Are there any recommendations for novels with strong female leads that are similar to Aofeng's cross-dressing novels? Please provide the introduction.
Hehehe, seeing that you are interested in cross-dressing novels as powerful as the arrogant female lead, I, as a recommendation expert, can answer you! I recommend a novel with a light and humorous writing style and an extremely powerful female protagonist-"Taming the Phoenix"! This was an ancient romance novel written by Chen Zao. The female lead was a beautiful young man who was disguised as a woman. She was elegant, intelligent, and knowledgeable. She was deeply loved by the third young master of Haunted Valley. But who would have thought that this male lead would one day discover that she was a girl! Thus, she gradually became the perfect goddess in his heart. The two of them overcame difficulties together and finally became an enviable couple. Come and take a look, this is what a cross-dressing novel should look like! I hope you like this fairy's recommendation. Muah ~😗
Are there any novels that describe female killers, agents, cross-dressing, cross-dressing, and strong female characters?
😋I strongly recommend the following novels to you: 1. "The Bloodthirsty Concubine: Phoenix Kill the World": The female protagonist is a powerful black-bellied secret agent killer. She was betrayed and transmigrated into the useless Fourth Miss. She disguised herself as a man and became a peerless genius, making all men and women in the world go crazy! 2. "The World: The Secret Agent Miss is Too Enchanting": The female lead was the most outstanding cold-blooded secret agent in the organization. In one day, she transmigrated to become the forgotten Third Miss in the Prime Minister's residence. From the beautiful encounter under the cherry blossom forest to a bet many years later, the plot was compact and exciting. 3. "Pet Killing Agent Woman: Killer Queen Dragon and Phoenix Baby": The female protagonist is a peerless agent. She kills her enemies with her own hands. In one day, she transmigrated and became a notorious young master. She disguised as a man and became a palace agent and escaped from the palace. 4. "Secret Agent Concubine: Proud of the Nine Heavens": The female protagonist is a modern secret agent who has crossed the world of combat aura sword cultivation. She has a high-tech microchip and a heaven-defying artifact. The world is changing. All of the above novels had plots in which the female protagonist was a female assassin or agent. When the female protagonist transmigrated, there were plots in which the female protagonist wore a fetus or disguised as a man. At the same time, the female protagonist was also a strong female character. I hope you like this fairy's recommendation. Muah ~😗
Please recommend a novel with cross-dressing elements and provide a brief introduction.
😋I recommend the following two cross-dressing novels for you to enjoy ~ 1. "The Poisonous Young Master" was an ancient romance novel. It told the story of a chemical pharmacist who was forced to disguise as a man when he traveled to ancient times. The protagonist met a talented heir to the throne who grew up in politics. They fought monsters side by side and gradually fell in love. This is a story full of joy and thrills. I believe you will love it! 2. "Traversing a Foreign Land: The Prince's Concubine" was an ancient romance novel. It told the story of a girl who traveled to an unfamiliar empire. In order to find her way home, she participated in the selection of the royal guards. However, the Second Prince took a fancy to her and made her his attendant. However, her trick of disguising herself as a man was seen through by the Second Prince, causing many accidents. This was a story full of complexity and love, and it was very moving. I hope you like my recommendation. Muah ~ If you have any other needs, please feel free to tell me.
Female strong, female cross-dressing male female novels.
