European farmers and gardeners

Answer 1

Based on the information provided so far, the following are some facts about European farmers and gardeners:

** 1. European Farmers **

1. ** Comparing History and Current Situation **
- In the Middle Ages, although European serfs were subject to feudal landlords, they could sign contracts with the landlord in exchange for certain rights and protection. If they could not be bought or sold, they could still keep part of the land output to maintain their livelihood. As European feudalism gradually evolved into capitalists, serfs were liberated.
- Today, the European Union has always had agricultural policies that protect farmers, such as the Common Agricultural Policy, which takes seven years as a cycle.(The current cycle is 2021 - 2027, the previous cycle was 2014 - 2020), through the European Agricultural guarantee fund and the European agricultural fund for rural development, the annual expenditure is about 59 billion euros, of which 70% is used for farmers 'income support subsidies, 10% for market support policies, and 20% for rural development policies.
2. ** Faced with problems **
- Recently, European farmers launched a large-scale protest. One of the reasons was the European Green Agreement, which spanned across multiple areas to promote Europe's transition to a green economy. In agriculture, its strict environmental policies (such as greenhouse gas pollution, pesticide and fertilizer use restrictions, and nitrogen pollution restrictions) affected agricultural production efficiency. For example, the German government's restrictions on the use of diesel made farmers pay expensive diesel taxes, and the Netherlands restricted the feeding of pigs, chickens, and cattle to limit nitrogen pollution. This had a huge impact on self-employed farmers with smaller production scales.
- As the war between Russia and Ukraine and the post-epidemic situation deepened and the control of the epidemic was relaxed, the European Union suspended the import duties on Ukrainian goods, and cheap Ukrainian agricultural products hit the local market. At the same time, the war increased the cost of energy, fertilizer and transportation, making the production and sales of local agricultural products difficult.

** II. About European gardeners (not directly described in the information provided, but it can be inferred that gardeners may face similar situations based on the situation of farmers)**
- Due to the environmental policy restrictions of the European Green Agreement, gardeners may also face restrictions on the use of pesticides and fertilizers during the planting process, thus affecting the efficiency of plant planting. For example, in the planting of flowers and ornamental plants, some traditional fertilizers and pesticides that had good effects but did not meet the new environmental protection regulations might not be able to be used, resulting in a longer plant growth cycle and affected quality.
- Changes in the situation after the Russian-Ukrainian war and the epidemic could also affect the gardener industry. Rising energy costs will increase the cost of greenhouse planting (if there are greenhouse facilities), rising transportation costs may reduce the sales profit of the greenhouse products, and the impact of the agricultural products from Ukraine may change the market demand structure to a certain extent, affecting the market share of the greenhouse products.

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