What was the basic theory of literature?The basic theory of literature is a theoretical system that studies literary phenomena, literary processes, and literary laws. It is the foundation and core of literary theory. It mainly studies the nature, characteristics and laws of literary creation, the historical process of the emergence and development of literary phenomena, and the mutual relationship and interaction between literary phenomena.
The basic theory of literature usually included the following aspects:
1. The basic rules of literary creation: including the psychological mechanism of literary creation, the process of creation, and the techniques of creation.
2. The basic types of literary creation: including novels, poems, plays, essays, etc.
3. The basic elements of literary creation, including language, character image, plot, theme, etc.
4. The basic styles and schools of literary creation: including classical literature, realism literature, romanticism literature, modernist literature, post-modernist literature, etc.
5. The historical development of literary creation, including the origin, development, climax and low point of literary creation.
The basic theory of literature is of great significance to literary research, literary creation, and literary education.
The basic characteristics of Yin-Yang theory"The Yin-Yang theory has the following basic characteristics:
** 1. Opposites **
1. ** Concept and Connotation **
- Yin and Yang was a summary of the two contradictory sides of things, representing the two opposing basic forces or the two opposing aspects of things. For example, in the relationship between topography and sunshine, facing the sun is yang, and facing away from the sun is yin; In terms of orientation, the south of the mountain and the north of the water are yang, and the north of the mountain and the south of the water are yin; In the human body, the physical body can be regarded as yin, and human spiritual activities such as being able to speak can be regarded as yang.
2. ** Phenomenon Manifestation **
- In terms of natural phenomena, for example, Zhou Taishi Bo Yangfu attributed yin and yang to the specific content of the qi of heaven and earth, and explained earthquakes and other phenomena with the relationship between yin and yang. In Taiji Fist, every movement contained the opposing elements of Yin and Yang, such as movement and stillness, emptiness and reality.
** 2. Universality **
1. ** Range of coverage **
- The theory of Yin and Yang was widely used in various fields of traditional China culture. In ancient China, it was a theoretical framework for thinking and describing the nature of the universe and all things. From philosophy to natural science, from social phenomena to human health, it was reflected in many aspects.
2. ** Multidisciplinary application **
- In the field of philosophy, it was one of the cornerstone of the Zhouyi. Different philosophers defined and elaborated the meaning of Yin and Yang from their own perspectives. For example, Lao Tzu and Zhuang Zi used the concept of Qi to explain the nature and changes represented by Yin and Yang. In the field of medicine, the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic used Yin and Yang to explain the diagnosis and treatment of human pathologies and diseases. In astronomy, physics, chemistry, and other disciplines, the way of thinking centered on Yin and Yang and the five elements had long been dominant in the traditional way of thinking.
** 3. Relativeness **
1. ** The perspective of things **
- The attributes of Yin and Yang were not absolute, but relative, and depended on the relationship between things. For example, within an object, two opposing aspects could be divided into yin and yang, but in another larger system, the parts that originally belonged to yin or yang might have different yin and yang attributes.
2. ** Dynamic change angle **
- Yin and Yang would transform into each other in different situations and conditions. For example, in terms of body fat and thinness, movement produces yang. When one moves more, yang will increase and yin will decrease, and people will be thin. When one moves less, yin will increase, and people will be fat. At the same time, the balance of Yin and Yang was a dynamic balance, not static. Yin and Yang constantly restricted each other and depended on each other.
** 4. Inter-root compatibility **
1. ** Relationship **
- Yin and Yang were mutually dependent and fundamental. Neither Yin nor Yang could exist independently of the other. For example, in the human body, the physical body (Yin) and the spirit (Yang) depended on each other. Without the physical body, the spirit had nothing to rely on, and without the spirit, the physical body was just a lifeless body.
2. ** Inter-usage relationship **
- The yin and yang were also mutually beneficial and helpful. For example, in the practice of Taiji Fist, the combination of movement and stillness, stillness in movement, and movement in stillness could reflect the essence of Taiji Fist.
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The basic content of Yin-Yang theory"The basic content of the Yin-Yang theory is as follows:
1. [Opposite Restriction of Yin and Yang]:
- The two contradictory parties in a unity repel each other and fight each other. For example, heaven and earth, above and below, and many other opposite things or phenomena were in this opposite relationship. This kind of opposition is absolute, such as the weather is light and clear for yang, the earth qi is heavy and turbid for yin, the water is cold and moist for yin, the fire is hot and hot for yang, etc. Both yin and yang restrict each other. For example, the rise of warm yang qi in spring and summer restrains cold qi, and the rise of cold yin qi in autumn and winter restrains warm qi.
2. * * Yin Yang Reciprocity **:
- The two opposing aspects of Yin and Yang in all things or phenomena are mutually dependent and fundamental. Neither Yin nor Yang could exist independently from the other. Each side took the existence of the opposite side as the premise and condition of its existence. As the saying went,"Yang is rooted in Yin, and Yin is rooted in Yang","Yang is born in Yin, and Yin is born in Yang","Yin alone does not grow, and Yang alone does not grow." The situation of Yin inside being the guardian of Yang, and Yang outside being the messenger of Yin was the embodiment of this relationship.
3. [Balance of Yin and Yang]:
- The quantity and proportion of the opposing yin and yang were constantly increasing or decreasing. Under normal circumstances, both yin and yang should grow and not be excessive, and disappear and not decline. There are many forms of the growth and decline of yin and yang, such as yang diminishing and yin growing, yin diminishing and yang growing, heat injuring yin (yang growing and yin diminishing), cold injuring yang (yin yang diminishing), yin deficiency and fire flourishing (yin diminishing and yang growing), yang deficiency and yin exuberance (yang diminishing and yin growing), etc.
4. * * Yin Yang Transformation **:
- Under certain conditions, the opposing yin and yang can transform into their opposite. This transformation generally refers to the change of the overall attributes of things or phenomena. That is, under certain conditions, the yang can be transformed into yin, and the yin can also be transformed into yang under certain conditions. For example,"heavy yin will lead to yang, double yang will lead to yin","extreme cold will produce heat, extreme heat will produce cold", the transformation of yin and yang usually occurs when the change of yin and yang has developed to a certain extent.
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Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese MedicineAt present, there was no single resource that specifically provided online reading of basic theoretical terms of Chinese medicine, but some terms could be summarized from the basic theoretical knowledge of Chinese medicine to help understand.
The basic theories of Chinese medicine covered many things, such as the theory of yin and yang and the five elements. Yin and yang were opposite and mutually dependent concepts, which were reflected in many aspects of human health and disease. The five elements included wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. There was a relationship between them and the five internal organs.
In the theory of viscera, the five zang-organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney), six fu-organs (gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, bladder, triple energizer), and Qi Heng fu were all important terms. Meridians and collaterals in the Meridian Theory were the channels through which blood and Qi circulated in the human body, including meridians and collaterals.
In the theory of aetiology, six evils (wind, cold, summer, dampness, dryness, fire, when they become pathogenic factors), seven emotions (joy, anger, worry, thought, sadness, fear, shock), and other terms related to pathogenic factors. There were also terminologies such as "extreme deficiency has exuberant symptoms" and "great deficiency has emaciated symptoms" in the theory of Pathology, which reflected the relationship between the essence and phenomenon of diseases.
The theory of health preservation involved some concepts and methods related to how to maintain human health.
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