Methods and types of microorganisms separation
The methods and types of microorganisms were as follows: 1. * * Dilution-Pouring Plate Method **: The material to be separated is diluted in a series, and an appropriate amount of different diluted materials are spread on the solid medium plate, or poured into the plate together with the melted solid medium. After cultivation, a single colony is obtained from the reproduction of a microorganisms. 2. * * Drawing Method **: - * * Continuous streak separation method **: Commonly used for the separation and cultivation of bacteria from specimens or cultures with a small amount of bacteria. First, the solid medium was made into a flat plate. After it solidified, the separation material was used to draw a line on it. It could be made into parallel, fan-shaped, or other shapes of continuous lines, so that the bacteria gradually decreased, and finally a single isolated colony was obtained. For example, the plate can be divided into four different areas for scribing (such as the four-zone scribing method). The first area has the smallest area as the source area of the bacteria to be isolated, the second and third areas are the transition areas for gradual thinning, and the fourth area is the key area, so that a large number of single colonies can be selected for purebred use. In order to obtain more typical single colonies, the area distribution of the four areas on the plate should be D> C> B> A. - * * Other streaking methods **: such as diagonal line method, curve method, grid method, radiation method, etc. The principle is that when the inoculation loop moves backward on the surface of the medium, the bacteria liquid on the inoculation loop will gradually dilute, and finally, a single cell will be scattered on the streaked line. After cultivation, each cell will grow into a colony. 3. * * Pouring plate method **: The suspension of microorganisms is diluted through a series of procedures. The diluted sample is added into a sterile medium and mixed evenly. After solidifying, it is inverted and cultivated. A single cell forms a colony after multiple proliferations. A single colony is taken to make a suspension. The steps are repeated to obtain a pure culture. This method can be used for counting bacteria in samples such as drinking water, beverages, milk, and urine. 4. * * Single cell separation method **: A method to directly separate a single cell from the material to be separated and cultivate it to obtain pure culture. 5. Enrichment Cultivation Method: Starting from the mixed group of microorganisms, by creating specific conditions (such as conditions that only allow the required microorganisms to grow), the proportion of specific species will continue to increase, allowing the required microorganisms to effectively compete with other microorganisms, leading to pure cultivation. For example, to isolate obligate parasitic bacteria, the sample needed to be incubated into a corresponding sensitive host cell population to grow in large numbers, and then the pure parasitic bacteria would be obtained after repeated transplanting. 6. * * Anerobic method **: used to separate certain anaerobia. One method was to use the test tube containing the original culture medium as the culture vessel, heat it in a boiling water bath for a few minutes to expel the dissolved oxygen in the culture medium, then quickly cool it for incubation. After incubation, add sterile wax to the surface of the culture medium to isolate the air; Another method was to replace the gas in the culture medium with N2 or CO2 after incubation, and then seal the mouth of the test tube on a flame; or the sample could be incubated on the culture medium, and then the petri dish was placed in a completely sealed biochemical culture device. Read more exciting novels for free
What are the methods for the management of microorganisms?
What are the methods for the management of microorganisms?
There were several methods to control the microorganisms: 1. [Single spore separation method: Single spores germinate to form a fungus to obtain a pure strain.] 2. ** tissue separation method **: Use the fungus or flesh tissue to separate and cultivate to obtain pure bacteria. 3. ** High-temperature mutation method **: Mutate the strain under high-temperature conditions to obtain a strain with excellent characteristics. 4. ** Radiation Mutation Method **: Use rays to mutate the strain to obtain a strain with excellent characteristics. 5. Protoplasts fusion method: The protoplasts of different strains are fused together to form a new hybrid strain. This method could combine the excellent traits of different strains, but it required high technical requirements and was difficult to operate. The operation steps included separating the protoplasts of different strains, fusing the protoplasts, and selecting the strains that grew well and had typical morphological characteristics for rejuvenation. Before the rejuvenation of the strain, the purification and identification of the strain should be done well. During the rejuvenation process, the cultivation conditions should be strictly controlled to ensure the healthy growth of the strain. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the methods of studying microorganisms?
