The content of cell biology is
Cell biology mainly studies and reveals the basic laws of life activities of cells. It studies the structure and function of cells at the microscopic, submicroscopic, and molecular levels. The content included cell biology research methods, membrane structure and function, small molecular transport across the membrane, compartmentalization of cell structure, and protein sorting. It also involved the study of cell-related structures such as cell membrane, nucleus, plasma, membrane structure, non-membrane structure, etc. The basic function of cell membrane was to maintain the relatively independent and stable internal environment of cells, control the entry and exit of substances, information, and energy, and participate in cell movement. The plasma was a general term for the translucent, gel-like, and grain-like substances that were surrounded by the cell membrane except for the nuclear zone. It was composed of the cellular matrix, the inner membrane system, the cell skeleton, and the inclusive substances. It was the main place for life activities. At the same time, they would also discuss the ultrastructures and functions of cells, as well as the latest achievements and developments in important fields of cell biology. Read more exciting novels for free
Biology documentary, Cell
" BBC: Cell " was a documentary film directed by BBC. It consisted of three episodes, including " The Hidden King,"" The Combination of Life," and " The Spark of Life." This was a popular science documentary about the composition and function of cells in the body. It allowed the audience to go deep into the microscopic world, understand the structure and function of cells, and understand the basic units of life. " The Island of Life " is also a wonderful novel. Everyone is welcome to read it!
Cell Biology Laboratory Experience
The Cell Biology Laboratory experience was multi-dimensional. The following were some aspects: ** 1. Experimental operation and skill training ** 1. ** Basic Skills ** - In the cell biology laboratory, one could come into contact with many basic operations. For example, in the detection and identification experiment of organic substances in cells, one could learn the use of relevant detection reagents and the principle of detection. For example, when using specific reagents to detect organic substances such as sugar and protein in cells, one needed to accurately master the basic operational skills such as the dosage of the reagent, the reaction time, and the correct way to observe the results. - In the experiment of observing the plasmatic wall separation and restoration of plant cells, he learned to make temporary mounting of plant cells and master the correct use of the microscope, including adjusting the focal length and switching the objective lens, so that he could clearly observe the changes in the shape of cells in different solution environments. 2. ** Usage of instruments and equipment ** - There were all kinds of equipment in the laboratory. For example, in the crude extraction and identification of DNA, a centrifugal machine might be used. This required understanding the working principle of the centrifugal machine and correctly setting the parameters such as the centrifugal speed and time. In the experiments related to cell amplification culture, it might involve the use of equipment such as reactors, reactors, and fermentors. It was necessary to learn the installation, adjustment, and operation procedures of the equipment to ensure the smooth progress of the cell culture process. ** 2. Knowledge Comprehension and Deepen ** 1. [Realization of theoretical knowledge] - Cell biology experiments made abstract cell biology knowledge more concrete. For example, in the virtual simulation experiment of cell amplification culture, by completing operations such as sterilization and centrifugal collection of cells, one could more intuitively understand every step of the cell culture process, thereby deepening the understanding of theoretical knowledge such as cell growth and reproduction. - Observing the actual structure and physiological processes of cells could allow abstract cell knowledge, such as cell membrane structure and cell organ function, to be presented in a more intuitive form, which would help deepen the understanding of cell biology concepts. 2. ** Deep understanding of cell characteristics ** - Through cell biology experiments, one could gain an in-depth understanding of some of the characteristics of cells. For example, during experiments related to the preservation of cells at low temperatures or during visits to the Cryopreservation Medical Research Center, they could understand the changes in the state of cells in a low temperature environment, and have a deeper understanding of cell tolerance, active preservation, and other characteristics. ** 3. Teamwork and Cultivation ** 1. ** Teamwork ** - Many cell biology experiments were done in small groups. In group experiments, such as cell preparation technology experiments in the laboratory of the Cell Center, the team members needed to divide their work and cooperate. Some were responsible for the collection of cell samples, some were responsible for the operation of instruments and equipment, and some were responsible for data recording. Through such a cooperation process, teamwork and communication skills could be cultivated. 