computer basic knowledge

Basic computer knowledge could be summarized from the following aspects: ** 1. Computer System Constitution ** 1. ** hardware system ** - ** History ** - The first generation of computers (1946 - 1957) was in the era of vacuum tubes; the second generation of computers (1958 - 1964) was in the era of transistors; the third generation of computers (1965 - 1970) was in the era of integrated circuits; and the fourth generation of computers (after 1971) was in the era of large-scale integrated circuits. In 1946, the world's first computer, ENIAC, was born at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 17468 tubes, covered an area of 170 square meters, weighed 30 tons, consumed 174 Kilowatts of electricity, cost more than 400,000 US dollars, and could perform 5000 addition and substitution operations per second. - ** The hardware composition under the Von-Neummann architecture ** - It was composed of five parts: arithmetic unit, controller, memory, input device, and output device. The arithmetic unit and the controller formed the CPU (central processing unit), which was the most important part of the entire computer system. - ** Divided by Scale ** - ** Supercomputer **: It is used in cutting-edge national defense technology and modern scientific computing. The computing speed can reach more than 100 billion times per second. For example, China's "Tianhe-1" is a petascale supercomputer. - ** Large computer **: High computing speed, capable of executing tens of millions of instructions per second, large storage space, commonly used for scientific computing, data processing, or as a network server, such as the iPhone Z13 mainframe. - ** Miniature computer **: Small scale, simple structure, low operating environment requirements, used for industrial automatic control, measuring instruments, data acquisition in medical equipment, etc. - ** Microcomputer **: The CPU uses a microchip chip. It is small and light. It is widely used in business, service industry, factory automatic control, office automaton, and popular information processing. - ** Server **: A high-performance computer that provides various services to the client computer. According to the application function, it can be divided into Web servers, database servers, and other types; according to the appearance, it can be divided into tower servers, blade servers, and rack servers. 2. ** software system **: Together with the hardware system, they form a computer system. The two complement each other, but the reference materials do not describe the details such as the classification of software systems. 3. ** Computer Network **: This is the part about the wonderful world of computers, but the reference materials did not provide a detailed summary of the basic knowledge points related to computer networks. ** 2. Computer hardware related ** 1. **CPU（Central Processing Unit）** - It was composed of a controller and an arithmetic unit, and was the core component of a computer system. The server's CPU included Intel's Xeon, Itanium, and so on. Different CPU had different main frequencies (the CPU's clock frequency, in Hertz). The main frequency affected the CPU's operating frequency during computing. 2. ** Server hardware composition and classification ** - ** Tower Server **: An early server form. Its appearance is similar to that of a stand-up PC. It has a large case space, a strong expansion capability of the main board, and many slots. The internal space is reserved for the redundant expansion of the hard disk and power supply. The design takes noise reduction into consideration. It is rarely used at present. - ** Blade Server **: Multiple card server units can be inserted into a standard-height rack-type case to achieve high utilization and density. It can be managed in a central manner, with high performance, flexible expansion, and configuration on demand. It can be combined into a server cluster to share resources. - ** Rack-mounted servers **: designed according to a unified standard, used with cabinets, easy to manage, high density, and space-saving. The width is 19 inches (48.26cm), and the height is in units of U (1U = 1.75 inches = 44.45mm). There are commonly 1U, 2U, and 3U standards. Currently, most of them are sold. "A Short History of the Future: Legends of the Intelligent Era" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to click and read it!

The following are some basic knowledge of computer principles: 1. ** Numbering System Conversion **: Including conversion between binaries, octals, decimals, and hex. 2. ** Code representation **: The representation of original code, complement code, complement code, and code shift. 3. ** Number representation **: The representation of fixed-point numbers and floating-point numbers, as well as the addition, multiplication, and division of fixed-point numbers and floating-point numbers. 4. ** logical operations **: And (AND), or (OR), not (NOT) and other logical operations. 5. **CPU related ** - ** Structure and Function **: The full name of CPU is Central Processing Unit, which is the core component of a computer. It was mainly composed of a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU). In terms of functions, it was composed of four parts: a register, a controller, an arithmetic unit, and a clock. - ** Work flow **: The core work process can be divided into three key stages: extraction, decoding, and execution. That is, the instructions are extracted from the main memory of the system, the actual content of the instructions is deciphered, and then the relevant parts execute the instructions. - ** Registers Type and Function **: Registers can temporarily store instructions, data, and addresses. Registers with different functions include the accumulating register.(Store data after operation and calculation), Flag register (Reflects the processor's state and the characteristics of the operation results, controls the execution of instructions), program counter (stores the address of the unit where the next instruction is located), base register (stores the starting position of the memory where the data is stored), index register (stores the relative address of the base register), general register (stores any data), instruction register (stores the instructions that are being executed, used internally by the CPU, and cannot be read or written by the programmer), stack register (the starting position of the storage stack area), etc. 6. ** Controllers and logic gates ** - ** Transcendence **: An electronic switch that can control the flow of electric current through electrical signals. There were three terminal: collector, transmitter, and base. When a small current was applied to the base, it could act as a conductor to allow the current to pass through. Otherwise, it could act as an insulation to prevent the current from flowing between the collector and the transmitter. - ** logic gate **: It is constructed from a single crystal, such as an AND gate, an OR gate, a NOT gate, an Exclusive OR gate, etc. It is the basis for building more complex circuits. Different logic gates have different input and output rules. For example, an AND gate has an output of 1 if both of its input are 1, and an OR gate has an output of 1 if one of its input is 1. 7. ** Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)**: It is a component inside the CPU that is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. It can recognize and perform specific arithmetic operations through the decode. 8. ** Command identification **: The CPU uses opcode to identify and execute different types of commands. "A Short History of the Future: Legends of the Intelligent Era" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to click and read it!

