Principle and application of single-chip computer
The books related to " Principles and applications of single-chip microcomputers " were published by the Machinery Industry Press in 2011, and the books published by Xu Chunhui and the Electronic Industry Press in 2013. This course might start with an introduction to the basic structure and working principle of a microchip. For example, the AT89S51 single-chip computer would be used as an example to explain the structure, working principle, and application of a single-chip computer. It would focus on the combination of basics and practicality. He would start with the basic logic circuits and explain the basic principles of microcomputers. He would also explain the basic concepts, theories, and methods through rich examples. Keil Vision and Proteus might be introduced, equipped with rich classroom demonstration examples, and the laboratory would be moved into the classroom. The sample programming may use both assembly language and C language to facilitate the reader's learning. It may also provide electronic coursewares, problem solving, and teaching guides. Read more exciting novels for free
The Principle of the Single-Chip Computer's Automatic Voltage-output Circuit
The following are some principles of voltage output circuits related to single-chip processors: ** 1. Power supply self-locking to open the circuit (Take a circuit as an example)** 1. ** Initial state ** - Before the circuit is powered up, the switch "STAR" is turned off. When the single-chip computer is not powered up, the base of T1 is grounded through R9(100k) and is in the cut-off state. Test and T1, which were connected to the base resistance R7 of T3, were both in the off state, so T3 was also in the off state. At this time, the power supply +9V was isolated by T3 and was not loaded on the voltage regulator chip IC2. The output of IC2 was maintained at a low level. 2. ** Starting Circuit ** - Press the button "Test" to start the circuit. The base of T3 is grounded through R7, Test, and b-e of T2, making T3 turn on. At this time,+9V was added to the voltage stabilizing chip of IC2 through T3, and the output of IC2, VRCC, was added to the single-chip computer. 3. ** Self-locking open ** - After the single-chip computer was working, it would output a high voltage through IO2 and turn on T1 through R8. At this time, even if Test is released, the base of T3 can be grounded through R7, LED1, and T1 to achieve power self-locking. After that, the single-chip software could make the IO2 port turn low again, causing T1 to be turned off, and then T3 to be turned off. ** II. Principle of the direct current step-down circuit (part related to the voltage output of the single-chip computer)** 1. ** Resistance voltage division ** - The simplest way to step down the voltage is to divide the voltage with a resistance, such as the formula [V out = 12> times5> div7 + 5]=5V. However, this method cannot be used with a load. 2. ** Zero-Stabilizer Diode Step-Down ** - The principle was to use the characteristics of the voltage stabilizing circuit, which was cheap and practical. For example, in a series voltage stabilizing circuit, the base of BG was clamped at 13V by the voltage stabilizing device D, and its transmitter output a constant 12V operating voltage. 3. ** Low-voltage-difference linear regulator ** - The circuit is simple, easy to learn and use, and can achieve stable voltage output. 4. ** Switch power supply step-down circuit ** - This kind of circuit had a large voltage drop and a large output power. ** 3. Limiting circuit principle (related to voltage output)** 1. ** Basic limiting circuit ** - In the positive half cycle, when the input voltage is greater than or equal to 0.7V, the positive direction of the circuit is turned on. At this time, the output voltage is clamped at 0.7V. When <VIN> is less than 0.7V, it is in the cut-off state. During the negative half-cycle, it is equivalent to the current reversing, and it is also in the cut-off state. At this time,<VOUT>= VIN>, the <VOUT> wave follows the change of <VIN>>. 2. ** Bias limiting circuit ** - In order to generate different magnitude of the limiting voltage, a bias voltage, VBIAS, was added to the circuit. Only when the voltage was greater than or equal to the voltage, the voltage could be turned on. At this time, VOUT was clamped, and its value was 0.7V+VBIAS. ** 4. Principle of clamp circuit (related to voltage output)** 1. ** Basic clamp circuit (Diode-in-Combination with a Condenser)** - Assuming that the time constant is large enough so that the output wave will not be distorted. When the input is negative in the negative half cycle, the voltage is turned on and the voltage is gradually charged to the voltage. During this process, the voltage is zero. When the input voltage is positive in the positive half cycle, the voltage is cut off, and the voltage is equal to the voltage on the voltage plus the positive half cycle voltage. At this time, the voltage is equal to 2V. 2. ** Bias clamp circuit ** - Similar to the limiting circuit, in order to obtain the required clamp value, a bias voltage was added to the circuit. When the applied bias is in the same direction as the conducting direction of the LED, the clamp value will increase by <<V1>>,<<OUT = 2V +V1>>. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
single-chip computer programming tutorial
