redox reaction and electrode process

The following is an example of a handwritten note on a reduction reaction: * * 1. Basic Concepts ** 1. * * Reaction Type ** - Oxidation reaction: A reaction in which the chemical valency of the elements contained in a substance increases. - Reductive reaction: A reaction in which the chemical valency of the elements contained in a substance is reduced. - Oxidation-reduction reaction: There are reactions where the valency of elements increases and decreases. 2. * * Reactants ** - Oxidant: A substance that obtains electrons in a reaction. - Reductant: A substance that loses electrons during a reaction. 3. * * Production ** - [Oxidation product: The product obtained after the loss of electrons.] - [Reductive product: The product obtained after electrons are reduced.] 4. * * Material Nature ** - Oxidability: The property of the electron emitted by the initiator. - Reductibility: The property of a reducing agent that loses electrons. * * 2. Common Oxidants and Reductants ** 1. * * Judgment basis (mainly depends on the element's valency)** - When the element is at the highest valency, the element can only be used as an oxidiser, such as Mn with +7 valency and S with +6 valency. - When an element was in an intermediate state, it could act as both an oxidiser and a reducing agent, such as S with 0 valency and S with +4. - When an element is at its lowest price, it can only be used as a reducing agent, such as S with a-2 valency. 2. * * Important Oxidants ** - Active non-metallic elements, such as F2, Cl2, Br2, O2, etc. - When the element is at a high price, it is an oxide-containing acid, a high-priced ox-containing acid, and a high-priced ox-containing acid salt, such as MNO2, NO2; concentrated H2SO4, HNO3; KMNO4, KClO3, FeCl3, etc. - Peroxides, such as Na2O2, H2O2, etc. 3. * * An important reducing agent ** - Elemental metals such as Na, K, Mn, and Mn. - Some non-metallic elements, such as H2, C, Si, etc. - Oxides of elements with low valency, such as CO, SO2, etc. - An acid when the element is at a low valency, such as HQ (concentrated), Brr, Hi, H2S, etc. - The salt when the element is at a low valency, such as Na2SO3, FeSO4, etc. * * 3. Description of electron transfer ** 1. * * Double Line Bridge Method ** - The arrow points from the element in the reagent that has changed its valency to the same element in the product that has changed its valency (an arrow goes up and an arrow goes down, crossing the equal sign in the middle of the equation). - Number of electrons transferred: When the valency increases, electrons are lost; when the valency decreases, electrons are gained. The valency changes the number of atoms of the element m × the number of electrons gained (or lost) per atom ne-, which is m × ne-. 2. * * Single-line bridge method ** - The line bridge started from the element with a higher chemical valency in the reagent and pointed to the element with a lower chemical valency in the reagent. The arrow pointed to the element with a lower chemical valency in the initiator, and the arrow was just "=". - The total number of electrons transferred was indicated on the wire bridge, and neither gained nor lost was written. * * 4. Reaction Law of Oxidation-reduction Reaction ** 1. * * Price State Law ** - The same element, in its highest state, was only oxidiser. In the lowest state, it only has reduction. In the intermediate state, it has both oxidisation and reduction properties. 2. * * Dissimilation and Reincarnation Rule ** - The law of the return of the valency state: When the same element has different valency states, the change of the valency state is "only close to each other, can be intersected, and not crossed". 3. * * Reaction sequence ** - In a solution of similar concentration: - At the same time, when a concentrated reducing agent is added, the strong reducing agent will be first oxided. - At the same time, when it contains a concentrated oxidiser, after adding a reducing agent, the strong oxidiser will be reduced first. 4. * * Law of Conservation ** - In any oxido-reduction reaction, the total number of increase in valency = the total number of decrease in valency, the total number of electrons lost by the reducing agent = the total number of electrons obtained by the oxidiser, and the number of charges before and after the reaction was equal. * * 5. Rule of Judging the Strength of Oxidability and Reductibility ** 1. * * Judgement based on the equation of the oxido-reduction reaction ** - Oxidability: Oxidants> Oxidation products. - Reductibility: reducing agent> reducing product. It can be summed up as: what kind of agent to find, the nature of the product is weaker than the agent. 2. * * Judging by the metal activity sequence ** - The reduction of K, Na, Na, Mn, Al-Mn, Fe-Mn, Sn-P,(H), Cu-Mn, Ag-Mn, Pt-Mn gradually weakened from left to right, and the oxidisation of the corresponding ions gradually increased. 3. * * Based on reaction conditions and intensity ** - The lower the reaction conditions, the more intense the reaction, and the stronger the oxidisation or reduction of the corresponding substance. 4. * * Based on the degree of the oxido-reduction reaction ** - Under the same conditions: - When different oxidisers act on the same reducing agent, the higher the price of the oxidiser, the stronger the oxidiser. - Different reducing agents acted on the same kind of oxidiser, and the reduction product with a low valency had a strong reduction ability. * * 6. Balance of the Redox Reaction Formula ** 1. * * Three Principles ** - The principle of electron conservation, the principle of atom conservation, and the principle of charge conservation. 2. * * General Method ** - Valence rising and falling method combined with the least common multiple method. 3. * * Balance technique (balancing the missing equation of the oxido-reduction reaction)** - First, he used the "valency increase and decrease method" to balance the chemical quantities of substances with variable valency elements. Then, he used the conservation of atoms to determine the unknown, and then he balanced them according to the conservation of atoms. - The principle of complementing: - Under acidic conditions, if there was a lack of H (hydrogen) or more O (oxygen), H + would be supplemented. If there was less O (oxygen), H2O (water) would be supplemented. - Under basic conditions, if there was a lack of H (hydrogen) or more O (oxygen), H2O (water) would be supplemented, and if there was less O (oxygen), it would be supplemented with Oh-. The balancing order of the equations for the oxido-reduction reaction involving ions: - According to the rise and fall of the chemical valency, the chemical quantities of the oxidiser, and the oxidiser were balanced. - According to the conservation of charge, the number of ions was adjusted. - Finally, he checked the conservation of atoms and charge. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