2. ** Cultivation of Experimental Quality ** - Cell biology experiments required the participants to have rigorous experimental accomplishments. In the process of the experiment, it was necessary to pay great attention to the preparation work of the experiment, such as ensuring the purity of the experimental reagents, the correction of the equipment, and so on. At the same time, he had to carefully examine the experimental data. He had to be serious and accurate when recording the data, and he had to be patient when analyzing the data. He had to be able to find abnormalities in the data and find the reason. ** 4. Experience of emerging technologies ** 1. ** Virtual Simulation Technology ** - The cell amplification virtual simulation experiment used virtual reality technology to provide a 3D immersive practical experience. This technology broke some of the limitations of traditional experiments, such as reducing the loss of materials in the experiment and avoiding the failure of the experiment caused by human error. The participants could practice the experiment operation repeatedly in the virtual environment and familiarize themselves with the experimental process. At the same time, they could also feel the innovative application of emerging technologies in biological experiment teaching and research. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The Research Methods of Cell Biology
Cell biology research methods included the following: ** 1. Cell culture related methods ** 1. ** Cell proliferating kinetic analysis method ** - [Growth curve drawing: Can be used to study the growth law of cells.] - Division index measurement: It helps to understand the activity of cell division. - Colony formation experiment: Cell characteristics were analyzed by observing cell colony formation. - The synchronization method between human and mammal-like cells: Realizing the synchronization of cells at the same stage of the cell cycle, which is convenient for research. - It also included time-lapse microfilm shooting techniques. 2. ** Cell Cultivation Technique ** - This was an important and commonly used technique in cell biology research. It could obtain a large number of cells, which could be used to study cell signal transmission, anabolic metabolism, growth and reproduction, etc. Cell culture research can use cell lines or primary cell culture, but the cell culture medium is not a living environment, which will affect the growth speed and molecular characteristics of the cells, and it will be affected by large interference factors. For example, the serum composition in cell line culture will bring many effects, but cell lines can provide information such as molecules with potential research value and their effective concentration. ** 2. Techniques related to fertilisation (for specific cell biology research needs)** 1. ** Xenogeneic in vitro-fertilisation method ** 2. ** Same kind of in vitro-fertilisation method ** 3. ** Method for producing haploids from human sperm ** 4. ** Freezing and preservation technology of human sperm ** 5. ** Techniques of sperm cell biology ** ** 3. Embryological technology (for research on early chicken embryos)** 1. ** Experiment on the Embryonic Induction of Early Chick Embryo Primordium ** 2. ** In Situ Induction Experiment of Early Chick Embryo Primordium ** 3. ** Embryo Freezing Technique ** ** 4. Research methods based on specific models ** 1. ** Living animal research ** - For example, rabbits were used as ordinary animal models, but the cell growth in rabbits or cats was different from that of primates. There were also ethical considerations, and most of the information could only be detected after the animals were killed. 2. ** Pocket Model ** - This was a model obtained from a simulated surgery for the removal of a Cataract. The capsule was identical to a living body and could grow under serum-free conditions. It could be used to study problems related to the removal of Cataracts. During the research, it was necessary to consider maintaining the shape of the capsule, such as using a ring-shaped structure or fixing it with a thin needle. In addition, the model could be implanted with an artificial lens (IOL) to study its effect. This model had been applied to human, canine, and cow lens research, which could provide relatively direct clinical-related in-life data. ** 5. Other Techniques ** 1. ** Flow deserving technique **: It can be used to analyze a variety of cell characteristics, such as cell size, complexity of the particles in the cell, etc. 2. ** Cell freezing experiment, cell resuscitation experiment, cell transfusion experiment, cell scratch experiment, cell cycle experiment, cell invasion experiment, cell death experiment, etc. **: These experimental techniques study the biological behavior of cells from different angles. For example, cell transfusion experiment can be used to introduce foreign genes into cells, cell scratch experiment can study the migration ability of cells, etc. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Modern Cell Biology Techniques
The following is a essay on modern cell biology technology: ##" Experience in Modern Cell Biology Technology " Modern cell biology technology plays a vital role in the field of life sciences. Through the study and practice of cell biology technology, I have a deep understanding of many aspects. In the process of technological innovation, the study of cell ultrastructures left a deep impression on me. The combination of the electron microscope and the ultra-thin section technology allowed us to understand the cell into an unprecedented microscopic world. The cell structures that were known in the traditional sense, such as mitochondria and Golgi apparatus, showed new features through this technology. They also discovered important cell structures such as the plasmatic reticule, Ribosome, and Lysosome. This breakthrough not only broadened our understanding of cell structure, but more importantly, it allowed us to combine cell structure and function for research, greatly increasing the depth and breadth of research. Cell communication