Analysis of the answers in cell biology textbooks

Answer 1

The following is an explanation of the concepts related to cell biology:

** 1. Basic Concepts of Cell **
1. ** Understanding that cells are the basic unit of life activities **
- From a structural point of view, all organisms were made up of cells, and cells were the foundation for constructing organisms.
- The cells had an independent and orderly self-controlled metabolism system. They were the executors of metabolism and function. The cell was also the foundation for the growth and development of an organism. It was also the basic unit of inheritance and had genetic omnipotency. Without cells, there would be no complete life. The cells themselves were a multi-layered, non-linear, and complex structural system. They were also a complex combination of substance (structure), energy, and information processes. They had a high degree of order, self-assembly, and self-organization.
2. ** The reason for the existence of the smallest and simplest form of cells **
- It could grow on a medium and had a typical cell membrane.
- Its genetic information was carried by a circular double-stranded DNA. The messenger acid could combine with the Ribosome to form a polysome to guide the synthesis of the protein. It split into two and multiplied. Its size was only one-tenth of that of bacteria, and it could also parasitize and reproduce in the cell.
3. ** The understanding of viruses as non-cellular life forms and the difference and relationship between viruses and cells **
- A virus was composed of a core of a single DNA or R A and a shell of a protein. It was the smallest and simplest organism. There were also special forms such as virus-like viruses that were composed only of infectious R A and prions that were composed only of infectious protein. Although viruses had the basic characteristics of replication and inheritance, they lacked the structure of cells and were incomplete life forms. Its main life activities could only be displayed inside the cells. It replicated and proliferated inside the host cells. It did not have an independent metabolism and energy conversion system. It had to rely on the host cells 'structure, raw materials, energy, and digestive system to proliferate. It was a complete parasite.
- Compared to cells, viruses were very small and had a very simple structure. Their genetic carriers were diverse and completely parasitic. They proliferated by replicating and assembling.

** 2. Concepts related to cell classification **
1. ** Evolutionary similarities and differences between prokaryonic cells, archaeokaryotic cells, and eukaryonic cells **(The reference materials did not provide a complete analysis, from the perspective of general knowledge)
- The similarities were that they all had genetic material, which was related to the basic functions of life, such as the ability to synthesize certain substances.
- The difference:
- Procaryotes did not have a nucleus covered by a nuclear membrane. Their DNA was exposed, and they had the characteristics of space-time continuity in DNA replication, replication, and translation.
- Eukaryotic cells had a nucleus that was covered by a nuclear membrane, and its expression and regulation were much more complicated. It could be regulated at various levels, such as pre-transcribed level, transcribed level, post-transcribed level, translated level, and post-translated level.
- Archaeus cells had unique properties in some aspects. In terms of evolutionary relationship, they were in a special position between procaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. For example, they had some characteristics different from procaryotic cells in terms of gene replication and translation.

** 3. Concepts related to cell structure and function **
1. ** Concepts related to the composition of cells **
- The most basic biological small molecules that make up cells are the nuclei, the acids, the fatty acid, and the sugar. They form important biological molecules such as the nuclei, the protein, the fat, and the glycan.
2. ** Concepts related to cell sub-discipline (Experimental Biology)**
- The main branches of cell science that were formed by the combination of cell science and other biological sciences were cell genetics, cell biology, and cell chemistry.
3. ** Concepts related to cell membrane structure **
- Phospholiptides on the biological membrane mainly include Phosphatidylcholin (Phosphatidyl Choline), Phosphatidyl Serine, Phosphatidylinositol, Phosphatidylethanolamin, and Sphingomyelin. The membrane protein could be divided into membrane intrinsic protein (integral membrane protein) and membrane peripheral protein (membrane outer protein). The basic characteristics of biological membranes were mobility and unsymmetrical. The main ways of binding between intrinsic protein and membrane were the interaction of water affinity, ion bond, and the interaction of the two bonds.
4. ** Concepts related to cell connection **
- Cell connections could be divided into closed connections, anchored connections, and communication connections. The main ways of anchor connection were desmosome, hemidesmosome, and the adhension zone and focal adhension. The desmosome was connected to the intermediate fibers in the skeletal system, while the adhension zone was connected to the microfibers (actins). The main ways of communication were gap junction, plasmodesmata, and chemical bond.
5. ** Concepts related to the extra-cellular matrix **
- The basic components of the matrix were mainly composed of protein, elastins, glycan, laminins, fibronectins, etc. The main components of plant cell walls were Celluloses, Hemicelluloses, Flucoids, Expansins, and Proglycans.
6. ** Concepts related to cell surface specialized structures **
- The specialized structures formed on the surface of the cell included membrane skeleton, microvils, flagella, cilia, and deformed feet.
7. ** Concepts related to the transport of substances across membranes **
- The main pathways of material transport across the membrane were passive transport, active transport, as well as the effects of engulfment and exomyosis. Passive transport could be divided into simple and assisted diffusing. The latter required specific membrane transport protein (carrier protein and channel protein) to complete the transport of substances across the membrane. According to the energy source, active transport could be divided into ATP-directly powered transport, ATP-indirectly powered transport, and optical driven active transport. Co-transport belonged to the active transport type. According to the relationship between the direction of material transport and the direction of ion transfer along the electrochemistry, it could be divided into co-transport (co-transport) and reverse transport. For example, in the sodium-potassium pump, every atom of ATP-consumed could transport 3 Na ions and 2 K ions. The sodium-potassium pump and the calcium pump were both multi-spanning membrane protein with ATP-ase activity. In eukaryotic cells, there were three types of photon pump: P-type photon pump, V-type photon pump, and H + -ATPases. The transport of large molecules across the membrane was completed by transcytosis and exomyosis. According to the size of the vesicle and the substances that were swallowed, transcytosis could be divided into transcytosis and engulfment.

** 4. Concepts related to cell observation technology **
1. ** Microscope resolution concept **
- The resolution referred to the smallest distance between two particles that the microscope could distinguish.
2. ** Concepts related to electron microscope **
- The electron microscope was mainly divided into two types: transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. The commonly used electron microscope techniques in biology included ultra-thin section technique, negative staining technique, freeze-engraving technique, and so on.
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