High-quality female novels that included strong women and women cross-dressing as men included: 1:"The Unparalleled Divine Doctor's Defiant Demon Concubine", Author: Xun Mo Yang 2."Prince Charming is a Girl." Author: Miss Wei 3: Hi Little Wife, Author: Mo Xiaotao 4."The Number One Foppish Young Master", Author: Blue and White Check 5."Foppish Special Concubine", Author: Qing Moyu 6. Emperor Ji, Author: Xi Xing 7: He Comes From the Depths of Time, Author: Nanli Ruffian 8:"My School Handsome Is All-rounded", Author: Dance Rhythm Riding the Wind 9:"Wear it quickly, my host is a heartthrob." Author: Raging Fire Kuang Ge 10:"Your Majesty, the Empress is on the battlefield again!" Author: Dashi Nana You can read these novels on Qidian Chinese Network. The following is an introduction to these novels: 1.<<The Unrivaled Godly Doctor: The Devil Concubine>>: She, Earth's No. 1, a special agent with dual abilities. After transmigrating and being reborn, he had suddenly become a hereditary good-for-nothing and profligate young duke in a third-grade country. From then on, trash became a genius. His cultivation progressed by leaps and bounds. He could refine pills and weapons with ease. Beasts knelt down to worship him... However, it was fine if she was forced to disguise herself as a man. She had clearly announced her gender to the public, so why did she attract the attention of a demon? From then on, the cold and mysterious Lord Holy Master became a slave chasing his wife! A game of equal strength began between the two of them… ********** Great 2016 is going all out to create the latest fantasy, with both male and female protagonists, it's definitely a favorite! For a lifetime, a couple, a lot of dog food! A five-star scamming guarantee, no regrets! [Special note] I just want to be a beautiful woman who quietly writes books. My cultivation level is still at the glass level. If you don't like it, please click X. I refuse all kinds of random comments. Wangyang was more emotional and would not be able to control herself when she saw the increase in her collection. So, you know. ……………… Final recommendation: "Rise of the Business Path: The Hand Turning Clouds" was reborn, strong woman, special ability! [Exclusive Wang Chong's Peerless Shang Concubine] time-travel, strong woman, favorite text! "Reborn City: The Sharp Taoist Master" Reborn, Female Strong, Forefront! The first volume of "The Unparalleled Godly Doctor's Defiant Demonic Concubine" had been published. It was called "Drunken Beauty's Proud Life in Linchuan." It was available on Dangdang, Amazon, Jingdong, Tmall.com, and Taobao. 2:"Prince Charming is a Girl": Wall Cracking recommended a new article,"My lovely wife is above, my honey pet!" After her rebirth, she had become a black-bellied, perverted…oh no, black-bellied, and flirtatious young master. Occasionally, he would abuse scum, tear apart white lotuses with his hands, and be a winner in life. He had thought that he could have three thousand beauties around his knees, but he had accidentally provoked a black-bellied person. From then on, his spring nights were short and his limbs were weak. One day, a reporter asked,"Young Master, may I ask what is the secret to your success?" Tang Wei smiled but didn't say anything. With a cheat in her left hand and a loyal dog husband in her right hand, if she did not reach the peak of her life, she would have wasted this damn rebirth! --------- The ending of the recommended girl article,"Hello, the school hunk!" cross-dressing + sweet pet + one-on-one, welcome to the pit O(headquarter)O 3."Hi Little Dainty Wife":[New article has been posted: I became a forensic expert after losing my memory.] At the age of four, she disguised herself as a man and became the youngest soldier king at the age of 20. In order to hide her identity, Xu Yi not only had to seduce all the beauties in the world, but he also had to guard against the president of the prison who was suspected to have a "special hobby." Outsiders all said that the Empire's Young Marshal Yu Jinsi only loved men and had racked his brains to get Third Young Master Xu. Therefore, he doted on him and granted all his requests. He only wanted to win the smile of a beautiful man. Even Yu Jinsi began to suspect that he had a penchant for breaking his sleeves! Until one day, Xu Yi's stomach swelled strangely…"Whose child is it?" The man forcefully checked her body and found out that she was a woman. He was ecstatic. Xu Yi pretended to be ignorant. That's right! It's a tumor!" Her ultimate goal was to treat a man as her own. How could she become a pregnant woman and give birth to his children? 4.