Currently, the known methods for the study of microorganisms were the " innovative dilute method ", which was created by introducing the classical dilute method. This method could be used to measure the feeding rate of the difficult-to-label nitrating microorganisms in the ocean. However, there might be other methods of studying the microorganisms 'neutrons, and this was the only one mentioned in the current reference materials. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the methods for identifying drugs and microorganisms?
The method for identifying the microorganisms of drugs was as follows: 1. * * Microorganism Pure Cultivation Separation Technique **: - * * Plate coating method **: Add a small amount of sample to the center of the plate, soak the glass triangular coating rod in alcohol, burn the coating rod with alcohol on the flame and let it cool down. The sterile coating rod spreads the sample evenly on the surface of the agar-based medium, and cultivates it under appropriate conditions. - * * Plate marking method **: Including diagonal line method, curve method, square method, radiation method, four-square method, etc. For example, the curve method was to continuously draw lines on the plate culture medium with the ring of inoculums with samples; the oblique line method was to use the ring of inoculums to pick a ring of bacteria suspension in an aseptically manner, and first draw 3 - 4 parallel lines on one side of the plate culture medium, then turn the petri dish at an angle of 70 °, and burn the residue on the ring of inoculums. After cooling down, draw a second parallel line through the first parallel line, and then use the same method to draw a third parallel line and a fourth parallel line through the second parallel line. - * * Plate pouring method **: Dilute the starting sample 10 times consecutively, then pour the sample with high diluted times into a sterile petri dish and mix it evenly with the dissolved agar-based medium cooled to an appropriate temperature. After cultivation, obtain a single colony. The colony on the surface of the medium is round, and the colony inside is bean-shaped or lens-shaped. - * * Dilution-shaking tube method **: It is suitable for the pure cultivation and separation of anaerobia. Heat the sterile agar-culture medium test tube to melt the agar-culture and then cool it at about 50 ° C. Add the strain to be separated after the gradual thinning into the test tube, shake it up and condense it. Then pour a layer of mixture of sterilized liquid wax and solid wax on the surface of the agar-culture column. After cultivation, the colony will form in the middle of the agar-culture column. - * * Liquid medium separation method **: It is suitable for microorganisms that cannot grow on solid medium. It is continuously diluted in many parallel culture vessels of the same degree. In a test tube containing only one bacteria, most (generally more than 95%) do not grow, so as to obtain pure culture. - * * Single Cell (Spore) Separation Method ** - * * Selection of medium separation method **. 2. * * Gram stain **: This is a staining method used to identify bacteria. 3. * * Principles of Microorganism Identification **: Follow certain principles to accurately identify microorganisms. 4. * * Commonly Used Microorganism Identification Techniques **: - * * Detection of contamination **: - * * Spreading Method **: Spread the test solution in a series of diluted solutions onto the prepared Agar Plate. - * * Thin membrane filter method **: The test solution is filtered with a thin membrane, and the filter membrane is taken out and pasted on an agar-plate or other medium. It is used to determine the number of bacteria, mold, and yeast in the drug per unit weight (volume or area). - * * Control bacteria test **: It is used to determine whether the faecal contamination indicator bacteria and some specific bacteria in the drug per unit weight (volume or area), such as escheria, salmonella, staph. aureus, p. aerogonosa, clostridia, candida, and mites, are not detected in the specified amount of samples or do not exceed a certain limit. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Explanation of Biological Detection Methods in Microorganisms
Biological detection was a method used to study the absorption, distribution, secretion, and metabolism of protein or protein drugs in animals or humans. Since protein and peptide-based drugs were mostly substances with biological activity, and the biological activity was not only determined by the primary structure of the drug, but also closely related to the secondary and tertiary structures, the biological detection method was a unique and necessary method to study the dynamics of this kind of drug. It had two purposes. One was to directly measure the concentration of drugs in body fluids, and the other was to identify the biological activity of the labeled drugs. This method could be divided into two categories: in body analysis and in body tissue (cell) analysis. There were also methods established according to the different biological activities of various protein and peptide-based methods.