such as chloride-like) on the thylakoid membrane, the chloride-like molecules would change from the ground state to the excited state. The excited chloride-like molecules were unstable and would quickly transfer energy to other chloride-like molecules or the central pigment-like molecules. In this process, the light energy was converted into electrical energy. However, there was no clear equation for this process. It mainly described the absorption, transmission, and conversion of light energy by the photosynthesizing dye. 2. ** Assimilation force formation (electron transfer and photo-phosphorous reaction)** - ** electron transfer **: There is a series of electron carriers on the thylakoid membrane. After light energy is absorbed and converted into electrical energy, it drives electrons along the electron transfer chain. Water is cracked under light to produce electrons (e), neutrons (H), and oxygen (O). The reaction formula is: 2H O → 4H + 4e + O. During the process of electron transfer through the transmitter, it would cause a difference in the concentration of neutrons inside and outside the thylakoid membrane, which would promote the photophosphorous reaction. - ** Photophosphorization reaction **: When the neutrons flow from the thylakoid cavity to the plastidium of the plastids along the concentration grade, AAD and Pi will be synthesized into ATPthrough the action of ATP-synthesizing. The reaction formula is: AAD + Pi + energy (provided by the difference in the potential of the neutrons) → ATP. 3. ** Dark reaction (carbon assimilation process)**: Dark reactions can be considered as the process of carbon assimilation, including the C3 pathway, C4 pathway, and the Xiaomu pathway. Under the action of the catalyst, carbon dioxide (CO2) and five carbon compounds (C, ribulose- 1,5 -diphosphorous acid, RuBG), forming an unstable six-carbon compound, which then quickly decomposed into two molecules of three-carbon compounds.(3 -Phosphoglyceric acid, 3 -PVP), this process is called the carbolation reaction, the reaction formula is: CO2 + RuBG (C) → 2×3 -PVP (C); The three-carbon compound (3 -PG A) was reduced to a three-carbon sugar (Glycerol- 3 -Phosphorous Acid, G3P) under the effect of ATP-and [H](the reduced form of Cogenase II). Part of the G3P underwent a series of reactions to generate RuBG to ensure the continuation of the dark reaction. The other part of the G3P could synthesize organic substances such as glucose. The reaction formula was: 3 -PG A + ATP-and [H] → G3P + AAD + Pi. As for the illustration, the thylakoid membrane and stroma of the plastids could be used as the main scene. The absorption of light energy by the photosynthesizing dye, the splitting of water to produce electrons, neutrons, and oxygen, the process of electron transport chain, and the production of ATP-by photosynthesis could be marked on the thylakoid membrane. The process of carbon dioxide fixing and the reduction of three-carbon compounds during the dark reaction could be marked in the plastids. Read more exciting novels for free
Difficulties of Biological Photosynthesis in Junior High School
The difficulties of biochemistry in junior high school were mainly reflected in the following aspects: 1. ** Shift of key points on coordinate curves **: - When the abyssal coordinate is the light intensity or the concentration of CO2, the Y point represents the light compensation point and the CO2 compensation point respectively. In the case that the photosynthesis rate is equal to the respiratory rate, if an external factor (such as the concentration of CO2, light intensity, temperature, etc.) is changed to increase or decrease the photosynthesis rate, and the respiratory rate is affected or not, the compensation point will move to the left or right accordingly. For example, if the temperature is appropriately raised, the increase in the photosynthesis rate is less than the increase in the respiratory rate, and the Y point should move to the right; if the plant seedlings are cultivated with a complete nutrient solution lacking in magnesium-deficient, the synthesis of plant chloride-like substances will decrease, the light reaction will be inhibited, and the photosynthesis rate will decrease under the same light intensity, and the Y point should move to the right. - Change the type of plant (such as C plant to C plant, sun plant to shade plant), the movement of the compensation point depends on the physiological characteristics of the plant. C plant is easier to reach the carbon dioxide compensation point, shade plant is easier to reach the light compensation point, so if the curve represents C plant or shade plant, the Y point should move to the left. 2. ** Change in the content of intermediate products **: It is necessary to understand the relationship between the light reaction and the dark reaction. For example, when comparing the changes in the contents of C, C, Ang, and [H] in mesophysical cells at different time points (such as point C and point B) in the "double-peak curve", it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the dynamic changes of substances during the photosynthesis process and establish a mental model to solve the problem. 3. ** Concept Understanding **: - The precise understanding of the conditions of photosynthesis (light energy, plastids, etc.), the raw materials (carbon dioxide and water), the products (organic matter and oxygen), the location (plastids), and other elements was easy to confuse. - The essence of photosynthesis included material conversion (simple minerals were converted into complex organic matter and released oxygen) and energy conversion (light energy was converted into chemical energy and stored in organic matter). This concept was difficult to understand and distinguish accurately. 