The following is a basic tutorial written on a single-chip computer: ##1. Initial preparations 1. ** Choose the model of the single-chip computer and the development board ** - According to your learning goals and interests, you can choose models suitable for beginners such as the 51 single-chip processor and STM32. Buy a development board that contains the model of the selected single-chip computer, and prepare the necessary accessories, such as USB to serial port module, LED lights, buzzers, etc. 2. ** Installs the Integrated Development environment ** - For example, 51 MCUs may use Keil, and STM32 may use STM32 CubeID. 3. ** Driver configuration ** - According to the requirements of the development board, the necessary drivers were installed. For example, the development board that uses ST-Link requires the ST-Link driver to be installed. The specific operation may include inserting the driver into the computer, opening the computer device manager to check if the installation was successful, and so on. ##2. Learning to program 1. ** Basic programming ** - Learn how to write and compile a single-chip computer program using the IDE. This included understanding programming languages. Single-chip processors usually used C or assembly language for programming. Beginners were advised to start with C. Familiarize yourself with the operation interface of the IDE, such as how to create a project, how to add source files, etc. 2. ** Simple experimental programming ** - He started writing programs from simple experiments, such as lighting up LED lights, controlling the sound of the buzz, and so on. These simple experiments helped to understand the basic operation of the single-chip computer. To light up the LED lights as an example, you need to understand the settings of the general input and output port (CPU) of the single-chip computer. You need to control the level state of the pins through programming to achieve the lighting or extinguishing of the LED. - When writing code, you must follow the programming specifications and grammar requirements of the selected single-chip computer. For example, in the C language, one had to correctly define variable types, functions, etc. 3. ** Advanced experimental programming ** - As his understanding of the single-chip computer deepened, he tried more complicated experimental programming, such as using ADC (Analogy to Digital Conversion) modules to read the simulated signal, using Pulse width Modulation (Pulse width Modulation) to control the motor speed, and so on. This required a deeper understanding of the other functional modules of the single-chip computer, such as the programming application of timers, interrupt systems, etc. ##3. Search for Tuors and Resources 1. ** Online tutorial ** - Find online tutorial and videos about MCUs on platforms such as Bilibili and CSPD blog. These courses and videos might include basic to advanced programming knowledge, real-life case studies, and so on. 2. ** Book Learning ** - Read classic books about single-chip processors, such as "51 Single-Chip Computer Development from Entry to Proficiency","STM32F10x Series Arm Cortex-M3 Microcontroller Development Guide", etc., to obtain more systematic and in-depth programming knowledge from the books. ##4. Practicing Program 1. ** Project Design ** - Try designing a small project, such as using a microchip to control a smart home device or making a simple robot. When designing a project, one had to plan the functional requirements, hardware selection, software architecture, and so on. 2. ** Project Realization ** - Translate the design into an actual product, write the corresponding program code to realize the project function, and test and debugged it. In this process, various problems may be encountered, such as hardware circuit connection problems, program logic errors, etc., which need to be solved by debugging tools and methods. For example, he could use the single-chip computer's interface to set breakpoints and view variable values in the IDE. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The Development of Single-Chip Computer Scale
The following are the general steps and key points of the development of the single-chip electronic scale: ** 1. Hardwares ** 1. ** Main control chip selection ** - He could choose a more common chip like the 8051 single-chip computer. It had 4KB of internal program memory (Scalable), 128-Byte internal data memory (Scalable), multiple bi-directional parallel input/output ports, and other resources to meet the basic control and data processing needs of the electronic scale. - It also has the advantages of low working voltage, low power consumption, strong driving ability, etc. For example, its I/O port is bi-directional and the output circuit is a complementary push-pull output circuit. The external circuit is simple in driving the digital tube display, and its A/D is 10 bits to meet certain precision requirements. 2. ** Sensing and signal processing ** - The sensor was used to obtain physical quantities such as weight. For example, using a pressure sensor to detect the weight of an object usually required a special signal processing chip, such as the HX711 for processing pressure signals (range 0 - 5kg, accuracy 0.1 g). 3. ** display module ** - The 1602 LCD module was used to display the date, time, weight and other information. It was necessary to connect the single-chip computer to the 1602 liquid crystal, including the connection of the data port and the control port. The software programming was also used to initiate and write data into the 1602 liquid crystal. 4. ** Clock module (option)** - If you need to record time-related information, you can use the DS1302 clock chip. It could provide accurate date and time information for the electronic scale. The microchip needed to communicate with it through the corresponding interface circuit to read and set the time. 5. ** Communication module (option)** - If you want to upload the data to the PC display, you can use the 232 serial communication. The single-chip computer had to set up the serial port, including the configuration of baudrate, data bit, stop bit, and other parameters to achieve stable data transmission with the PC. 6. ** Power Circuit ** - It provided a stable power source for the entire system. It was necessary to design a suitable power supply circuit according to the voltage requirements of the selected chip and other electronic components. For example, a voltage stabilizing chip was used to convert the input voltage to a stable 5V or 3.3V voltage to meet the power supply requirements of the single-chip computer, sensor, display module, etc. ** 2. Software ** 1. ** Selection of programming language ** - If you use the 8051 single-chip computer, you can generally use assembly language or C language for programming. For beginners, C language was relatively easier to understand and write complex program logic. - For the PIC-based single-chip computer, you can also use the C language or its specific programming language, but you should pay attention to the differences between the 8051 single-chip computer and the 8051 single-chip computer in terms of instruction set and register usage. 