The Four Big Engraving Center of the Song Dynasty
The four major centers of engraving in the Song Dynasty were Kaifeng, Hangzhou, Lin 'an, and Jianyang.
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A brief account of the three major book engraving centers in the Song Dynasty
In the Song Dynasty, there were three major centers of book engraving, namely Hangzhou, Chengdu, and Jianyang. Hangzhou was the center of the engraving printing industry in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and was considered the most important center of book engraving. Chengdu was the main area where Shu books were carved, mainly with grand and simple Yan characters. Jianyang was the center of Jianben's engraving, and its font style was between Yan and Liu. These three centers played an important role in the development of the printing industry in the Song Dynasty.
The Four Inspectors of the Song Dynasty
In the Song Dynasty, the four supervisors were the local governors who had the power to supervise the prefectures and counties. Including the Transport Division (Water Transport Division), Pacification Division (Commander Division), Tidian Criminal Prison Division (Constitution Division), Lifting Changping Division (Warehouse Division). The main officials of the Transportation Department were the Transportation Department and the Transportation Deputy Department. They were set up in each road to distribute the taxes of each road for the country's use. They also patrolled the departments and supervised the officials. They were responsible for the taxes, money, and warehouse cashier of the road. Later, they also had the function of examining the achievements of the local governors and judges. The Pacification Envoy Division would be held by the important governor of the province. It was in charge of military affairs, civil affairs, justice, and finance. The Criminal Prison Department is in charge of all kinds of judicial, criminal and public security affairs, and has the responsibility of supervising officials. He was in charge of the Changping Granaries, charity granaries, as well as the exemption from labor, market trade, farmland irrigation and other matters. He also had the responsibility of supervising the officials. The four supervisors were not subordinate to each other. They had their own areas of jurisdiction and overlapped with each other. They were considered as a "virtual" level. There was no real official office to supervise the several states under them. This system was established in the Northern Song Dynasty to strengthen the central power, disperse local power, and prevent local independence. While waiting for the TV series, you can also click on the link below to read the classic original work of "Dafeng Nightwatchman"!
Official engraving, private engraving, workshop engraving
Official engraving, private engraving, and workshop engraving were the three major systems of ancient book engraving. Official engraving referred to the book engraving activities funded or hosted by the central and local governments. It originated from Feng Dao's engraving of the Nine Classics during the Five Dynasties. Privately carved books generally referred to officials, scholars, and squires, as well as monasteries, Taoist temples, and family ancestral halls. The workshop engraving referred to the book shop merchants engraving books, their purpose was to sell and profit. Among these three types of book engraving, besides the workshop engraving, the other two did not aim for profit, or only pursued a small profit. The classification system of official engraving, private engraving, and workshop engraving first appeared in Ye Dehui's "Book Forest Qinghua" and was widely used in the research and classification of ancient book engraving.
Four Great Calligraphers of Song Dynasty
The four great calligraphers of the Song Dynasty were Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu, and Cai Xiang. These four calligraphers represented the highest achievements of calligraphy in the Northern Song Dynasty. They each had their own unique calligraphy style and characteristics. Su Shi was good at running script and regular script. His strokes were vigorous and natural. Huang Tingjian's calligraphy works were elegant, vigorous, and hearty. Mi Fu had a weird personality, he liked to wear traditional Chinese clothes and was obsessed with cleanliness. His calligraphy style was bold and lively. Cai Xiang was also very accomplished in calligraphy, but there was controversy. Some people thought that it should have been Cai Jing and not Cai Xiang. In general, the works of these four calligraphers represented the style of calligraphy in the Song Dynasty, and their achievements were highly praised by later generations.
Which dynasty is the Song Dynasty in the Four Great Masterpieces?
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The difference between engraving and engraving
Engraving and carving both had the meaning of carving and remembering. " Engraving " emphasized on being deeply engraved in one's heart. It could be used for abstract things, such as memories, emotions, and so on. It could also be used for specific things, such as engraving certain deeds in the long river of history." Engraving " mainly focused on using carving tools to carve words, patterns, and so on on hard objects. It was more about specific carving actions and behaviors, such as engraving names on stone tablets. The novel " The Name Engraved in the Stars of Destiny " is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
The four capitals of the Northern Song Dynasty were
The four capitals of the Northern Song Dynasty were Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo, Henan Prefecture in the Western Capital, Yingtian Prefecture in Nanjing, and Daming Prefecture in Beijing.
The four capitals of the Northern Song Dynasty were
The four capitals of the Northern Song Dynasty were Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo, Henan Prefecture in the Western Capital, Yingtian Prefecture in Nanjing, and Daming Prefecture in Beijing.
The Four Great Enemies Faced by the Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty's main enemies were the Khitans, the Tanguts of the Western Xia, the Jin Kingdom, and the Mongolia. The Khitan cavalry was one of the strong enemies that the Northern Song Dynasty faced after its establishment. When the Khitans fought, they let the cannon fodder go first, and the cavalry of their own tribe stayed behind. The more well-equipped the army was, the better it was. Their combat reconnaissance ability was strong, and their strategy of marching and changing horses was flexible. It was difficult for the Northern Song cavalry to annihilate them. The Tangut cavalry of the Western Xia was also a strong enemy. Their Tangut horses were good horses in the eyes of the Northern Song people. They were bigger and faster than the Khitan horses. When the Tangut's Iron Sparrow Cavalry met the enemy on the plains, they were mostly used as charging soldiers, and their combat sequence was that their own soldiers had the best horses, so they could advance and retreat freely in battle. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jin Kingdom broke through the capital of the Song Dynasty, Bianjing, and captured Huizong and Qinzong of the Song Dynasty, causing the destruction of the Northern Song Dynasty. The Mongol Empire continued to develop and become powerful during the Southern Song Dynasty. Eventually, they posed a serious military threat to the Southern Song Dynasty until it was destroyed. While waiting for the TV series, you can also click on the link below to read the classic original work of "Dafeng Nightwatchman"!