4. Regarding the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration, they were both independent and dependent on each other. There were many differences between the two in terms of process, location, substance, and conditions, which was easy to confuse. For example, photosynthesis provided the material basis for respiration, while respiration provided the raw materials for photosynthesis. The place of photosynthesis was in the plastids, while the place of respiration was mainly in the mitochondria. Photosynthesis produced organic matter to store energy, while exhalation decomposed organic matter to release energy. Photosynthesis required light, and it could be done with or without light. In the exam questions, the two often infiltrated each other, which also increased the difficulty of understanding. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Seventh grade biological carbon dioxide photosynthesis experiment
The following is an experiment in seventh grade biology to verify that carbon dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis: ** 1. Experimental Materials and Tools ** 1. [Plant Material: Geraniums (You can also choose other suitable green plants)] 2. ** Reagents **: Alkaline solution, clean water, and iodine-based solution. 3. ** Other appliances **: transparent glass bell jar (or other sealable transparent containers), small beakers, large beakers, etc. ** 2. Experimental Steps ** 1. ** Dark processing ** - He chose two geraniums that grew in similar conditions and placed them in the dark for a day. The purpose was to transport or consume the original starch in the geraniums leaves to avoid the interference of the original starch on the experimental results. 2. ** Setting up Control Experiment ** - He placed the geraniums in two transparent glass jars. A small beaker filled with a solution of soda was placed in one glass bell jar, and a small beaker filled with an equal amount of clear water was placed in the other glass bell jar. Here, device 1 (with a solution of soda ash) would absorb carbon dioxide. Device 2 (with clean water) could be used as a reference to ensure that other than the variable of carbon dioxide, the other conditions were the same. 3. ** Sunlight shines ** - The two devices were placed under the sun for a period of time to allow the plants to photosynthesize. 4. ** Alcohol Decolorization ** - He prepared a large beaker to be filled with water and a small beaker to be filled with alcohol. He placed the illuminated leaves into the alcohol in the small beaker, and then placed the small beaker into the large beaker to heat it up. The effect of the alcohol was to dissolve the leave's fluorescence, which would make it easier to observe the color change later. During the process of heating, the color of the alcohol would gradually turn green as the photosynthesis dissolved, and the color of the leaves would turn from green to yellow-white. 5. ** Wash with water ** - He rinsed the leaves with water to wash away the alcohol on the leaves. 6. ** Drop in the solution ** - The rinsed leaves were dripped with an iodine-based solution. The purpose of adding the solution was to check if there was starch in the leaves. 7. ** Once again rinse with water ** - He rinsed the leaves with water again to observe the color change more clearly. ** 3. Experimental phenomena and conclusions ** 1. ** Phenomenon ** - The leaves in Device 1 (with a solution of soda and no carbon dioxide) did not turn blue, while the leaves in Device 2 (with water and carbon dioxide) turned blue. 2. ** conclusion ** - The starch was the product of photosynthesis, and carbon dioxide was the raw material of photosynthesis. Other experiments could also be used to verify that carbon dioxide was a raw material for photosynthesis. For example, similar devices could be made in two glass tanks. One tank was used to remove carbon dioxide with a solution of soda, and the other tank was filled with normal air. After dark treatment, illumination, and testing for starch, the same conclusion could be reached. In addition, the experiment using hornworts and BTL solution could also indirectly prove that carbon dioxide was a raw material for photosynthesis. Put hornworts into test tubes A and B, and add an equal amount of yellow-green BTL solution (which will change color after blowing with carbon dioxide) and plug it. Test tube A is placed under the sun, and test tube B is wrapped in black paper and placed in a dark place. After a period of time, the solution in test tube A will turn blue (carbon dioxide is absorbed by photosynthesis), and the solution in test tube B will still be yellow-green. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Biological Evolution Stage 1 - 18
The following is a biological evolution stage map: 1. * * The era of single-celled organisms (about 3.8 billion years ago-about 600 million years ago)**: The earliest single-celled prokaryota appeared, and eukaryota gradually formed. 2. * * Multi-celled organisms appeared (about 600 million years ago-about 540 million years ago)**: The cells began to cooperate and form simple multi-celled organisms. 3. * * The Cambrian-Era Life Explosion (about 540 million years ago-about 485 million years ago)**: Many new biological species suddenly appeared, such as trilobites and other creatures with hard structures. 4. * * Ordovian Period (about 485 million years ago-about 443 million years ago)**: Invertebrae flourished and primitive vertebrae appeared. 5. * * Silurian Period (about 443 million years ago-about 419 million years ago)**: Terrestrial plants began to appear, and fish with jaws were born. 6. * * Devonian (about 419 million years ago-about 359 million years ago)**: Diversity of fish, appearance of amphibians, development of terrestrial plants. 7. <strong></strong><strong></strong> 8. * * Permian (about 299 million years ago-about 252 million years ago)**: Reptiles rise and mass extinction occurs. 