2. ** Program Function Realization ** - ** Initialize settings **: Initialize the ports, timers, and interrupt of the single-chip computer. For example, set the port connected to the sensor to the input mode and the port connected to the display module to the output mode; Initialize the timer to meet the timing requirements (if there is a timing function requirement); Configure the interrupt (if the interrupt is needed to process the sensor data collection or other events). - ** Data Collection **: Obtain weight and other data from the sensor through programming. If the HX711 was used to process the pressure signal, it was necessary to read the processed pressure data (weight data) from the HX711 according to the communication protocol of the HX711 and convert it into an actual weight value. - ** Data processing **: To process the collected data, such as filtering to reduce errors caused by sensor noise. Simple arithmetic average filtering or other filtering algorithms can be used. - ** Show Function **: Show the processed weight, date, time and other data on the 1602 LCD. This required writing the corresponding display function according to the display specifications of the 1602 liquid crystal, converting the data into a format suitable for display and sending it to the liquid crystal display module. - ** Communication function (option)**: If there is a serial communication function, write a serial communication program to send the data to the PC in the agreed format. This included the packaging and verification of the serial port data to ensure the accuracy of the data transmission. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
single-chip computer subdividing circuit
Microchip micro-circuits have an important application in the control of stepping motor. Taking the two-phase hybrid stepping motor as an example, its subdivision circuit can be constructed by combining integrated chips and separate components, such as the two-phase hybrid stepping motor's self-adapting subdivision drive circuit designed based on the AT89C51 single-chip computer. In the step motor fine control, the fine division technology was a kind of electronic damp technology. The purpose was to improve the operation accuracy of the motor and achieve high-precision fine division of the step angle. For example, in the driving state of two phases and four beats, when the control system does not subdivide, each step pulse motor will rotate an inherent step angle (such as 10°), and when the subdividing driver works in the 10 subdividing state, the motor will only rotate 1°. The subdividing function was achieved by the driver or the single-chip processor by precisely controlling the phase current of the motor, and had nothing to do with the motor itself. There were many factors to consider when constructing a single-chip circuit: 1. ** Power supply related **: Make clear the differences between the labels of different power supplies, such as VRCs, VRCs, and VSSs. For example, VRCs are usually the power supply voltage of a Bipolar device. In an NPM circuit, it represents the power supply voltage connected to the collector. In a field effect circuit, it represents the power supply voltage connected to the drain. In a PPM circuit, it represents the power supply voltage connected to the transmitter. In a circuit with a PPM circuit, it represents the power supply ground or 0V, which is the reference point of the circuit. 2. ** Resistance selection **: - ** Pull-up Resistor **: The choice of the pull-up resistance needs to balance power consumption, driving ability, and circuit speed. In order to reduce power consumption and chip sink current, the resistance value should be as large as possible; in order to ensure sufficient drive current, the resistance value should be as small as possible; in high-speed circuits, an excessively large pull up resistance may make the signal edge smooth, usually between 1k Omega and 10k Omega. In the reset circuit, the resistance value is critical to the start-up of the single-chip computer. For example, when R1 = 10k Omega, it may cause the SSR pin to show a high level, causing the single-chip computer to continue to reset and not work normally. - ** Current limiting resistance **: For example, in an LED circuit, the current limiting resistance should be calculated according to the operating voltage, current range, and circuit voltage of the LED. If the power of the current limiting resistance is not selected properly, there may be problems. For example, in a circuit with an LED voltage drop of 3V, a total voltage of 96V, and a current limiting resistance of 5.1 Ohms, the calculated current is 18ma. However, if the current limiting resistance is 1206, the rated power is 0.25W, and the actual power is 1.7W, the circuit will have problems. 3. ** Condenser application **: There are two types of filter condensers: high frequency and low frequency. The high-frequency filter (usually 0.1 microF) is used to short-circuit the high-frequency noise protection circuit; the low-frequency filter (usually 100 microF) is used to filter out the low-frequency ripple and stabilize the power supply. It is usually installed next to the power interface or high-power components. 4. ** Usage of other components **: - ** Triode **: It has a variety of functions, such as switching function (by controlling the base current to switch between on and off), amplifying function (can amplify the base current by 100 times to drive a larger load), and level conversion function (used for communication between different levels). - ** Nixie tube **: By controlling the seven segments of A - G and the decimal point, it displays the number. It requires a matrix and a truth table to control the brightness of each segment to correspond to a specific number. - ** Key vibration treatment **: The operation of keys will cause vibration, which can be eliminated by software (delay 5 - 10ms after detecting the closed key and wait for the vibration to disappear before confirming the key state) or hardware (use the short-circuit effect of the high-frequency signal by the capacity). When the single-chip I/O port is not enough, the number of ports can be increased by expanding the chip such as the 74HC13838 translator to meet the design requirements of the subdivision circuit. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The Crystal Circuit of 51 Single-Chip Computer
