principle of fluorescence

Reticulated red blood cells (Ret, RET) were the transition cells between late red blood cells and fully mature red blood cells. There was a basophilic substance in the cells, which was called Ribone-Nucleic Acid (R A). In the blood routine test of reticulin fluorescence, fluorescent dye (such as acridinium orange, pyronine-Y, thiazole-orange) was used to stain the inner part of the reticulin cells, and then the test was carried out by flow biochemistry (Fcm). According to the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by the reticulin, the degree of maturity of the reticulin was distinguished. The reticulin at different maturity stages contained different amounts of DNA, so the reticulin groups with low, medium and high fluorescence intensity were distinguished according to the intensity of the fluorescence. For example, high fluorescence intensity reticulin (HFT), medium fluorescence intensity reticulin (MFT), and low fluorescence intensity reticulin (LFT). These three indicators could be used to calculate the reticulin maturity index (RMi). In addition, there were also blood analysts that used a white blood cell measurement channel to detect the hemolyzed and fluorescent staining of the blood sample. The data in the blood shadow area was used to identify the reticulin particles, thereby achieving the detection of reticulin. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

The fluorescent reaction principle of the jade bead was based on the energy transfer produced by the trace elements contained in the minerals. Jadeite was mainly composed of silicon minerals, which contained a small amount of metal elements such as mercury and iron, which would affect its fluorescent properties. When the violet light shone on the jade bead, the bead would absorb the energy in the violet light, causing the electrons in the mineral to be excited to a higher energy level. Then, these electrons would return to the ground state from the excited state and release energy. This energy was emitted in the form of visible light, showing the unique fluorescent color of jade. In addition, the fluorescent reaction of the jade bead was also related to the intensity of light, the content of trace elements in the mineral, the shape, angle, curvature, and internal structure of the jade itself. Due to the different geological environment and origin of jadeite deposits in different regions, the fluorescence reaction would also be slightly different. This fluorescent reaction could be used as one of the important basis for identifying the authenticity of jade beads and determining their quality and source, but it was not the only basis. When identifying, it was necessary to consider the characteristics of color, texture, clarity, and hardness. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

Some of Huawei's phones had a "fluorescent photography" mode, such as the Huawei P50 Pocket phone. It could be used for fluorescent photography because the LED flash on the back of the phone was attached to a lamp bead that emitted ultra-violet light. It was named the " hyperspectral fill light." In a low-light environment, indoors or outdoors, when the " fluorescent photography " mode was turned on, the ultra-violet fill light would work, and the phone would enter the fluorescent photography mode. Due to the low power of the ultraviolet-emitting device, the excited fluorescence was weak, and other light interference might cover up the fluorescence color. When shooting at home, you can use the "single-lamp water bottle box lighting method" to maximize the shooting effect, that is, insert the flower on the glass bottle and put it on the dark box to form a black background, shoot from top to bottom with the phone, and use another LED light to light it. Before shooting, you can also use ordinary lighting to determine the shooting effect, such as using the phone's "automatic mode + reduced exposure compensation" to dim the picture or using professional mode to set the lowest IQ to ensure the quality. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

Take the Nikon E600 Biofluorescence Microscope as an example. Its parameters are as follows: Total Magnification: 10 - 1000X, Observation: 2 - 500X (for 35mm microphotography); with a CFI60 telephoto optical system with a parfocal distance of 60mm; equipped with a three-eye tube; using a Nikon lens; the condensing lens is achromatic with a numerical aperture of 0.9; there are 12V-100W long-life and 6V-30W halo lamps; the objective lens plate is a six-hole objective lens changer and a six-hole DIC objective lens changer; the stage is a super-hard film coated surface; the eyepieces have a magnifying power of 10; 10 times the objective lens; The origin is Japan; The brand is Nikon; The model number was the E600. No processing; Non-cross-border goods. In addition, there was also a Nikon upright microscopic imaging system, which was equipped with 4X, 10X, 20X, 40X, 60X, and 100Xoil lenses, a fully automatic electric stage, a Nikon microscopy-specific color digital CCD', an LED fluorescent light source, and Dapi, Green, and Blue fluorescent filter. It also had Nikon's advanced image analysis and processing software, NSI-Elements AR. It is mainly used for slide sample imaging and supports basic applications such as bright-field, phase contrast, DIC, and multi-channel fluorescence photography. It has a module image processing and analysis system that can automatically take multi-channel fluorescence photos. The fully automatic software controls the lens and channel, field of view, and focal length adjustment. It has the function of big picture stitching and can perform stitching and scanning on tissue samples. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