(For example, the in rabbit experiment of mobilizing the IL8 to mobilize a large number of neutrons from the bone was established based on the nature of the IL8.) The analysis of isolated tissues (cells), such as the method of stimulating the growth of chicken Dorsal Root Ganglion by nerve growth factor and the method of isolated rat uterus by pitocin, etc. With the development of molecular biology, cell culture has become a common method. The specific operation is based on the different interaction mechanism between protein and cell, such as the method of cell reproduction, the method of inhibition of reproduction, the method of reducing cell damage, etc. These methods mostly take the increase or decrease of cell number as the dose-effect index. The counting methods include direct counting method and indirect counting method. In addition, there were also detection methods based on the indirect interaction between protein and cells, such as the antibody-induced method combined with the immune detection, and the element-induced decomposition method combined with the reaction of the protein and the cell. However, there were some shortcomings in the bio-detection method, such as the inability to determine the small active mutants, the inability to trace the dynamic changes in the body, the interference of the sample by the serum's intrinsic substances, the reduction of sensitivity due to the threshold amount of cell factors required to start the biological process, and the long-term cultivation of the dependent cell strain that was easy to mutate and affect the detection of the detection. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the types of excellent microorganisms?
Based on context alone There were many types of excellent microorganisms. The following were some common types: - ** Bacterias **: - ** Lactic acid bacteria **: For example, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidus, etc. They are often used in the food fermentation industry, such as making yogurt, kimchi, and so on. In the production of yogurt, yogurt bacteria convert the glucose in the milk into actic acid, causing the milk to solidify and produce a unique flavor. At the same time, it could regulate the balance of the intestinal flora in the intestine, which was beneficial to human health. - ** Bacillus-like B. subtilis, which has strong environmental adaptability and can produce a variety of zymes, such as amylases and proteases. In the feed industry, it can be used as an ingredient to improve the utilization rate of feed, and in agriculture, it can be used for biological control to suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria. - ** Fungus **: - Yeast: Brewing yeast is the most famous type, widely used in brewing, baking, and other industries. In the winemaking process, yeast would convert glucose into alcohol and carbon dioxide. In bread making, the carbon dioxide produced by the fermentation of the yeast would cause the dough to swell, giving the bread a soft texture. - [**]: A. grisea plays a key role in soy sauce brewing. It could secrete a variety of zymes, decompose the protein, starch and other substances in the raw materials, produce rich acids and sugar, and give the soy sauce a unique flavor and color. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the common types of microorganisms?
There were the following types of common specimen inoculations for microorganisms: 1. ** Plate streaking method **: - ** Subsection marking method **: It is mostly used for specimens with a high bacteria content. Using the inoculator ring to dip a small amount of sample, first smear it on a corner of the surface of the flat plate culture medium as the first section of the line, then after the inoculator ring is sterilized and cooled, the second section of the line is made. At the beginning of the line, the line is connected with the first section of the line for several times, and the line does not need to be connected again. This is repeated until the last section, so that the number of bacteria in each section of the line is gradually reduced, thus obtaining a single colony. - ** Continuous streaking method **: It is mostly used to incubate samples or cultures that do not contain too many bacteria. First, the sample or culture was applied to a corner of the surface of the plate. Then, starting from the spot where the sample was applied, the inoculator ring was used to cut it to the left and right sides and gradually moved down, continuously drawing several scattered parallel lines. 2. ** Slanted inoculation Method **: Mainly used for transplanting pure bacteria, allowing it to proliferate and then used for identification or preservation of bacteria. Usually, a single colony was picked from the plate culture or a strain that had already grown on the inclined medium and transplanted onto the inclined medium. 3. ** Pouring culture method **: Mainly used for counting bacteria in samples such as drinking water, beverages, milk, and urine. 4. ** Puncturing Method **: It is mostly used to incubate semi-solid medium or medium with high layers such as dissugar iron and gelatins. Puncturing in semi-solid medium can be used to observe the power of bacteria. 5. ** Liquid incubation method **: Used for the incubation of various liquid media such as broth, peptone water, sugar fermentation tubes, etc. 6. ** Spreading Method **: It was a method of operation in microbiology experiments. 7. ** Spiral incubation method **: Mainly used for counting the total number of colonies. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The basis for the classification of the metabolism types of microorganisms is