The basic knowledge of the novel was as follows: A novel is a literary genre that is usually composed of a series of stories, each of which has its own protagonist and plot. A novel could be an independent literary work or a gift or attachment to other literary works. Fictions often use fictional plots and characters to express the author's views and thoughts. The novel can be about any subject, including romance, adventure, history, science fiction, horror, and realism. The common types of novels include science fiction, horror novels, historical novels, romance novels, detective novels, science fiction, and so on. Fictions are usually narrated in first or third person, which means that the author can directly describe the feelings, thoughts and actions of himself or the characters he/she is describing. The language of a novel is usually very vivid, vivid, concise, and infectious in order to better convey the author's views and feelings. The creation of a novel usually requires a long period of preparation and exploration. It requires the author to have a wealth of knowledge and experience in order to create a fascinating story and unique characters. The novel can influence people's thoughts, feelings and values, so it is widely read and studied.

Prose is a literary genre that is free, flexible, and lyric-based. It often uses freestyle, argumentative, narrative, and narrative techniques to express the author's emotions and thoughts. It does not pay attention to structure or rhythm. Prose is not limited by time and space, and can be written anytime and anywhere. It can be a diary, an essay, a long novel, a poem, etc. Prose is a form of literature that is often used to describe characters, scenery, emotions, and thoughts. It is one of the most popular forms of literature.

The basic knowledge of the script was as follows: A script is a document describing the plot, scenes, characters, and actions of a movie or television series. It is usually written by the director, screenwriter, and actors. The structure of a script was usually divided into three parts: the beginning, the middle, and the end. The opening was usually the introduction of the characters and background information, the middle part was the development of the plot, and the end was the conclusion and climax. The characters in the script usually had basic information such as name, age, gender, personality, goals, and motives. There were also clear lines of action and dialogue. The scenes in the script usually have information such as location, time, climate, and atmosphere, and they need to correspond to the characters and the plot. The action scenes in the script needed to have clear action designs, including attack, defense, pursuit, murder, and so on. The language of the script should be clear, concise, rhythmic and musical so that the audience can better understand and enjoy the movie or TV series. The review and modification of the script was very important. It required the participation and review of the director, scriptwriter, producer, and other parties.

Calligraphy was an important part of Chinese culture. It was an art form that used words as a tool to express the author's unique artistic style and aesthetic concept through the use of pen and ink. The following is the basic knowledge of calligraphy: 1. Calligraphy font classification: Calligraphy font can be classified according to the thickness of the strokes, the curvature and the beauty of the font. Common calligraphy font types include regular script, running script, cursive script, official script, seal script, etc. 2. The characteristics of calligraphy strokes: The strokes of calligraphy should be smooth, flexible, powerful, and rhythmic. Common strokes included lifting, pressing, turning, folding, arc, circle, square, and so on. 3. Tools for calligraphy creation: The main tools for calligraphy creation are brushes, but there are also pens, pens, and pens. 4. The artistic features of calligraphy: The artistic features of calligraphy include the use of pen, ink, the relationship between words, rhythm, artistic conception, etc. Among them, the relationship between the brush, ink, and words was the basic element of calligraphy. Rhythm and artistic conception were the higher realm of calligraphy. 5. Calligraphy schools and representatives: There are many schools of calligraphy: traditional calligraphy schools and modern calligraphy schools. Traditional calligraphy schools mainly include regular script, running script, cursive script, official script, etc. Modern calligraphy schools include fountain pen calligraphy, pencil calligraphy, fountain pen calligraphy, etc. The representatives included Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi, Yan Zhenqing, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, and so on. History and Development of Calligraphy: Calligraphy originated from China's long history and experienced a long development process. The earliest calligraphy could be traced back to the Warring States Period. With the development of the written language, calligraphy gradually became an independent art form. Nowadays, calligraphy had become an important part of Chinese traditional culture and was deeply loved and respected by people.