The intensity of the fluorescent reaction of the liquid can be measured by direct or indirect methods. ** 1. Direct measurement method ** 1. ** Direct comparison method ** - First, prepare a standard solution and measure its fluorescence intensity as F_x. The concentration of the standard solution is known as C_s. If the fluorescence intensity of the blank solution can be adjusted to zero, the content of the fluorescent substance to be tested in the sample can be calculated according to the comparison of the fluorescence intensity of the standard solution and the sample solution. If the fluorescence intensity of the blank solution cannot be adjusted to zero, the fluorescence intensity of the blank solution must be deducted from the fluorescence intensity of the sample solution and the standard solution. 2. ** Standard curve method ** - After the standard substance with known content was treated in the same way as the sample, a series of standard solutions were prepared and their fluorescence intensity was determined. A standard curve was drawn with the fluorescent intensity versus the fluorescent substance content. Then, the fluorescence intensity of the sample solution was measured, and the content of the fluorescent substance to be measured in the sample was calculated from the standard curve. In order to ensure that the standard curves drawn each time were consistent, the instrument should be corrected with the same standard solution each time. If the solution was unstable under the illumination of the ultra-violet light, another stable standard solution with similar fluorescence peaks should be used for correction. For example, when determining the standard curve of B1, the solution of Quinine Sulphate could be used as the standard correction instrument. ** II. indirect measurement ** 1. ** chemical conversion method ** - For substances that cannot emit fluorescence or have a low fluorescence quantum yield, and the fluorescence is weak and cannot be directly measured, it can be changed into fluorescent substances suitable for measurement through chemical reactions. For example, the reaction of metals and chelators produces fluorescent chelates, and organic compounds can be converted into fluorescent substances through reactions such as biochemical reactions, oxido-reduction, couples, and condensations. 2. ** fluorescence quenching method **(The document does not describe the specific operation of this method in liquid measurement in detail. It only mentions this method). <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

The principle of bleachings was to make objects lose their color through the oxidisation properties of bleaches. Different types of bleaches had different principles. The principle of the bleaching-powder was that the bleaching-powder would produce hypochloric acid when it came into contact with water. The hypochloric acid could catalyze the coloring matter, thus achieving the purpose of the bleaching-powder. The principle of hydrogen dioxide was that hydrogen dioxide was a strong oxidiser. It could destroy the " chromophore " inside the organic color substance and cause it to lose its original color. The principle of the absorption bleachings was that the substance had a large surface area, which could absorb the dye and make the substance fade. Other bleaches such as sulfur dioxide and ClO2 had similar principles. In general, bleaches change the color of objects or fade them through an oxidization reaction.

The microeconomics volume of Mankiw's Principles of Economics (8th edition) was accompanied by an English version of the Mindtap online learning platform, which included a wealth of learning resources such as interacting e-books. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

The principle of reflexivity was proposed by Soros. This principle was based on a phenomenon that existed in human affairs: when someone was involved in something, the participant's view of the world was one-sided and distorted (fallibility principle), and these distorted views would in turn affect the things related to the point of view. From the perspective of the connection between the participant's thinking and the situation they participated in, it could be decomposed into a cognitive function and a participation function. In the cognitive function, the participant's cognition depends on the situation; in the participation function, the situation is affected by the participant's cognition. The interaction between the two is called reflexivity, which can be expressed as a pair of recursion functions: y = f(x), x = q(y). In the field of economics, traditional theories often avoided or denied reflexivity, and Soros believed that a fundamental factor in the existence of reflexivity was human cognitive bias. In addition, Kant believed that the application of moral laws in practice was based on the principle of reflexivity. This principle meant that every moral law must become a basic principle, and every rule must conform to the basic principles that any rational person could accept. In the moral theory he constructed, he emphasized human free will and free decision. This principle was widely used in modern philosophy and promoted the development and progress of human thinking. "Yun Anlu's Body Sacrifice" is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to read it!