Oxidation-reduction reactions were a type of chemical reaction that was widespread in nature and had important significance in industrial production. In essence, the substances involved in the reaction had electron transfer or deviation before and after the reaction. This reaction was composed of an half-reaction of an oxidization and a half-reaction of a reduction. In the process of the reaction, the process of the element losing electrons and increasing the number of electrons was called an oxidization reaction; the process of the element gaining electrons and decreasing the number of electrons was called a reduction reaction. Redox reaction was first proposed by the French mathematician Lavoisier in 1774. It covered many types, including the reactions of minerals (such as metal corrosion, disproportionate reactions, etc.), electrochemistry, organic, biological, and geological reactions in soil. The reaction rate was affected by many factors such as the concentration of the reagents, the concentration of the acid, the temperature, the catalyst, and so on. The process of partial oxidoreduction reactions was more complicated. It was involved in many fields, such as the extraction, electrolysation, and plating of metals in the industrial field, the change of soil and fertilizer in the agricultural field, the burning of natural gas, oil, coal, and other fuel in the fossil energy field, the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen in new energy fuel cells, and the development of drugs and pharmacology. In addition, the self-developed electromagnetic light wave cold plasma advanced oxido-reduction reaction technology for waste permeate membrane concentrate is an advanced technology that combines electromagnetics, optical, plasma physics and the principles of chemical stabilization. Through the cooperative effects of electromagnetic light wave, cold plasma technology, and the introduction of oxidiser, it can deal with the hard-to-degrade organic matter and other impurities in the waste permeate membrane concentrate. It can realize the cycle process of organic molecular decomposition and decomposition. It has the characteristics of efficient decomposition. It was friendly to the environment and had a wide range of applications. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

There are many phenomena when the reduction reaction of FeS occurs: * * 1. Reaction with dilute sulfuric acid ** 1. * * Real reaction ** - There were cases of strong acid producing weak acid, and there was also an oxido-reduction reaction. Dilute sulfuric acid had strong oxidisation, and the sulfur element and the iron ions in the FeS were both reducing and would be oxided by the sulfuric acid. - In this reaction, the valency of the sulfur element would increase, the valency of the iron ion would also increase, and the valency of the nitrogen element in the sulfuric acid would decrease. 2. * * Reaction Phenomenon ** - The color of the solution may change because the iron ions are oxided to iron ions, and the solution may change from light green (the color of the iron ions) to yellow (the color of the iron ions). At the same time, there may be gas produced, which may be nitrogen dioxide. * * 2. Reaction with oxygen (Athermal Oxidation Reaction)** 1. * * In terms of reaction speed ** - Effect of temperature: - When the temperature increases, the thermal motion of the molecules increases, increasing the frequency and energy of collisions, thereby promoting effective collisions between the reagents, making the reaction easier to occur. Moreover, the higher temperature would also provide the activation energy needed for the reaction, allowing the reagents to overcome the energy barrier during the reaction process and form the product. The reaction rate increased significantly as the temperature increased. However, if the temperature was too high, it could cause the reaction to release heat uncontrollably and even cause dangerous situations such as explosions. - Pressure Effect: - The increase in pressure could obviously speed up the reaction rate. When the pressure increases, the collision frequency between the oxygen molecules and the iron sulfur increases, making it easier for the reagents to interact. However, too much pressure could cause the experimental container to rupture and cause a safety hazard. It could also affect the arrangement of the molecules of the reagents, causing the reaction mechanism to change, resulting in a decrease in the reaction rate. - Effect of oxygen concentration: - When the concentration of oxygen was high, even if the concentration of iron dioxide was low, the reaction could proceed at a faster rate because the high concentration of oxygen provided more opportunities for oxygen molecules to collide with iron dioxide molecules, promoting effective collisions between the reagents. On the contrary, when the oxygen concentration decreased, the reaction rate would slow down. 2. * * Reaction Phenomenon ** - As the reaction progressed, if observed in a suitable reaction vessel, one might see the amount of solid FeS gradually decrease as it was converted into other substances by the oxidization. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