<The First Foppish Young Lord>: Ning Xi, the Foppish Young Lord of the Ning Mansion, was hated and misunderstood in order to save the person he loved, but his heart died and his soul disappeared! Ning Xi, the youngest mecha master of the Future World Federation, the major general of the Empire's First Legion. An accident had made her a "he" disguised as a man. The dignitaries were looking for trouble. Beat them up! Uncle fighting for power, beat him! Enemy country provoking, beat! A certain country had developed a new type of beast puppet, which was praised to be unique in the world. Young Prince Ning looked at him disdainfully."You have the nerve to bring out such trash to embarrass yourself!" "..." The higher-ups of the various countries looked at him in disdain. What did a silkpants like him know about war beasts? In the end, he was slapped hard on the face. "Beauty, I'm here!" A certain emperor's face darkened."What's there to come!" (The new book,"Reborn, I Want to Be a Study God" has been released. Please collect it and pay attention ~) 5.<<Foppish Special Ability Concubine>>: The young master of a modern special ability family was reborn in a single day. He became the 'Ninth Young Master' of the Jun family who had his dantian destroyed and died an unnatural death. A genius turned into a good-for-nothing, and the world laughed at him? She smiled calmly. With her special ability and the Heaven Defying Divine Pearl in her hands, her dantian was destroyed, so she could just repair it. With her cultivation gone, how difficult would it be to start over? After her rebirth, she was so talented that she blinded everyone. She wanted to become the person who stood at the peak, but she did not expect to provoke a black-bellied demon! He came from the Holy Region. He looked gentle, but he was actually cold and black-bellied. One look was enough to tell a pearl. He used all his gentleness and vowed not to let go of her. 6.<<The Great Concubine>>: Xue Qing, who had transmigrated, realized that she was disguised as a man to cheat him into marrying her. nay She had an even bigger scam. -------- This is the story of a man with many secrets She was his new butler. She looked cold on the outside but was funny on the inside. After taking off her tuxedo, she was now a topless Little Seventh Master. He was the head of the heirs. He looked cold on the outside, but he was even colder on the inside. He liked Seventh Master Leng who ravaged her in all kinds of ways. One day, the seventh master pressed her against the wall and smiled darkly."Don't forget that you're my personal butler who signed a contract to sell yourself." It turned out that her identity as a girl had long been exposed. The cold and aloof Seventh Master was actually a black-bellied wolf! (The sweet pet is constantly updated. It's hilarious in school. Women dress up as men. Don't spray if you don't like it.) 8."My School's Handsome Guy Is Omnipotent"(New book: Secret Marriage: Bringing Home the Nation's Heavenly Queen has been released) [A woman dressed as a man. The man is stronger than the woman. Su Shuang has broken through the sky.] She was the mysterious crown prince of a reclusive family, and her ten brothers were in the top ten of the rich list, with assets of 100 billion! Second Brother, Golden Horse Movie King, has more than 100 million fans! Third Brother, an international Heavenly King, a peerless song! Fourth Brother… "My dear wife, your brothers don't like me!" A certain big shot could only approach her pitifully. Su Chen raised his eyebrows and smiled."It's okay. I'll marry you!" [Official group chat: 192559151] 9:"Quickly Wear It, My Host Is A Charming Person": New Book Has Been Sent: "The First Heir of A Reborn Noble Family" [Cross-dressing as a Man + Dual Strong Ultimate Pet] had done thousands of quests, and the system was poisoned? To clear the virus, he had to bind it to another system? The Shengshi Fenghua Charming System is being activated and the plot is loading. Please be prepared! Luo Bai wanted to kill it. [Smiling Face] [Little fan: My host is so cool and arrogant. I really want to hug his thigh, but he always looks down on me!] The whole world is crazy about me. Or, it was also called,"How to uninstall the popular system?!" This book is Su, very Su, fried chicken Su, Su breaks the sky! The female lead was very cunning, very hypocritical, and so rational that she was perverted! 10:"Your Majesty, the Empress is on the battlefield again!" She was the legend of the Heavenly Soul Alliance, the eccentric King of Mercenaries, and the number one bounty in the world. She closed her eyes unwillingly in a conspiracy, but she opened her eyes in the mountain of corpses in another world. When he met her, he knew at a glance that she was the love calamity of his life. He was unwilling to resolve it and even held her in his hands. He accidentally doted on her to the heavens, shocking the three worlds. "Your Majesty, this is bad. The Empress has led millions of divine soldiers to flatten the Waterswamp Empire and have stripped the dragon clan of their scales!" A certain someone held the book and did not even raise his head. He softly said,"Let her be!" "Your Majesty, it's bad again. The Empress's golden armor is too beautiful. She's surrounded by admirers!" A certain someone looked up, and his golden eyes darkened."Tell those who don't have eyes that this is my woman. If they dare to disturb her again, they will be killed without mercy!" I hope you like these novels.
Are there any novels about cross-dressing or cross-dressing?