The metabolism types of microorganisms were categorized as follows: 1. ** According to the type of energy transfer and biochemical reaction **: It can be divided into catabolism and anabolism. Catabolization was the process of complex organic molecules producing simple molecules, energy in the form of adenine triphosphorus (ATP-like), and reducing power through the catabolization of the catabolizing system, such as the formation of protein into an ammo acid. Anabolization was the process of synthesizing complex molecules from simple small molecules, energy in the form of ATP-like energy, and reducing power under the catabolizing system. The small molecules were derived from the intermediate products of catabolization or the small molecular nutrients in the environment. 2. ** According to the role of the metabolism in the body **: It can be divided into primary metabolism and secondary metabolism. Primary metabolism provides energy, precursor, structural substances, and other essential metabolism for life activities, and its products are the following types: aa, nt, zymes, and cozymes. Secondary metabolism is the type of metabolism that appears in a certain growth stage and is essential for non-life activities, and its products are antibiotics, colors, hormones, alkaloids, toxins, and vitamins. 3. [According to the purpose of metabolism: It can be divided into material metabolism and energy metabolism.] Material metabolism was the process of transforming substances in the body, and energy metabolism was the mutual transformation of energy forms that accompanied the transformation of substances. 4. ** According to the utilization method of energy source and carbon source in the metabolism process of microorganisms **: It can be divided into photoautotrophy and photoheterotrophy. The photoautotroph type was like photosynthesizing bacteria, cyanobia (water as a hydrogen donor), purple sulfur bacteria, and green sulfur bacteria (H2S as a hydrogen donor, strictly anabolical); the photoheterotroph type used light as an energy source, and organic matter (formated acid, aceticated acid, butyric acid, methanoi, propan, methyruvic acid, and actic acid) as a carbon source and a hydrogen donor to photosynthesize. 5. ** According to the physical state of the medium and the demand for oxygen during the fermentation process, as well as the products produced (for the type of fermentation)**: According to the physical state of the medium, it can be divided into liquid fermentation and solid fermentation; according to the demand for oxygen, it can be divided into two types: fermentation (such as alcohol fermentation, fermentation of yogurt) and fermentation (such as fermentation of antibiotics, fermentation of the acids); according to the products produced, it can be divided into fermentation of antibiotics, fermentation of vitamins, fermentation of the acids, etc. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the types of organelle in industrial microorganisms?
Microorganisms could be divided into three categories according to their structure, chemical composition, and living habits. Eukaryotic microorganisms had complete organelle, while protocaryotic microorganisms had incomplete organelle. Acellular microorganisms had neither typical cell structure nor organelle. Industrial microorganisms belonged to the category of microorganisms. Eukaryotic industrial microorganisms might have organelle such as the inner membrane reticule, Ribosome, and mitochondria. Prokaryotic industrial microorganisms might not have perfect organelle, but they also had structural regions similar to the function of the organelle. For example, the region where the metabolism pathway was concentrated could be compared to the functional region of the organelle in the eukaryotic cell to participate in the regulation of metabolism. However, there were many types of industrial microorganisms, and different types had different organelle or similar structures. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Study on the Methods of High-efficient Selection and Characteristic Evaluation of Function Microorganisms