technology was also a key part of cell biology technology. There were three main ways of cell communication, and the most important and in-depth way to transmit information through signaling molecules was the most in-depth research. There were many types of signaling molecules. For example, they could be divided into hormones, local mediator, and neurotransmitter according to their composition. They could be divided into first messenger and second messenger according to their acting sites. The corresponding receptor was divided into cell surface receptor and cellular receptor according to the location of existence. The signal transmission process involved was complex and precise. For example, G protein coupled receptor was a large type of cell surface receptor, and its signal transmission process had a cascading amplification effect. Many second messengers in cells, such as ccamp and cGMP, played an indispensable role in the signal transmission process. At the same time, cells also had many mechanisms to terminate signal molecules to maintain normal life activities. Understanding this complex communication network allowed me to feel the complexity of cells as the basic unit of life. It also allowed me to recognize the powerful power of modern cell biology technology in analyzing these microscopic processes. In terms of protein synthesis, sorting, and transportation, this was also an extremely important life activity in cells. Ribosome was the place where protein was synthesized. The protein synthesized on the rough surfaced ER and the protein synthesized by free Ribosome had different destinations. They provided the required protein for different parts of the cell. This process involved the complex sorting and transportation mechanism in the cell, which was the basic guarantee for the normal operation of the cell. Modern cell biology technology can study this process in depth, helping us to understand how cells maintain their normal functions and the orderly conduct of life activities from a microscopic level. In addition, the development of cell biology technology also made me feel a lot of emotions. From the discovery of cells in 1665 to the establishment of cell theory in the 19th century, to the formation of cell biology in the 20th century and its gradual advancement to the molecular level, it was the accumulation of the wisdom and efforts of countless scientists. For example, the application of the technique of the Polymerase Chain Reaction and the improvement of the sequence analysis method had pushed forward the completion of the Human Genome Project ahead of schedule. This achievement profoundly reflected the great role of modern cell biology technology in the development of the entire life sciences. In short, modern cell biology technology is like a magical key that opens the door to our deep understanding of the mysteries of cells. Through the study and research of these technologies, I deeply realized that the interior of the cell is a highly orderly, complex, and dynamic microscopic world. This also motivated me to continue on the road of life science exploration. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Biology and cell science major
In university, majors related to biological cells included biological sciences in the major of biotechnology. The goal of this major was to let students master the basic theories and knowledge of biology, biochemistry, cell biology, and many other aspects. It was aimed at cultivating scientific talents with a solid foundation, wide adaptability, comprehensive quality, and strong creativity. The courses offered included organic chemistry, cell biology, microbiology, genetics, and molecular biology. From the perspective of employment, graduates could engage in research, development, teaching, production, and management in the fields of life sciences, medicine, food, and the environment. Cell biology itself was an important frontier branch of modern life science. It studied the structure and function of cells and organelle, the life history of cells, and the laws of various life activities from a dynamic perspective at the microscopic, submicroscopic, and molecular levels, including the structure and function of cells and organelle, cell metabolism and growth, reproduction and division, inheritance and variation, aging and death, physiological and pathological, origin and evolution, and so on. It was the foundation and bridge connecting many branches of biological science and occupied a central position in biology. At the same time, there were also medical cell biology, tumor cell biology, aging cell biology, cell pharmacology, nerve cell biology, immune cell biology, and other research fields. They studied the problems related to human health at the cellular level in their respective fields, exploring the laws of disease diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and health care. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Modern Cell Biology Techniques