😋I recommend the following novels to you: 1. "It's hard to pamper a domineering wife: Madam, keep a low profile." After the male protagonist becomes a woman, he is pursued by a certain man. Both male and female protagonists have to dress up. 2. The female protagonist disguised herself as a woman for revenge. 3. "After the transmigration, Winky is changing her vest every day": The female protagonist often dresses up as a man. She's so relaxed and doesn't torture her heart. 4. "The Reborn Prince of the Nation": The male lead and female lead dressed as men, attracting eyeballs and attention. 5. [The Story of His Highness's Favorite Husband: The female lead disguises herself as a man to hide her identity.] I hope you like this fairy's recommendation. Muah ~😗
Are there any novels with female protagonists that are similar to Shangguan Haitang's cross-dressing?
I recommend the book "The General Marries Here" to you. It's an ancient romance novel like Shangguan Haitang, and the female protagonist is also disguised as a man. The setting of the story was set in ancient times. The female lead, Murong Xi, was a princess. She was born disguised as a man. Her identity was noble, but she was cold on the outside but warm on the inside. She was full of courage and became a princess and a general. She showed off her skills and matched with a gentle male lead. The two of them signed a contract and ruled the world together. At the same time, they supported each other at critical moments. They were a perfect match. I hope you like this fairy's recommendation. Muah ~😗
Please recommend some fantasy novels with strong female leads and domineering male leads. There's no need for a cross-dressing plot, and gender is not the key.
"I recommend" Legendary Female Empress: Clouds Falling From The Sky ". The female lead, Yun Luo, is the direct daughter of the number one aristocratic family in the Western Heavens Empire. She was arrogant and domineering after she drowned and came back to life. She entered the top academy of the Celestial War Empire with the reputation of being a good-for-nothing and started her life as a legendary Female Empress! The male lead was also a domineering existence. I hope you like this fairy's recommendation. Muah ~😗
What are the recommendations for cross-dressing novels?
I recommend "The Fourth Master's Green Plum Fujin". This book was about a female protagonist who traveled to the Qing Dynasty and became Tong Jia Xili, the niece of Empress Xiaoyi. She and Yinzhen were childhood sweethearts, and he fell in love with her at first sight. She wanted to be alone for the rest of her life. Lord Fourth did not understand at first, but he fell in love with her and spent many years with her. I hope you like my recommendation. Muah ~
What are the recommendations for cross-dressing novels?
😋I recommend the following cross-dressing novels to you: "Imperial Uncle, the Princess Consort Climbed Over the Wall Again","Behave the Black-bellied Husband","The Peerless Pupil Illusionist of a Female Cross-dressing Man","Female Cross-dressing Man: The Rebirth of a Demoness's Love in the Past","The Phoenix Dance in the Qing Ning Chapter","The Ruffian Master: Master, Please Blow Out the Light at Dark","Female Cross-dressing Man: The Prince's Beauty","Little Demon, Where to Run","The Traversing Beauty of the Jade Prince","The Traversing Phoenix Descends the World", and so on. I hope you like this fairy's recommendation. Muah ~😗
What are the recommendations for cross-dressing novels?
😋I recommend the following ancient cross-dressing novels to you: 1. "Peerless Beauty": Si Muqi, a girl who disguised as a man, guarded the family business, but was regarded as a political chip by the monarch. Favorite novel 1v1 + black-bellied, let's see how she ends up with love. 2. "The Things Between the Regent and the Emperor": Nan Qi's Regent disguised as a man and concealed his gender in order to kill his family, but it tugged at the heartstrings of many people. Favoured novel 1v2, see if she can stay awake. 3. Empress Ping: The story of the young general Xiao Jin, who disguised herself as a man, becoming the empress. The combination of a strong man and a strong woman was unexpected. I hope you like this fairy's recommendation. Muah ~😗
Please recommend some novels that are good at cross-dressing and cross-dressing.
