charts of theA nautical map was a type of ocean map, a guide for safe navigation at sea. The earliest ocean map in the world was the portland-type chart from the 14th to the 17th century, which was specially used for navigation. The map was covered with radiating bearing lines. With these bearing lines and compasses, navigators could determine the direction of the ship on the ocean at any time. The map also detailed the coastline, bay, islands, cape, shoals, coastal mountains, and features that helped navigation.
The current nautical chart was much more complicated than the portland nautical chart. In addition to the clear sailing routes, there were also many other marine and aquatic elements.(For example, water depth, tides, ocean currents, whirlpools, icebergs, and frozen boundaries), seabed topography (for example, underwater mountains, reefs, trenches, etc.), coastal landforms, obstacles to navigation (for example, reefs, shoals, dangerous areas, shipwrecks, fishing equipment, and minefields), navigation aids (for example, lighthouses, lampposts, and beacons), as well as ports, straits, islands, wind direction, and orientation, were all indicated on the map with appropriate legends. There were many types of nautical charts, such as general nautical charts, ocean nautical charts, coastal nautical charts, coastal charts, bay charts, and so on.
With the development of nautical activities, nautical maps were constantly developed and perfected. For example, in the era of great navigation, with the opening of new sea routes, more geographical information was marked on the world map. In the Candino Plane Sphere Map made by Portugal in 1502, the Portuguese had clearly explored the African coast. The outline of the African coast was almost the same as reality, but the East Asian region on the map was very distorted, and the American region only had a few corners in the easternmost part. In 1507, the world map drawn by the German draftsman Martin Waldzemüller had the concept of the Western Hemispheres and the Eastern Hemispheres, and it was larger and more accurate. It was also the first time to use "America" to mark the New World. In the Atlantic Ocean nautical map drawn by Pireres of Turkey in 1513, the outline of the east coast of South America was clear and accurate, but the coastline of North America was distorted.
China had also made some progress in nautical charts. In late June 2024, with the publication of another batch of paper and electronic nautical charts of foreign sea areas by the Chinese Navy Press, the nautical charts compiled by China had covered the world's major sea areas. This marked the end of the history of Chinese military and civilian ships relying on foreign nautical charts for navigation in some foreign sea areas.
Raymond Briggs 'wifeRaymond Briggs had two wives. His first wife, Jean, died of schizophrenia and leukemia in 1973, and they had no children. His second wife, Liz, died in October 2015 of Alzheimer's and dementia.
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