" Understanding of Modern Cell Biology Techniques " Cell biology is the frontier of life sciences. It is constantly developing under the promotion of modern science and technology. Various cell biology technologies are also changing with each passing day. In the process of in-depth study and research, I have a lot of insights and insights. First of all, the development of modern cell biology technology has greatly broadened our understanding of the microscopic world of cells. From cell structure to cell function, from the normal physiological process of cells to the changes in the pathological state, we can use methods such as gene editing technology and high-resolution imaging technology to conduct in-depth research. For example, the emergence of the Crisp-Cas9 gene editing technology provided unprecedented accuracy and efficiency for studying the function of genes in cells. By editing specific genes, we can observe the changes in the cell's topography, thereby gaining an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of genes in cell growth, differentiation, metabolism, and other aspects. This technology not only deepened our understanding of the basic life activities of cells, but also provided theoretical basis and technical support for gene therapy. In terms of cell imaging technology, high-resolution microscopic techniques such as cryomechanism allow us to see more detailed structures within cells. This was like equipping us with a powerful magnifying glass, allowing us to observe the structure and dynamic changes at the molecular level within the cell. It played an irreplaceable role in the structural analysis of protein in cells, as well as the visualization of interactions between molecules such as protein-protein and protein-protein. This would help us understand the complex molecular mechanisms within the cell, such as the positioning, movement, and interaction of various signaling molecules in the cell signal pathway, so as to better understand how the cell responded to external signals. Secondly, I was deeply impressed by the modern cell biology technology. It intersected with many disciplines such as physics, chemistry, and computer science. In terms of technical means, the principles of light and electricity in physics were applied to cell imaging and cell sorting technology; the marking technology and molecular synthesis technology in chemistry provided tools for the marking and tracking of molecules in cells and the development of new biological active molecules; computer science played a key role in big data analysis, cell image processing and simulation. This cross-disciplinary integration not only reflected the comprehensive trend of scientific research, but also made cell biology technology continue to be innovative and developed. For example, in the study of systems biology, a large amount of cell biology data, including gene expression profiles, proteome data, etc., needed to be integrated. Computer algorithms were used for modeling and analysis to construct a system model of cells or the entire organism to predict the behavior of cells under different conditions. However, modern cell biology technology also faced some challenges. On the one hand, the complexity and high cost of the technology limited its widespread use. Many high-end cell biology techniques required expensive equipment and professional technicians to operate, which restricted the development of some small laboratories or research institutions to a certain extent. On the other hand, despite the continuous advancement of technological means, the life activities inside cells are extremely complicated, and there are still many unknown areas waiting for us to explore. For example, in the process of cell division, although we already know some key regulation factors, the precise regulation mechanism of the entire division process is still not completely clear. How cells gradually change from an undifferentiated state to a cell type with specific functions, the multi-level and multi-factor regulation network involved needs further in-depth research. Modern cell biology technology has opened a door to the microscopic world of cells, allowing us to glimpse the mysteries. Although there were many challenges in the development process, the results and development potential it brought were immeasurable. As researchers in the field of life sciences, we need to constantly learn and master these technologies, be brave in innovation, and strive to explore more unknowns in the field of cell biology to make greater contributions to the development of human health and life sciences. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The latest frontier in cell biology
Here are some of the latest advancements in cell biology: 1. ** policy to encourage industrial development **: The National Development and Redevelopment Committee issued the "Guidance Catalog for Industrial Readjustment (2024 edition)" to encourage the development of the cell industry, which indicated that the cell biology industry was in line with the global frontier, indicating that more resources would be invested in the research and development of cell biology-related industries. 2. ** Achievement in structural biology **: Yan Ning has continuously produced important results in the field of structural biology, such as the analysis of the structure of human glucose transporter and contributions to the field of ion channel structural biology. This also reflects the importance of structural biology in the frontier research of cell biology. 3. ** Cell Biology Frontier Conference **: For example, the Frontier Conference on Cell Biology and the third working meeting of the 8th editorial board of the China Academy of Cell Biology were held. Many experts and scholars participated in it, which helped to promote the development of cell biology and even the entire life sciences, including the exchange and discussion of different research directions in cell biology and the editorial work of the journal of cell biology. It reflected the importance of the current exchange and sharing of cutting-edge research results in cell biology. 4. ** Cell genetic information regulation research **: The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the scientist who discovered micro-R A and its role in post-transcribed gene regulation. This discovery revealed a new dimension of gene regulation, indicating that in the field of cell biology, the study of genetic information transmission and gene expression regulation mechanism in cells has been deepened. For example, the regulation effect of micro-R A on messenger R A has become a hot topic. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Society of Cell Biology Conference Guide
