Modern architecture, urban architectureModern architecture was a broad concept. In English literature, the term " modern architecture " was often used to refer to modern architecture in a broad sense. Modern architecture involved many aspects such as function, technology, industry, economy, culture, and art. Its innovation was also in many aspects. In the first half of the 20th century, many schools and different styles of architecture appeared.
The urban architecture was the embodiment of modern architecture in the urban environment. There were many types of modern buildings in the city. For example, the Shanghai Central Building, with a total height of 632 meters, 127 floors above ground and 5 floors underground, was a landmark building in Shanghai. The Guangzhou Tower, with a total of 39 floors and a height of 600 meters, was a radio and television tower and landmark building Guangzhou City with many functions. There was also the Beijing Galaxy SOHo, which was composed of four domed buildings. It was a large-scale complex that included office buildings and shopping malls. Its shape was unique and full of curve beauty. The modern buildings in these cities not only met the needs of practical functions, but also showed unique artistic charm and cultural content. They were integrated with the urban environment and influenced each other.
Gothic architectureGothic architecture was a medieval European architectural style that originated in France and was popular in Europe from the 13th to the 15th century. It was featured by tall spires, flying buttresses, and pointed arch. It expressed human reverence for God and yearning for the future. Gothic architecture was mainly used in churches, monasteries, castles, palaces and other buildings. Its basic components were pointed arch and rib vault. Gothic architecture had an important position in the history of architecture because of its superb technology and artistic achievements. Its unique features included its towering spires, the huge stained glass paintings on the windows, the dim light, and the suspended space structure. Gothic architecture had a major impact on the architectural style of later generations and provided valuable design inspiration for later architects.
temple architectureThe architectural features of Minnan temples were quite obvious, and they were very different from the architectural styles of other regions. They were usually built with red bricks and tiles, and they looked gorgeous and magnificent. The architectural style of Minnan temples was described as " red bricks and white stones with double slopes, with bricks and stone swallowtail ridges, carved beams and painted palaces." In addition, the layout of the temple buildings was also one of the important features of the temple buildings. According to the information provided, the basic parts of the temple buildings were divided into basic blocks and advanced blocks to show the level and style of the buildings in the temple. Ordinary seats were usually used in the Heaven King Hall, and as the courtyard went deeper, the base gradually rose. In summary, the architectural features of Minnan temples included the appearance of red bricks and tiles, and the layout of basic and advanced seats.
Gilded architectureA gilded building was a type of building that was decorated or constructed with gilded techniques.
For example, the Golden Hall of Wudang Mountain was a palace-style building made of copper cast in the Ming Dynasty. It was also the highest level of copper cast gilded architecture in China. It is located in the middle of the stone platform on the top of Tianzhu Peak, Wudang Mountain, Shiyan City, Hubei Province. It is 1612 meters above sea level and covers an area of about 160 square meters. It was built in the 14th year of Ming Yongle (1416) by Zhu Di, the emperor of Ming Dynasty. The golden hall faced east, with three rooms, 5.8 meters wide, 4.2 meters deep, and 5.54 meters high. It was a large wooden structure with double eaves and a hall-style roof. There are 12 columns around the hall, on which various components are stacked and supported by the upper and lower eaves through the bucket arch. The two ends of the ridge are cast with dragons facing each other. The four walls and columns are installed with latticed doors. The top of the hall has a flat chess ceiling and a shallow carving of flowing clouds. The ground is paved with purple stone patterns. Outside the hall, there is a gilded plate with the word "Golden Hall" on it, and there are cast copper guardrails around. All its components were cast separately. After installation, they were gilded. The structure was rigorous and tightly connected without any traces of casting. The statues were worshipped in the hall and there were related furnishings.
There was also a gilded copper pagoda from the Tang Dynasty, unearthed in 1987 in the underground palace of the temple in Baoji, Shaanxi Province. The Ashoka Tower was originally placed in the front room of the underground palace. It was 53.5 centimeters high and 28 centimeters long and wide at the base. It was composed of the base, the tower body, and the tower. It was molded and exquisite. It was a single-story pavilion with four corners. The base of the tower is a Sumeru seat, with three layers of gradually shrinking guardrails outside. The tower body is open on all sides and has a door, bucket arch, vertical lattice window and other settings. The top is a single-eave four-corner pointed shape, cast with tiles, the eaves angle is slightly curved, and then there is an Indian-style towering pagoda.
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AfricaAfrica was known as Africa, and it was located in the southwest of the Eastern Hemispher. It spanned the equator from north to south. It was bordered by the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of consecutively facing Europe in the north, and the Red Sea and Suez Canal in the northeast adjacent to Asia. It was about 8000 kilometers long from north to south and 7403 kilometers long from east to west. It covered an area of 30.29 million square kilometers, accounting for about 20.2% of the world's total land area. It was the second largest continent in the world.
