The four biggest furnaces in China referred to the four cities of Chongqing, Hubei, Nanchang, and Hangzhou. This name was first proposed during the Republic of China. At that time, the Yangtze River basin in Chongqing, Hubei, Nanchang, and Changsha were known as the four furnaces because their summer climate was very hot. However, as time passed and the climate changed, the list of cities in the four furnaces also changed. According to 2019 data, the new four furnace cities were Chongqing, Hubei, Nanchang and Hangzhou, replacing Changsha. However, according to different perspectives and data analysis, the ranking of hot cities in summer in China may be different. Overall, Chongqing, Hubei, Hangzhou, Hefei, Changsha, Nanchang, Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangzhou, and Guilin were the cities with the highest summer temperatures. It was important to note that the climate was a constantly changing factor, and the climate of different cities would also be different.
The three famous furnaces in China were Nanjing, Chongqing, and Wuhan1. These three cities were located in the Yangtze River basin. The temperature in summer was high and they were called "furnaces". The average summer temperature in Nanjing, Hubei, and Chongqing was around 33 ° C, and the extreme highest temperature had reached 41.3 - 44 ° C. The average number of hot days above 30 ° C each year was more than 70 days. The high temperature in these three cities was mainly due to the high altitude of the summer being controlled by the tropical high pressure belt and affected by the terrain. These cities were famous for their popularity and were publicized by scholars of all ages.
The three biggest furnaces in China were Nanjing, Hubei, and Chongqing.
The cities with the three biggest furnaces in China were Nanjing, Hubei, and Chongqing.
The three most famous furnaces in China were Nanjing, Wuhanand ChongQing. These three cities were located in the Yangtze River basin. The temperature in summer was high and they were called "furnaces". The average summer temperature in Nanjing, Hubei, and Chongqing was around 33 ° C, and the extreme highest temperature had reached 41.3 - 44 ° C. The average number of hot days above 30 ° C each year was more than 70 days. These cities were known as "furnaces" because of the hot summer temperatures. They were the three most famous furnaces in China.
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The four biggest furnaces in China were Chongqing, Fuzhou, Hangzhou, and Nanchang. These four cities were called furnaces because they were the hottest in summer. The traditional four furnaces were Nanchang, Chongqing, Chengdu, and Changsha, but as time went by, Chengdu and Changsha had dropped out of the list and were replaced by Fuzhou and Hangzhou. The number of hot days in these cities, the average summer maximum temperature, and other factors were taken into account. However, it should be noted that different information may have different city rankings, so the specific furnace city may change.
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The following are some of the possible characteristics of the 16 authentic Xuande furnaces: ** 1. Material ** 1. ** Excellent raw materials ** - Using wind ground copper as the main material, and adding a variety of precious raw materials, the general bronze after six to twelve refinements, the quality is excellent. In addition to copper, it was also mixed with alloys, silver, tin and dozens of other precious metals for casting. 2. ** Copper Color ** - The natural color was cuprous oxide-colored rose red. It had the normal "burn spot" phenomenon of oxidization, and there would be no "red spot green rust" or black skin corrosion. ** 2. Form and shape ** 1. ** According to the classics ** - The shape referred to books such as Xuanhe Bogu Catalog and Archeological Map, as well as the five famous kilns of Chai Kiln and Ru, Guan, Ge, Jun and Ding in Song Dynasty. A total of 117 elegant styles were selected and integrated with the elements of the times. It could cast various styles such as tripod, Gui, Li, Bi and bowl. 2. ** Overall shape of the furnace ** - The shape of the furnace was generally square, round, or open. The belly of the furnace was flat and bulged outwards. The bottom of the furnace was generally a blunt conical three-legged or split hollow foot. There are furnace ears on the mouth, which are generally shaped like beasts or bridges and ears. 3. ** Various styles ** - It can be roughly divided into four categories: furnace, Yi ware, bowl type and miscellaneous type. There are more than 50 kinds of furnace ears, such as punching ears and ring ears, and more than ten kinds of mouth, totaling more than 40 kinds. ** 3. Craftsmanship ** 1. ** Casting Method ** - Casting with the lost wax method, the caster is fine, the quality is uniform, and the shape is simple and elegant. 2. ** Surface Craftsmanship ** - A large number of small bubbles will appear on the surface after high temperature, and the original color will not change after cooling. ** 4. Appearance and color ** 1. ** patina and luster ** - The patina was natural, and its entire body was filled with treasure qi. Its luster was warm and unchanging. 2. ** Colorful and wonderful ** - The main color was purple-red, but it also emitted red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, white, gold, and other colors. In the past, there were generally Buddha paper colors (also known as Tibetan gold), brown, pear color, chestnut shell color, eggplant skin color, etc. Among them, Buddha paper color was the most precious. A small portion of the furnaces were even more valuable with a small piece of gold foil added to the outside. ** 5. In terms of style ** 1. ** Writing Style ** - The handwriting of the inscription had been strictly examined by the government and had the style of official kiln porcelain at that time. The handwriting was neat, such as the word "Xuan", which was not too big, and the word "De", which was less than the usual writing. 2. ** Natural wear and tear ** - After hundreds of years, the inscription would wear out to a certain extent, and it was easy to distinguish the old inscription. Of course, there were also a large number of Xuande stoves that did not have the inscription. However, it should be noted that most of the Xuande furnaces in the museum and folk collections were imitations of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Genuine Xuande furnaces were extremely rare. The novel "Gilded Palm" is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!