The basic knowledge of stocks included the stock market, stock types, account opening, stock trading time, stock terms, and so on. China's stock trading mainly consisted of the Shanghai stock exchange, the Shen Zhen stock exchange, the Beijing stock exchange, and the New Third Board over-the-counter market. Among the types of stocks, A shares were shares issued by companies in China for domestic institutions, organizations, or individuals to purchase and trade in RMB. To buy stocks, one first needed to open an account. The stock trading hours were 9:30-11:30 and 13:00-15:00. You can learn about stock terms and other related knowledge through learning courses, video courses, and so on.

Basic knowledge of literature includes many aspects. The following are some common concepts and terms: 1. Fictions: A literary work that focuses on stories, usually using the characters, plot, and theme as the main means of expression. 2. Literature works: refers to literary works that exist in the form of words, such as novels, poems, essays, etc. 3. Literature genre: refers to different literary styles and creative methods such as romanticism, realism, and realism. 4. Literature form: It refers to the forms of literary works such as novels, poems, essays, etc. 5. Literature classics: refers to literary works that have been widely recognized and worshipped in history, such as Dream of the Red Chamber, Water Margins, Journey to the West, etc. 6. Literature theory: refers to the theory of analyzing and explaining literary works, such as literary theory, symbolism, expressionism, etc. 7. History of literature: refers to the history of the study and summary of the development of literature, such as modern Chinese literature, foreign literature, etc. 8. It refers to those who create literary works, such as shakespeare, cao Xueqin, etc. 9. Works: Hamlet, War and Peace, etc. Literature value: refers to the contribution and value of literary works to society and mankind, such as "Miserable World","The Catcher in the Rye", etc.

The following are some of the basics of programming: ** 1. Computer language type ** 1. ** Machine language ** - It was a machine-oriented language that used a set of machine instructions that the computer could directly recognize and execute. Its shortcomings were obvious. The programs were all 0 and 1 instruction codes, which were intuitive and error-prone. Moreover, the machine languages of different models of computers were not interlinked. The programs written on one computer according to its machine instructions could not be executed on another computer. 2. ** Assembly language ** - It was also a machine-oriented language, also known as symbolic language, which used symbols to replace machine instruction codes. It overcame the shortcomings of machine language, which was difficult to read, difficult to write, difficult to remember, and error-prone. It replaced the instruction code with English annotations, letters, numbers, and other symbols that were similar to the actual meaning of the code instructions. Assembly language was used to compile system software and process control software. The target program took up less memory space and ran fast, but it was the control information of the hardware operation like machine instructions. It was more cumbersome and time-consuming to use, and its commonality was poor. 3. ** Advanced Language ** - This is a language for users, similar to natural language, and can be accepted and executed by computers. ** 2. Basic Elements of Code (Python as an example)** 1. ** Commonly used phrases and keywords ** - For Python, it basically consisted of a few commonly used statements and some keywords to form complex code. The longer codes, even if they had thousands of lines, were also written by repeating these basic elements, but the logical functions were different. 2. ** Variant naming ** - The name of the variable could be defined by the programmer. In order to facilitate the reading and maintenance of the program when it was large, it was generally replaced with the English contraction of the function to be implemented. For example, the storage voltage value could be defined as a variable named VoltageValue or VoltVal. ** 3. Basic Concepts in Code ** 1. ** Variant **: Used to store data. Its value can be changed during the program's operation. 2. ** Condition statement **: Executes different code blocks according to different conditions, such as the if-elif- else statement in Python. 3. ** Loop **: You can execute a code repeatedly, such as for loop and while loop. 4. ** Function **: Encapsulated a piece of code that can be reused, making it easy to call and improving the reusage of the code. 5. ** Array/List **: It is used to store multiple data elements. You can easily operate on these elements, such as accessing, modifying, adding, or deleting elements. 6. ** Dictionary-object **: Store data in the form of key-value pairs, which makes it convenient to obtain the corresponding value according to the key. ** 4. Code Execution ** 1. ** The way codes are recognized and run by computers ** - Different types of computer languages had different recognition and operation methods. Machine language was directly recognized and executed by the computer. Assembly language needed to be converted into machine language by an assemble before it could be executed. High-level languages needed to be converted into machine language by a translator or interpreter before it could be executed. 2. ** Code Writing and Running Condition ** - Before writing code, you might need to set up the development environment, and this process might run into problems such as conflict of dependence and version mismatches. After writing the code, run the code in the corresponding way (such as modifying the file name extension in Python) to see the results. "When a programmer meets a psychologist" is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click to read it!