9. * * Triassi Period (about 252 million years ago-about 201 million years ago)**: The appearance of dinosaurs and the early ancestors of mammoths. 10. <strong></strong><strong></strong><strong></strong> 11. * * Cretaceous Period (about 145 million years ago-about 66 million years ago)**: The rise of flowering plants and the extinction of dinosaurs. 12. * * Caino-era (about 66 million years ago-present)**: Mammals are diverse, and humans are gradually evolving. In the early stages of biological evolution, microorganisms survived in extreme environments for a long time after their birth. It was not until 500 - 600 million years ago that primitive algae and animals appeared in the ocean. In the Precambrian oceans, the mollusks, trilobites, had ruled the oceans for hundreds of millions of years. Later, some trilobites evolved into obabin sea scorpions but eventually went extinct. After that, primitive vertebrae, the Unicorn Fish, appeared in the mud of freshwater streams. After 75 million years, they evolved into the real fish, the Long-beaked Unicorn Fish. Some of their descendants migrated to the ocean. In the century of fish, there were sharks and other fish that breathed with gills and fish with lungs. In dry environments, fish with lungs were more likely to survive. From the perspective of research evidence, fossils recorded the history of biological evolution, and fossils in the stratum could reveal the order of biological evolution. In terms of anatomy, similar structures such as whale fins, cat forelimbs, bat wings, and human upper limbs indicated a common ancestor. In terms of embryo science, the early stages of human embryo development were similar to fish embryos, which also proved that the vertebrae had a common ancestor. At the cellular and molecular level, humans and chimpanzees had similar genes but also had differences. There were many similarities between different creatures, which indicated that creatures evolved from a common ancestor.
Illustration of the human body's 24-hour biological clock
The following is a rough diagram of the human body's 24-hour biological clock: ** 1. Night Time ** 1. **23 points- 1 point ** - During this period, you should keep quiet or listen to music. The liver also begins to detoxify, which needs to be done while sleeping. 2. **1 - 3 points ** - He entered the alternating stages of light sleep and deep sleep. During deep sleep, his muscles were completely relaxed, and this period was also the time for detoxification. 3. **3 - 5 points ** - The lungs began to detoxify. People who coughed might cough more violently at this time. It was not recommended to use cough medicine to prevent detoxification. 4. **5 - 7 points ** - The large intestine began to detoxify, and urinating early helped the kidneys start working as soon as possible. ** 2. Daytime ** 1. **7 - 9 points ** - When the small intestine absorbs a large amount of nutrients, you should eat breakfast. When the human body's immune system was at its strongest, nutrients were gradually absorbed by the body. 2. **9 - 10 points ** - It was highly excitable, alert, and focused. It was suitable for important work and the best time to think. 3. **10 - 11 points ** - It was the first golden period of the human body. The heart fully exerted its function, and it was full of energy and not easy to feel tired. 4. **12 - 13 points ** - After a morning of intense work, it was the best time to take a nap. It was best not to fight tiredly. It was best to lie down and rest for half an hour to an hour. 5. **14 points ** - Slow reaction, easy to feel drowsy, the human body's stress ability reduced. 6. **15 points ** - After the nutrients from lunch were absorbed, they were gradually transported to the whole body. The novel " The Name Engraved in the Stars of Destiny " is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
How does photosynthesis work?
Well, in simple terms, photosynthesis is a process in plants. Chlorophyll in the plant's cells absorbs sunlight. Then, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the roots are used. The energy from the sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (a type of sugar) and oxygen. The oxygen is then released into the atmosphere as a by - product.
How does photosynthesis work?
In simple terms, plants take in carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil. The energy from the sun is captured by special pigments. Through a series of chemical reactions, the plant makes its own food (glucose) and releases oxygen as a by - product.
How does photosynthesis work?
The overall importance of photosynthesis is huge. It not only produces oxygen that is essential for most living organisms on Earth, but also provides the basis for the food chain as plants are the primary producers.
How does photosynthesis work?
In more detail, the light - dependent reactions occur first. Here, light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. These are used in the light - independent reactions (Calvin cycle). In the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is fixed and reduced to form glucose. It's a complex but vital process for life on Earth as it provides oxygen and is the basis of the food chain.
What are the basic principles of photosynthesis?
The second part is the light - independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle. Here, carbon dioxide from the air is taken in. Using the energy and hydrogen ions from the light - dependent reactions, carbon dioxide is converted into glucose, a type of sugar that plants use for energy and to build other molecules.
How to find the equation of a comic equation?
Well, it depends on the specific type of comic equation. Usually, you need to look for given conditions or patterns to formulate the equation.