In the 51-bit single-chip computer, the crystal circuit was a crucial part of the peripheral circuit of the single-chip computer. From the perspective of pin connection, the 51 single-chip computer had two pins, XTAL1 and XTAL2, for connecting to the crystal oscillation (crystal resonant). These two pins were connected to an internal phase shifter of the MCUs to form a Pierce Oscillator with the external crystal oscillation. The working principle was that the Pierce Oscillator needed to meet the two conditions of 2k Pi loop phase shift and closed-loop gain of 1 in the ideal circuit form. The phase shifter provides a 180° phase shift for any frequency component and can be seen as a buffer. It is easy to obtain a loop gain of 1 by adjusting its output characteristics. However, this was not enough to start the vibration. The crystal itself was very important. Quartz crystals had a piezo electric effect. After processing, the Quartz Crystal Resonator (QCPR) could be represented by an ideal circuit model consisting of a L1 - C1 - R1 series resonant circuit plus a very small C0. The QPR was connected in parallel with the phase shifter to act as a frequency selection network. When it was powered on, it could be seen as a step signal being input into the output of the phase shifter. The QPR picked out the signal at the resonance point frequency. When the loop gain was 1, the circuit tended to be stable. In the crystal circuit, the common crystal frequencies were 4, 8, 11.0592, 12, etc. The crystal was used to provide a stable clock signal for the single-chip computer. All the instructions of the single-chip computer were based on this. The speed of the single-chip processor was related to the clock frequency provided by the crystal. The higher the clock frequency, the faster the single-chip processor would run. From the composition of the crystal circuit, it was composed of a Quartz crystal and a circuit. Together with the reset circuit, it ensured the stable operation of the single-chip system. The main function of the crystal circuit was to provide clock signals for the operation of various modules within the single-chip computer to ensure the correct execution of the program. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The computer turned black after connecting to the single-chip computer.
There may be the following reasons and solutions for the black screen after the computer is connected to the single-chip computer: 1. ** USB-to-serial driver problem **: If you use the USB-to-serial cable to connect the computer and the single-chip computer, the USB to serial driver may have a problem and cause a black screen. It is recommended to try changing the driver. The USB connection must be disconnected during operation. 2. ** Driver conflicts **: If you are using the Windows system, sometimes a new hardware driver may cause conflicts. You can go to the device manager to check if there are any devices with yellow exclamation marks and try to update the relevant drivers. 3. ** Too much current **: The temporary crash caused by the excessive current during the single-chip computer burning process may also cause the computer to turn black. Before downloading, check if the power supply is stable or try to reduce the download speed. 4. ** Connection unstable **: The USB to serial cable connection is unstable, or the driver is not installed properly. He tried to pull and plug the wire to make sure the contact was good. If the computer has multiple USB ports, try switching to another one. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The difference between a micro computer system and a single chip computer
There were differences between the concept, structure, characteristics, and applications of a microchip system and a single-chip computer: - ** Concept **: A micro computer system is an entity that is based on the hardware system of a micro computer and is equipped with the necessary external devices and software. A single chip is a computer system integrated into a chip, which is equivalent to a micro computer. Compared to a computer, it only lacks I/O devices. - ** In terms of structure **: Microcomputers are based on microprocessors, coupled with internal memory, input and output interface circuits, and corresponding auxiliary circuits. Single-chip processors use ultra-large-scale integrated circuit technology to integrate the functions of the central processing unit CPU, random access memory, read-only memory, and so on on into a piece of chip to form a small and complete micro-computer system. - ** In terms of characteristics **: Microcomputers are small, flexible, cheap, and easy to use. Single-chip computers are even smaller. The internal chip as a computer system has a simple structure, but it has complete functions and is easy to use. It can be applied in a module. It has high integration and high reliability. - ** In terms of applications **: Microcomputers are mainly used in mechanical manufacturing technology, information processing, processing, transmission technology, automatic control technology, servo-drive technology, sensor technology, software technology, etc. Single-chip processors are mainly used in automated office, mechatronics, cutting-edge weapons and national defense military fields, aerospace fields, vehicle electronic equipment, medical equipment fields, commercial marketing equipment, computer communication, household appliances fields, daily life and real-time control fields, etc. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What is the name of the motor in the 51 single-chip computer?