1. $2Mg + O_{2}\stackrel{点燃}{=\!=\!=}2MgO$ 2. $3Fe + 2O_{2}\stackrel{点燃}{=\!=\!=}Fe_{3}O_{4}$ 3. $2Cu + O_{2}\stackrel{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}2CuO$ 4. $F_{2} + H_{2} =\!=\!= 2HF$ 5. $F_{2} +Xe(过量)=\!=\!=XeF_{2}$ 6. $2F_{2}(过量)+Xe=\!=\!=XeF_{4}$ 7. $nF_{2} +2M=\!=\!=2MF_{n}$（表示大部分金属） 8. $2F_{2} +2H_{2}O=\!=\!=4HF+O_{2}$ 9. $2F_{2} +2NaOH=\!=\!=2NaF+OF_{2} +H_{2}O$ 10. $F_{2} +2NaCl=\!=\!=2NaF+Cl_{2}$ 11. $F_{2} +2NaBr=\!=\!=2NaF+Br_{2}$ 12. $F_{2}+2NaI =\!=\!=2NaF+I_{2}$ 13. $F_{2} +Cl_{2} (等体积)=\!=\!=2ClF$ 14. $3F_{2} (过量)+Cl_{2}=\!=\!=2ClF_{3}$ 15. $7F_{2}(过量)+I_{2} =\!=\!=2IF_{7}$ 16. $Cl_{2} +H_{2} =\!=\!=2HCl$ 17. $3Cl_{2} +2P=\!=\!=2PCl_{3}$ 18. $Cl_{2} +PCl_{3} =\!=\!=PCl_{5}$ 19. $Cl_{2} +2Na=\!=\!=2NaCl$ 20. $3Cl_{2} +2Fe=\!=\!=2FeCl_{3}$ <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">点击前往免费阅读更多精彩小说</a>

The oxidoreduction reaction of metal ions included two aspects: reduction reaction and oxidization reaction. In the reduction reaction, the metal ions gain electrons, the number of electrons is reduced, and the metal ions change from a high to a low state, releasing electrons. For example, in some reaction systems, high-priced metal ions would become low-priced metal ions after obtaining electrons. In the oxidization reaction, the metal atom loses its electrons, and the oxidization number increases. It changes from a low-level state to a high-level state while absorbing electrons. The essence of this reaction was the transfer of electrons. In other words, metal atoms lost electrons and became metal ions (the oxidization process), and metal ions gained electrons and became metal atoms (the reduction process). The reaction was usually carried out in an acidic solution, and a reduction indicator was often used to observe the reaction process. In practical applications, the oxidoreduction reaction of metal ions was widely used in the fields of plating, metal corrosion and protection, metal extraction, and so on. Moreover, the metal ions 'oxido-reduction reaction followed the basic laws of electron conservation, charge conservation, and energy conservation. The mobility of a metal was also restricted by the ability of its ions to undergo reduction and oxidization reactions, which affected the properties and uses of the metal in chemical reactions. For example, the more mobile the metal was, the stronger the ability of its atoms to lose electrons, and the weaker the ability of its ions to gain electrons in the reduction reaction. The stronger the ability of its ions to lose electrons in the oxidization reaction, the weaker the ability of metal atoms to generate metal ions. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

In the process of an electropathic substitution reaction, an electrophile (such as a positive ion, Lewis acid, etc.) would attack an organic molecules rich in electrons (such as the aromatic ring), forming a positively charged intermediate (such as a carbon ion on the aromatic ring), and then leaving a photon to complete the substitution reaction. For example, in the Frieder-Crafts alkylations, under the catalyst of a strong Lewis acid (such as dehydrated iron), the halo compound produces a carbon positive ion. This carbon positive ion acts as an electrophile to attack the aromatic ring and replace the hydrogen on the ring. Finally, it produces an alkylaromatics and hydrogen dioxide. In the C-alkylations, which was an acidic electropathic substitution reaction, the hydrogen on the carbon atom of the organic compound was replaced by a radical, and the alkylations (such as alkene, halane, alcohol, aldo, and others) participated in the reaction. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

