The main differences are in their expressions and some minor details of personality. In the manga, Deku might seem a bit more intense, while in the anime, he's sometimes presented a bit softer.
Well, obviously Deku in two forms - the younger and the older version are the main characters. The younger Deku is the one who is still growing and learning, while the older Deku has more experience.
Another plot might involve the older Deku being from an alternate timeline. He shows the younger Deku different ways he could have developed his skills and relationships, which makes the younger Deku reevaluate his own path as a hero.
As of now, Deku is very much alive in the manga. The plot hasn't reached a point where he meets such a fate. Usually, main characters like Deku have significant story arcs and aren't easily killed off.
Short stories could be published on major literature websites or literature platforms such as Qidian, Creation, Xiaoxiang, Yunqi, etc. These platforms all had a short story section where one could submit their works and wait for review. At the same time, they could also submit their works to other types of literary magazines or publishing houses, such as readers, Germinal, science fiction world, etc. However, it was important to note that different platforms and publishing houses had different requirements for the number of words and style of short stories.
Naruto's outgoing and boisterous personality would make Deku more confident. He would probably be more upfront and less shy. Naruto's strong sense of justice would also intensify Deku's already existing desire to help others.
Bakugou could use his words. He might tell Deku that he believes in him. For example, he could say 'Deku, you may be a nerd but you're a strong nerd.' It's a backhanded compliment but it shows he has faith in Deku.
In the manga, Deku experiences various ups and downs. He not only becomes stronger physically but also matures emotionally as he takes on greater responsibilities. There are also many unexpected plot twists that shape his journey.