High-quality female novels that included rebirth and cross-dressing included: 1."The most handsome guy in the nation's school is a girl." Author: Zhan Qishao 2:"The Reborn National Prince Charming", Author: Shui Qianche 3. National Director Is a Prince Charming. Author: Gu Mushuang 4."Prince Charming is a Girl", Author: Miss Wei 5."Foppish Special Concubine", Author: Qing Moyu 6."The Goddess of Rebirth is Black-bellied." Author: Qingkong Xilan 7."The System's Rebirth: The Nation's Prince Charming", Author: Zijiu 8: Reborn Gold Against the World, Author: Zui Qianmeng 9. Calm Down, Lord Marquis. Author: Xi Huanyu Phoenix Brocade, Author: Chu Ying You can read these novels on Qidian Chinese Network. The following is an introduction to these novels: 1."The Nation's Most Handsome Student is a Girl": This book has been published in Bo Jiu. On the surface, she is a good-for-nothing. In reality, she was Z, who was sought after by the gods. A woman dressed as a man dominated the game. When people found out that "he" was a girl, the whole country was in an uproar! "Almighty Qin, do you have a girlfriend?" "No." Qin Mo put down his laptop. "Then from now on, it's me." Bo Jiu teased softly. (Reborn's favorite novel, female protagonist Bo Jiu, male protagonist Qin Mo, manga, with the same name,"National School Hunk is a Girl") 2:"The Reborn National Prince Charming":[This article is a cross-dressing male, reborn as a scum, sour and cool as a favorite article + cool without abuse, two strong and two clean one-on-one, welcome to jump into the pit!] In her previous life, Si Huang was controlled and framed by her close relatives. She was the best actor in a row but died without a burial place. He was unexpectedly reborn and returned to the starting point to obtain a strange inheritance. Si Huang touched his chin and thought,'This is really good. I must repay my debts and take revenge in this life.' She had returned to the throne of the entertainment industry. She was the number one male god in the eyes of women. She was the mysterious little God of Wealth in the eyes of businessmen. One punch against many hands, she was the new generation of domineering Little Wang of the quad. Hmm…she was also a treasure in someone's eyes. But one day, when the world found out that this fellow was a woman…the entire nation was in an uproar! Facing the swarm of crazy bees and butterflies, a certain man sneered,"Who dares to snatch the wife that I've protected for so long?" "Boss, Young Master Li requested Young Master Si to accompany him for dinner." "Seize his hotel." "Boss, Young Master Si and the Wang family's little prince are fighting." "Tell the doctor to 'take special care' of the patient." "What? But Young Master Si is fine." "It's to 'take care' of the Wang family." “……” Many years later, the little bun pointed at the results of the national poll on the man and woman he wanted to hug the most. He looked at the man beside him with a conflicted expression. "What's wrong, little baby?" Steamed Bun looked at his fingers and hesitated for a long time before asking,"Are you Daddy or Mommy?" "Of course it's Daddy!" The man's face darkened instantly. "But they all say that Daddy is the Prince Charming," the little bun said seriously."It's the Prince Charming who married you!" A certain man was speechless. Please look forward to it. This is Er Shui's modern favorite novel. The plot is the main focus (there will definitely be emotional scenes). The quality is guaranteed! Please support me! This article is empty, it is troublesome, please do not over-examine! Thank you, everyone! 3:"The National Director is a Prince Charming"(Reborn Su Shuang cross-dressing as a man, male lead Jiang Yi, female lead Jun Ci) The Crown Prince, who was in the limelight, was reborn into a pitiful little girl whose face was disfigured and hated by everyone. The crown prince expressed that this was not a problem! The originally disfigured face was actually a face that men, women, old and young would go crazy over. "He" is the perfect lover in the hearts of countless men and women A demon who even dreamed of marrying her! And one day, the Prince Charming would become a goddess? Male fan: Jiang Yi,[I'm not convinced. I'm her husband!] Jun Ci curled her lips into a foppish smile,"So what are you not convinced of?" 4."Prince Charming is a Girl": Wall Cracking recommended a new article,"My lovely wife is above, my honey pet!" After her rebirth, she had become a black-bellied, perverted…oh no, black-bellied, and flirtatious young master. Occasionally, he would abuse scum, tear apart white lotuses with his hands, and be a winner in life. He had thought that he could have three thousand beauties around his knees, but he had accidentally provoked a black-bellied person. From then on, his spring nights were short and his limbs were weak. One day, a reporter asked,"Young Master, may I ask what is the secret to your success?" Tang Wei smiled but didn't say anything. With a cheat in her left hand and a loyal dog husband in her right hand, if she did not reach the peak of her life, she would have wasted this damn rebirth! --------- The ending of the recommended girl article,"Hello, the school hunk!" cross-dressing + sweet pet + one-on-one, welcome to the pit O(headquarter)O 5.