There are 54 countries in Africa with a population of 1.4 billion, ranking second in the world. The north of the Sahara Desert was mainly white (Europa), and the south was mainly black (Negro). Most countries use English, French, Portugal, and Arabic as their official languages. The ethnic languages include Afro-Asian, Nilio-Saharan, Niger, and Koizan.
The terrain was mainly plateau, with an average altitude of about 750 meters. It was called the "Plateau Continent". The terrain was high in the southeast and low in the northwest. The plateau and mountains were mostly in the southeast, and the larger basins were in the northwest. The central part was mostly flat grassland except for the Kongo Basin, and the northern part was mostly desert. The climate is obviously zonal distribution. With the tropical rainforest climate as the center, the tropical grassland, tropical desert climate and Mediterranean climate are distributed in turn from north to south, and the north and south are symmetrical. The overall temperature is relatively high, dry and rainy, and the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is obviously different. Rivers and lakes accounted for about 17% of the world's water resources, ranking second in the world. The drainage area accounted for about 68.2% of the entire continent's area, such as the Nile River and the Kongo River.
Africa had a long history and was one of the birthplaces of mankind. Most of the events of human evolution took place here. By 10000 B.C., African ancestors had begun agricultural production in the Nile region. By 5000 B.C., permanent agricultural villages were established. Ancient Egypt established a unified country around 3200 B.C. Before the 15th century, African ancestors established many kingdoms and created brilliant civilizations. From the second half of the 15th century to the end of World War II, it was a period of colonial rule by European powers. In the 1950s and 1960s, the movement for national independence reached its peak, and in the 1990s, it became fully independent.
After entering the 21st century, the economy entered a medium-to-high-speed growth stage, but since 2014, the growth rate slowed down due to the weakening of the world economy and the fall in commodity prices. Africa's traditional economic structure was single and relied on the export of agricultural and mining primary products. In addition, Africa was rich in natural resources, many world cultural heritages, and a variety of literary and artistic forms. Its rock murals, sculptures, music and dance were famous for their arts. Its customs and diet were also unique. It was rich in tourism resources, and popular tourist cities included Cairo and Alexandria.
What is the MVP architecture?The MVP architecture was a software design pattern that divided a software system into three basic parts: Model, View, and Controller. The model was responsible for processing business rules and data, the view was responsible for displaying data, and the controller was responsible for processing user input and transmitting it to the model for processing. The main purpose of the MVP architecture was to separate business logic, data, and display to improve the code's survivability and expansibility. The interactions between models, views, and controllers were achieved through clearly defined interface, allowing each component to be independently developed and tested. The MVP architecture is widely used in the development of Web applications and APIs.
Architecture Design InstituteThe architectural design institute was a comprehensive architectural design institution with engineering consulting, architectural engineering design, urban planning, and other qualifications. There were many well-known architectural design institutes in China, such as the Shanghai Institute of architectural design and research, the Guangdong Province Institute of architectural design and research, the Zhongnan Institute of architectural design and research, the Beijing City Institute of architectural design and research, and the China Institute of architectural design and research. These architectural design institutes had rich design experience and excellent design works at home and abroad. The main business scope of the architectural design institute included preliminary consultation, planning, design, project management, project supervision, project general contracting, etc. The architectural design institute had an important position and influence in the construction industry. It provided high-quality design plans and professional services for various construction projects.
Disappearing architecture documentaryThe documentary " The Lost Buildings " was a documentary series about ancient Chinese architecture. We can understand that this documentary has a total of eight episodes. By shooting 101 ancient buildings, it shows the development and charm of ancient Chinese architecture. The documentary used high-definition format and three-dimensional animation technology to restore the appearance of some lost ancient buildings. Through this documentary, the audience could gain an in-depth understanding of the wisdom and cultural implications of ancient Chinese architecture. Although there was no specific feedback in the search results, it could be speculated that this documentary might leave a deep impression on the audience, allowing them to have a deeper understanding and appreciation of ancient Chinese architecture.
a description of ancient architectureThe description of ancient architecture was full of poetic and artistic charm, showing the unique charm of ancient architecture. We can get sentences and passages describing ancient architecture. For example," pavilions, ponds, pavilions, and waterside pavilions are reflected in the green pines and cypresses; artificial mountains and strange stones, flower beds, bonsai, vines, and green bamboos are dotted among them." This sentence described the beautiful landscape of ancient architecture. In addition," classical and cheerful, with a spire-shaped inclined roof, plastered wooden frames and pillar decorations, natural building materials and vines climbing on them complement each other. Classic but not fashionable." This sentence described the classic and fashionable beauty of ancient architecture. In addition, there were some descriptions of the interior of ancient buildings, such as " When you enter the door of the residential area, the first thing you see is a spacious courtyard. The courtyard is covered with trees and flowers." This sentence described the warmth and beauty of the interior of the ancient residential house. To sum up, the description of ancient architecture could show its beauty by describing the appearance, landscape, and interior of the building.