The efficient screening and characteristic evaluation methods of functional microorganisms included the following aspects: ###1. An efficient screening method 1. ** Analysis of background information ** - First of all, the site investigation report had to be analyzed to determine the type, content, and distribution information of the soil target contamination. This was the basis of the screening work. A clear target would help to screen out suitable functional microorganisms in the future. 2. ** Sampler ** - After choosing the appropriate location, he took a sample of the representative soil. After the samples were collected, they were placed in clean kraft paper or plastic bags, tied up and marked. At the same time, information such as the time, location, and environmental conditions of the samples were recorded for subsequent investigation. 3. ** Transportation and Storage of the samples ** - The samples were transported and stored at 4°C for no more than 7 days to ensure that the activity and characteristics of the microorganisms in the samples were not affected as much as possible. 4. ** preparation of bacteria suspension ** - Take 10g of soil sample into a 250mL conical flask, add 90mL of Deionized Water, and shake it in a constant temperature incubator (temperature 30°C, rotation speed 180r·min - 1) for 24 hours to make a bacteria suspension. After standing still, take the supernate as the separation and screening sample. 5. ** Multiplication Cultivation (Enrichment Cultivation)** - Take 10ml of the supernate, add 90ml of the mineral salt medium (121°C for 20min) and different concentration of the target pesticide contamination, and cultivate it in a shaking table at 30°C and 130r·min - 1. Under the same conditions, they would transfer the target microorganisms regularly to increase the number of target microorganisms. 6. ** Cultivation Separation ** - The microorganisms can be separated and purified by a diluted spread plate method, a diluted mixed plate method, or a plate streaking separation method, and the operation can be repeated until pure strains are obtained. 7. ** Selection ** - Dilute and spread on the solid medium of the organic salt, and cultivate in the incubator at 30°C for 2 - 3 days. According to the difference of the bacteria community, pick the single colony growing on the plate and inoculate it into the medium of the organic salt. Investigate the organic matter degrading effect, and select the strain with the ability to degrade the organic matter for further separation and purification, and finally obtain the high-efficiency functional strain. 8. ** Effect Test ** - After 7 days (with a deviation of 3 days allowed), samples will be taken to test the effect of the target microorganisms. If there is a repair effect, the experimental group with the best repair effect will be selected as the screening bacteria solution to complete the first round of screening of microorganisms. If there is no repair effect, samples will be taken again after 7 days (with a deviation of 3 days allowed). Generally, if there is still no repair effect after 30 days, soil samples need to be collected again. 9. ** Safety evaluation ** - This was an indispensable part of the screening process to ensure the safety of the screened functional microorganisms in application. ###2. Characteristic Evaluation Method 1. ** Evaluation of Function ** - Different functional microorganisms had different functional characteristics. For example, B. subtils could activate the soil to dissolve phosphorus and potassium, improve the soil, promote the root of crops, improve the absorption and utilization of nutrients, and enhance the immunity and disease resistance of crops; B. jelly-like had strong resistance to stress, strong environmental adaptability, efficient phosphorus dissolving function, and could improve soil hardening; B. licheniformis had the functions of dissolving phosphorus and potassium, secreting functional zymes, and producing active substances against pathogenic bacteria. The characteristics of the microorganisms were evaluated by testing whether they had these indicators related to their functions. - For example, the characteristics of T. harziana could be evaluated by its ability to control various soil-borne diseases such as phytophthora, sheath eyespot, and damping-off, as well as its ability to secrete gibberellins and other substances that promoted crop growth; Paecilomycopsis lilacinus could be evaluated by its functions of controlling plant root-knot nematodes, promoting plant growth, secreting various functional membranes, and degrading residual pesticide. 2. ** Evaluation of environmental adaptability ** - Observe the growth and reproduction of microorganisms under different environmental conditions, such as the performance of microorganisms when factors such as temperature, pH value, and nutrient concentration change. For example, the ability of Pseudomonads to rapidly grow and reproduce under low temperature conditions reflected its adaptability to low temperature environments. This was also an important aspect of evaluating its characteristics. 3. ** Growth and reproduction characteristics evaluation ** - It considered factors such as the reproduction speed and growth cycle of microorganisms. For example, the rapid reproduction rate of B. megatherum was an important factor to consider when evaluating whether it was a high-efficiency functional microorganisms. At the same time, the growth cycle would also affect the effect in practical applications. For example, in an application scenario that required a rapid effect, microorganisms with a short growth cycle might have an advantage. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>