<<Foppish Special Ability Concubine>>: The young master of a modern special ability family was reborn in a single day. He became the 'Ninth Young Master' of the Jun family who had his dantian destroyed and died an unnatural death. A genius turned into a good-for-nothing, and the world laughed at him? She smiled calmly. With her special ability and the Heaven Defying Divine Pearl in her hands, her dantian was destroyed, so she could just repair it. With her cultivation gone, how difficult would it be to start over? After her rebirth, she was so talented that she blinded everyone. She wanted to become the person who stood at the peak, but she did not expect to provoke a black-bellied demon! He came from the Holy Region. He looked gentle, but he was actually cold and black-bellied. One look was enough to tell a pearl. He used all his gentleness and vowed not to let go of her. 6."The Goddess of Rebirth is Two-Faced":[The new book,"The Sick Villain Lying to Me to Pamper Him Again," has been released. I hope everyone will support it!] "He" was bullied and scolded by others, but in a flash, he had become a genius, the most dazzling and unprofessional male god in the entertainment industry. Pills in his left hand and spiritual weapons in his right. His peers were obsessed with it, and the entire nation was crazy about it! Celebrity A: I want to maintain my figure. - - Celebrity B: The paparazzi are too annoying. - - The fans shouted,[Able to write, able to fight, able to be tough, able to be cute, able to tear apart paparazzi, able to get resources, able to pamper fans…Other than having children, I know everything!] A certain man looked at her domineeringly,"She can give birth!" And it's my child! 7."The System's Rebirth: The Nation's Prince Charming": Rebirth is not scary, but it's scary to be reborn into a monster. Shu Cheng is the model of this monster. [Ding--The System has discovered a virus, cleaning up the virus...] [Ding--Virus removal failed...] [Warning! Warning! Binding failed, transmigration function failed…] Shu Cheng used to be a system that knew everything. When she was reborn, she swore that she would live a dazzling life! He was a web novel guru, a sci-fi god, a martial arts emperor, an international movie queen, and even a soul musician…A woman dressed as a man, a strong woman, a strong man, a one-on-one man. The female lead was clean in body and mind, the male lead was handsome, had strong "abilities", and had a cold personality. He liked to earn money and dote on his wife. After earning money, he would spend it all on his wife. Welcome to Nine Gardens, Group chats number: 906141003 8."Reborn daughter goes against the world": A daughter of a daughter wakes up and becomes the "illegitimate child" that everyone in the Leng Corporation in the capital despises. From then on, she had disguised herself as a man since she was young and abused scum and slapped people in the face. It had become her daily routine. If the teacher said that she was bad at studying, she would change! Her classmates said she was ugly, but she changed! Her family said that she had no taste, so she bought it! If the wife called her a b * tch, she would hit her! She was best at face-slapping in palace fights. How could she feel good? National school hunk, business genius! When she met him, she had met her nemesis. "You're so small. Go run and train your eight-pack." "No!" Heavens! She didn't want abs, she wanted a waistline! "It's hard to tell whether you're male or female. You look like a gigolo. Go bask in the sun and get some calcium." "No!" She wanted to be a rich and beautiful woman, but he tried his best to slander her. [New article,"The All-rounded Queen is online!"] Group favorite cool article online, welcome to the pit. The recommended ending is a good article,"The Beast Tamer Queen is Super Fierce." It's a hilarious and refreshing article. Welcome to flirt!] [Lord Marquis, Calm Down] Xie Yun Shu and Xie Chen were brothers. Regardless of whether it was in her previous life or this life, their ending could only be death. The best way to take revenge on an enemy was to kill him? No, Xie Yunshu decided to turn him gay. The powerful and violent Marquis Dingguo's life motto was 'either don't do it, or do it to the extreme.' When he finally made up his mind and admitted the fact that he liked men, he carried back his second brother, who was a feast for the eyes and dared to stroke his tiger beard three or four times. "I'm a woman," said Xie Yunshu proudly. 10.<<Phoenix Brocade>>: The coroner's daughter, Hua Qiao, has a mysterious background. Why does she have to pay the price of human lives repeatedly? His adoptive father had transmigrated here, and because he knew history, how could he escape the heavy pursuit and return? His biological father was extremely noble and died suddenly. Why was his eldest brother and cousin suspected? From solving cases together to rebellion, they fell out because of their identities. From being close as friends to tearing apart enemies, they became enemies because of their positions. Since riches and honor are like weeds, Why don't you be happy in Jianghu? I hope you like these novels.