Oxidative decomposition was a decomposition reaction. It was a reaction involving oxygen and required the participation of a specific enzymolysis ase. However, it did not consume water molecules and released hydrogen and energy. During this process, the substance would react with oxygen to form an oxide-like substance, releasing gas, heat, or light energy. This reaction was a kind of oxido-reduction reaction, in which oxygen was used as an oxidiser to accept electrons, and the reacted substance was used as a reducing agent to lose electrons. This reaction usually required high temperature or the presence of a catalyst to provide enough energy to overcome the activation energy of the reaction. For example, in cell breathing, glucose reacted with oxygen in the cell to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy; when organic matter was burned, it reacted with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat energy, which were all manifestations of the decomposition reaction process. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

During the process of cultivation, there might be the following normal reactions: 1. ** Physical aspects ** - ** Qi reaction **: At first, there may be a feeling of "Qi movement" in the body, as if there is a flow of air circulating regularly in the body. - ** Fever and sweating **: For example, when you are meditating, your body will feel hot, your feet will feel hot at random times, and your whole body will feel warm. These may be signs that your qi and blood vessels are starting to clear up and your body is repairing itself, which is a good sign. If you have headaches, it may be that your body has not adapted to the rapid changes such as the rise in temperature at noon and the rise in abdominal pressure. After adapting, your body will return to normal. - ** Seeing Light **: When the Qi stage is over, one will see light when meditating or sleeping. This is the second stage of the body's reaction. - [Soul Consciousness Leaving the Body]: The third stage is when one is meditating or sleeping. The Soul Consciousness can leave the body. 2. ** Psychologically ** - [Change of state of mind: If you recite sutras, you can understand the wisdom of Buddha through sutras, change your state of mind, control your mind, and reduce your delusions.] - Mind Liberation: The last stage of cultivation is to cultivate one's mind and achieve mental liberation. One will no longer be obsessed with external things, such as being obsessed with external dressing and caring about other people's opinions. One's heart will become more calm, letting nature take its course and not seeking external things. One will learn to focus on oneself to improve themselves, and be able to face feelings and other things in life more calmly. - ** Reduce distracting thoughts **: Through static activities such as calligraphy, meditation, yoga, and learning the wisdom of traditional Chinese culture, you can calm yourself down. The complicated thoughts will gradually decrease, thereby improving your inner concentration and making your heart clearer. "Who told him to cultivate!" The novel is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!

Obel used the more mature middle-pressure method of producing sulfuric acid, which was then used for the production of Aspirin. The specific production process of Salicolic acid was as follows: using the raw material of the acid as the raw material, it first reacted with the solution of NaOx to produce the solution of the acid, and then under the medium pressure (0.7 - 0.8MP), carbon dioxide was introduced to carry out the hy droxidation reaction to produce the solution of the acid, and then the crude product of Salicolic acid was produced by sulfuric acid. Finally, the crude product of Salicolic acid was refined by sublimation. However, the document did not give the reaction process of producing spirillic acid. Sorry, I can't give an accurate answer. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

During the process of cultivation, there might be the following normal reactions: 1. ** Physical aspects ** - [Some parts of the body are itchy. There may be blockages in the nine orifices and twelve joints of the human body, resulting in a blockage in qi and blood.] In the state of cultivation, this itch would be magnified. If he didn't scratch at this time and continued to focus on his cultivation (such as reflecting his dantian), it wouldn't affect him much after enduring it for a few times. - Fever and cold: Generally, the heat comes first, followed by the cold. From the point of view of the human body's yin and yang, during the cultivation process, the qi and qi would follow each other. When the yang qi descended and interacted with the yin qi, there would be a phenomenon of fever, and then there might be a cold. He should not be overly concerned about these hot and cold feelings, or else his progress would be slower. He should follow the relevant cultivation concepts such as hiding yang in yin. - Qi mass phenomenon: When the spirit is condensed during cultivation, the qi will condense into a mass after reflecting for a long time. This can be regarded as a verification of cultivation, but don't mistake this as the final result of cultivation. You can fuse the spirit and qi and continue to cultivate deeply. - Light Phenomenon: During cultivation, one may see light, which is formed by the essence in the human body. However, one should not be obsessed with light. The ancients regarded it as a small test. Over-focusing on light would consume one's essence. True cultivation should focus on other aspects. 2. ** Psychologically ** - [Reduce delusions: For example, through cultivation methods such as chanting scriptures, one can control one's nature, change one's state of mind, reduce delusions, and make one's heart more calm.] - Emotional state improvement: From being obsessed with external factors, wandering between arrogance and inferiority, and being entangled in feelings, such as vulnerability, sensitivity, and suspicion, to a more calm, natural, clear heart, and more stable state of emotions. - Seeking from the outside to the inside: For example, before cultivation, one likes to pay attention to people and things outside. After cultivation, one begins to focus on oneself and pay attention to self-improvement. "Who told him to cultivate!" The novel is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!