In the 51 single-chip computer, the motor was called a direct current motor. The direct current motor was a type of motor that was controlled by the pulse width regulation (Pulse Pulse Duration Modulation) technology in the application of the 51 single-chip computer. The structure of the direct current motor in the 51 single-chip computer system was composed of two parts: the stators (including the base, the main magnetic pole, the reversing pole, the end cover, the bearings, the brush device, etc.) and the rotors (including the rotating shaft, the armatures, the armatures, and the fans). <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Simulation circuit diagram of the single-chip computer
The following are several examples of simulation circuits related to single-chip processors: - In the ESP32 and Arduino single-chip simulation (such as the website of the website, the simulation circuit that lights up the LED light needs to add an LED light and a current limiting resistance. The negative pole of the LED lamp was connected to the GND pin of the single-chip development board, the positive pole was connected in series with the current limiting resistance, and the other end of the current limiting resistance was connected to the No. 2 pin of the development board. - For the simulation circuit of the steering gear control, add the steering gear in the hardware circuit (the steering gear has three pins, namely, the voltage regulator, the voltage regulator, and the voltage regulator. The voltage regulator is connected to the negative pole of the power supply, and the voltage regulator is connected to the positive pole of the power supply). Then, connect the steering gear to the single-chip computer (if you use the Arduino single-chip computer, you can choose a pin with a "~" to output the voltage regulator signal. In this project, pin 3 is selected as the voltage regulator output pin). - If the simulation uses L298 to drive the direct current motor, the circuit includes the L298N chip (this is a dedicated driver integrated circuit, belonging to the H bridge integrated circuit), the display part uses the PG 160128A (the liquid crystal display dot matrix is 160X128), the input device is a 4X4 matrix keyboard, and it may also include measurement tools such as a virtual scope. The positive and negative rotation of the motor can be controlled by the P1.0 pin of the single-chip computer. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Measuring voltage and current with a single-chip computer
The following methods can be used to measure voltage and current in the 51 single-chip computer: ** 1. Voltage-measuring ** 1. ** voltage adjustment ** - If the voltage to be measured exceeds the working voltage range of the ADC0809 (8-bit ADC), the voltage to be measured can be reduced to an appropriate range through a resistance voltage splitter circuit to avoid affecting the conversion accuracy. 2. ** Connection and Setting ** - He connected the divided voltage to the input pin of ADC0809 and set the reference voltage. 3. ** Samplings and Conversion ** - The input pin was then subjected to a sample and conversion operation, which resulted in a digital representation of the voltage. 4. ** Conversion of results ** - According to the reference voltage and measurement range of the ADC0809, a suitable formula was determined to convert the obtained digital value into an actual voltage value. ** 2. Current measurement ** 1. ** Current to voltage conversion ** - Using a resistance in series with the current to be measured, according to Ohm's law, the current value can be indirectly obtained by measuring the voltage signal generated at both ends of the resistance. 2. ** Connection and Setting ** - This voltage signal is connected to the input pin of ADC0809. 3. ** Samplings and Conversion ** - The digital representation was obtained by performing a sample and conversion operation. 4. ** Conversion of results ** - The numerical value is converted into an actual current value using a formula related to the measurement range and the reference voltage. During the entire measurement process, it was necessary to pay attention to setting the corresponding operating mode, reference voltage, clock frequency, and other parameters of the ADC0809, and to perform the correct data reading operation. At the same time, due to the limited resolution of the ADC0809, in order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the measurement results, the stability and anti-interference ability of the circuit should also be paid attention to. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>