The following information is provided for you as a reference for the conference guide of the Society of Cell Biology: ** I. The first council meeting of the 3rd general meeting of the Cell Biology Society of Liaoning Province ** 1. ** Meeting Time and Place ** - It was held on December 23rd, 2020 at the International Exchange Center of Northeastern University. 2. ** Attendants ** - There were 89 council members and nearly 200 members attending the meeting. 3. ** Meeting agenda ** - The Second Council Work Report of the Society of Cell Biology of Liaoning Province, the Second Board of Supervisor Work Report of the Society of Cell Biology of Liaoning Province, and the Second Financial Work Report of the Society of Cell Biology of Liaoning Province were reviewed and approved. - Voted to pass the "The draft of the revision of the constitution of the Cell Biology Society of Liaoning Province and its explanation","The draft of the membership fee standard of the Cell Biology Society of Liao Ning Province and its management method","The change of residence of the Cell Biology Society of Liao Ning Province","The agenda of the third general meeting of the Cell Biology Society of Liaoning Province Ning Province", and the election method of the third general meeting of the Cell Biology Society of Liao Ning Province. The new president, vice president, and secretary general were elected. ** II. 2021 Fourth Council Enlarged Meeting of the Cell Biology Society of Liaoning Province ** 1. ** Meeting Time and Place ** - October 29th, 2021, 1:30 p. m., at the second floor of the office of the Cell Biology Society of Liaoning Province (Gate 2, No. 2 - 20, Mingbo Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang City). 2. ** Attendants ** - Vice-directors: Mei Xifan, Sun Feng, Wang Wei (sorted by surname), etc. - He participated in the special committee and study group (the chairman and the secretary attended), including the special committee of neurosurgery, the special committee of senile dementia and cognitive disorder, and many other special committee. 3. ** Meeting agenda ** - The chairman of each special committee will make a work report (the PowerPoint presentation time is 7 minutes, and the content of the report covers political discipline, standardized management, academic activities, innovation transformation, popular science activities, etc.). - Work arrangement of the vice president: The secretary general of the society will report the work plan and implementation of 2021 to the vice president; the vice president will put forward opinions on the key work points of the society and make suggestions based on experience to jointly study the next step of work; the report will be graded (only for internal reference). <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Society of Cell Biology 2022, Ximen Branch
The original plan was to hold the 2022 National Academic Conference of the China Society of Cell Biology, Xiameng, at the Xiameng International Convention Center on August 13 - 17,2022. However, due to the severe epidemic situation in Xiamen City at that time, after receiving the notice from the Xiamen City Bureau of Commerce, the conference was cancelled after the organizing committee's research and coordination with all parties. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Analysis of the answers in cell biology textbooks
The following is an explanation of the concepts related to cell biology: ** 1. Basic Concepts of Cell ** 1. ** Understanding that cells are the basic unit of life activities ** - From a structural point of view, all organisms were made up of cells, and cells were the foundation for constructing organisms. - The cells had an independent and orderly self-controlled metabolism system. They were the executors of metabolism and function. The cell was also the foundation for the growth and development of an organism. It was also the basic unit of inheritance and had genetic omnipotency. Without cells, there would be no complete life. The cells themselves were a multi-layered, non-linear, and complex structural system. They were also a complex combination of substance (structure), energy, and information processes. They had a high degree of order, self-assembly, and self-organization. 2. ** The reason for the existence of the smallest and simplest form of cells ** - It could grow on a medium and had a typical cell membrane. - Its genetic information was carried by a circular double-stranded DNA. The messenger acid could combine with the Ribosome to form a polysome to guide the synthesis of the protein. It split into two and multiplied. Its size was only one-tenth of that of bacteria, and it could also parasitize and reproduce in the cell. 3. ** The understanding of viruses as non-cellular life forms and the difference and relationship between viruses and cells ** - A virus was composed of a core of a single DNA or R A and a shell of a protein. It was the smallest and simplest organism. There were also special forms such as virus-like viruses that were composed only of infectious R A and prions that were composed only of infectious protein. Although viruses had the basic characteristics of replication and inheritance, they lacked the structure of cells and were incomplete life forms. Its main life activities could only be displayed inside the cells. It replicated and proliferated inside the host cells. It did not have an independent metabolism and energy conversion system. It had to rely on the host cells 'structure, raw materials, energy, and digestive system to proliferate. It was a complete parasite. - Compared to cells, viruses were very small and had a very simple structure. Their genetic carriers were diverse and completely parasitic. They proliferated by replicating and assembling. ** 2. Concepts related to cell classification ** 1. ** Evolutionary similarities and differences between prokaryonic cells, archaeokaryotic cells, and eukaryonic cells **(The reference materials did not provide a complete analysis, from the perspective of general knowledge) - The similarities were that they all had genetic material, which was related to the basic functions of life, such as the ability to synthesize certain substances. - The difference: - Procaryotes did not have a nucleus covered by a nuclear membrane. Their DNA was exposed, and they had the characteristics of space-time continuity in DNA replication, replication, and translation. - Eukaryotic cells had a nucleus that was covered by a nuclear membrane, and its expression and regulation were much more complicated. It could be regulated at various levels, such as pre-transcribed level, transcribed level, post-transcribed level, translated level, and post-translated level. - Archaeus cells had unique properties in some aspects. In terms of evolutionary relationship, they were in a special position between procaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. For example, they had some characteristics different from procaryotic cells in terms of gene replication and translation. ** 3. Concepts related to cell structure and function ** 1. ** Concepts related to the composition of cells ** - The most basic biological small molecules that make up cells are the nuclei, the acids, the fatty acid, and the sugar. They form important biological molecules such as the nuclei, the protein, the fat, and the glycan. 2. ** Concepts related to cell sub-discipline (Experimental Biology)** - The main branches of cell science that were formed by the combination of cell science and other biological sciences were cell genetics, cell biology, and cell chemistry. 3. ** Concepts related to cell membrane structure ** - Phospholiptides on the biological membrane mainly include Phosphatidylcholin (Phosphatidyl Choline), Phosphatidyl Serine, Phosphatidylinositol, Phosphatidylethanolamin, and Sphingomyelin. The membrane protein could be divided into membrane intrinsic protein (integral membrane protein) and membrane peripheral protein (membrane outer protein). The basic characteristics of biological membranes were mobility and unsymmetrical. The main ways of binding between intrinsic protein and membrane were the interaction of water affinity, ion bond, and the interaction of the two bonds. 4. ** Concepts related to cell connection ** - Cell connections could be divided into closed connections, anchored connections, and communication connections. The main ways of anchor connection were desmosome, hemidesmosome, and the adhension zone and focal adhension. The desmosome was connected to the intermediate fibers in the skeletal system, while the adhension zone was connected to the microfibers (actins). The main ways of communication were gap junction, plasmodesmata, and chemical bond. 5. ** Concepts related to the extra-cellular matrix ** - The basic components of the matrix were mainly composed of protein, elastins, glycan, laminins, fibronectins, etc. The main components of plant cell walls were Celluloses, Hemicelluloses, Flucoids, Expansins, and Proglycans. 6. ** Concepts related to cell surface specialized structures ** - The specialized structures formed on the surface of the cell included membrane skeleton, microvils, flagella, cilia, and deformed feet. 7. ** Concepts related to the transport of substances across membranes ** - The main pathways of material transport across the membrane were passive transport, active transport, as well as the effects of engulfment and exomyosis. Passive transport could be divided into simple and assisted diffusing. The latter required specific membrane transport protein (carrier protein and channel protein) to complete the transport of substances across the membrane. According to the energy source, active transport could be divided into ATP-directly powered transport, ATP-indirectly powered transport, and optical driven active transport. Co-transport belonged to the active transport type. According to the relationship between the direction of material transport and the direction of ion transfer along the electrochemistry, it could be divided into co-transport (co-transport) and reverse transport. For example, in the sodium-potassium pump, every atom of ATP-consumed could transport 3 Na ions and 2 K ions. The sodium-potassium pump and the calcium pump were both multi-spanning membrane protein with ATP-ase activity. In eukaryotic cells, there were three types of photon pump: P-type photon pump, V-type photon pump, and H + -ATPases. The transport of large molecules across the membrane was completed by transcytosis and exomyosis. According to the size of the vesicle and the substances that were swallowed, transcytosis could be divided into transcytosis and engulfment. ** 4. Concepts related to cell observation technology ** 1. ** Microscope resolution concept ** - The resolution referred to the smallest distance between two particles that the microscope could distinguish. 2. ** Concepts related to electron microscope ** - The electron microscope was mainly divided into two types: transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. The commonly used electron microscope techniques in biology included ultra-thin section technique, negative staining technique, freeze-engraving technique, and so on. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>