Reaction Diagram of Oxidants and Reductants
When an oxidiser and a reducing agent react, the following relationship exists: the oxidiser obtains electrons, and the valency of the elements contained in it is reduced, resulting in a reduction reaction. The oxidiser itself is reduced to produce a reduction product; the reducing agent loses electrons, and the valency of the elements contained in it increases, resulting in an oxidiser reaction. The oxidiser itself is oxided to produce an oxidiser product. It could be simply represented by the following graph: |reactant| reaction type| Electronic gain and loss| change in valency| product| |----|----|----|----|----| |oxidizing agent| reduction reaction| de electronics| lower| reduzate| |reducing agent| oxidizing reaction| betatopic| rise| oxidative product| For example, in the reaction of burning carbon in oxygen (C + O ^== CO ^, ignition), carbon C is a reducing agent. It loses electrons, and its valency increases from 0 to +4, and is then oxided to carbon dioxide (as an oxided product). As an oxidiser, oxygen O ^is an oxidiser, and it gains electrons. Its valency decreases from 0 to-2, and it is reduced to oxygen in carbon dioxide (as a reduced product). Read more exciting novels for free
Choice of Oxidants in Oxidation-reduction Reaction
When choosing an oxidiser for a oxido-reduction reaction, the following factors needed to be considered: 1. ** Oxidative Ability **: - According to the strength of the electron ability of the substance, the oxidiser could be divided into strong oxidiser, medium oxidiser, and weak oxidiser. Generally, oxygen and iron ions were used as the boundary. Materials with an oxidisation ability higher than that of oxygen were strong oxidisers, weaker than that of iron ions were weak oxidisers, and those in between were medium oxidisers. Common strong oxidisers include non-metallic simple substances such as F ^, O, etc.; high-priced compounds containing valence-changing elements such as KMn, KClO, etc.; metal ions such as Fe3, Cu2, etc. Among them, the oxidization of the fluorine was very strong, but in recent years, the chemical world had also discovered some substances with an oxidization greater than or comparable to the oxidization of the fluorine, such as krypton diflouride and dioxygen diflouride. - The oxidisation of the oxidiser was affected by many factors. In a solution, according to the electric double layer theory, the magnitude of the oxidisation was reflected by the standard hydrogen potential of the oxidiser. The higher the potential, the stronger the oxidisation. The hydrogen ion also had an effect on the oxidisation of the oxidiser containing oxygen. Generally, under acidic conditions, the oxidisation of the oxidiser containing oxygen was stronger than that of the oxidiser containing oxygen. However, for some species that were not affected by the hydrogen ion, such as Cl2, Br2, etc., the oxidisation was unrelated to pH. In addition, the molecular symmetries of the oxidiser also affected its oxidisation. Generally, the more symmetrical the molecules, the more stable they were. For example, peranate was not very oxidiser in water. 2. ** Reaction Condition **: - Different oxidisers had different reaction conditions. For example, krypton diflouride could not exist at room temperature. When the environmental temperature exceeded-30 ° C, it would begin to decompose. When reacting with gold, the temperature should not exceed 25 ° C. Otherwise, krypton diflouride would decompose rapidly and would not react with gold. When the temperature rises to-160 ° C, it can decompose 4% per day. When the temperature rises to-95 ° C, the decomposition speed is obviously accelerated. When the temperature continues to rise to-57 ° C, it will decompose quickly. Therefore, the reaction temperature should be controlled at around-100 ° C, not higher than-95 ° C. - When the temperature is 60°C, the decomposition rate of hydrogen dioxide is about 50%. When the temperature reaches 90 - 100° C, the decomposition rate of hydrogen dioxide can reach 90%. When the temperature is above 100 ° C, the decomposition rate of hydrogen dioxide begins to rapidly decompose. 3. ** Reaction product requirements **: If you don't want to introduce impurities, such as when hydrogen peroxideis used as an oxidiser, the product is water, and no impurities will be introduced. 4. ** Safety and cost **: For example, hydrogen dioxide solution (content greater than 8%) is an explosive chemical, and it is less cost-effective than other reducing agents. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Diagram of the Inhibition Reaction
The principle of the inhibition reaction can be divided into competitive inhibition and non-competitive inhibition: 1. ** competitive inhibition **: A competitive inhibition agent will compete with the base for the active site of the protein, thereby suppressing the activity of the protein. In this case, both the initiator and the reagent could bind to the active site of the reagent. Due to the existence of the initiator, the chances of binding the reagent to the reagent were reduced, resulting in a decrease in the rate of the reaction. 2. ** Non-competitive Inhibition **: A non-competitive inhibition agent will bind to a site other than the active site of the protein, thereby suppressing the activity of the protein. This binding method changed the structure of the protein, which reduced the affinity of the active center of the protein to the protein. Even if the concentration of the protein increased, the reaction rate of the protein would not increase. For example, in the pesticide residue detection method, the target pesticide's inhibition of a specific reagent was an inhibition reaction. The specific reagent could catalyze the conversion of the reagent into a reagent when there was no pesticide. If the test sample contained the target pesticide, the pesticide would interact with the reagent to inhibit the activity of the reagent, thereby indirectly determining the level of pesticide residue in the sample. Also, in terms of whiteness, 4 -Butylated Resorcinol (577) mainly achieved whiteness and freckles by suppressing the activity of "Tyrosinase" and "Trp - 1." The inhibition of "Tyrosinase" may involve the principle of competitive or non-competitive inhibition. When constructing a nanoase sensor array to detect substances, for example, using 2D-MOF nanoase to detect phosphorus, the inhibition of phosphorus on the activity of 2D-MOF peroxide-like was also an inhibition reaction. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Reaction Diagram of Alkane and Halogen
There were several reactions between the two: 1. ** Substitute Halogenation **: - ** Substituted Halogenation on Aromatic Ring **: It is suitable for aromatic compounds. During the reaction, the hydrogen atom on the aromatic ring is replaced by a halo atom. - ** Aromatic ring side chain and fatty carbon substitution: For aromatic ring side chain and fatty carbon, the hydrogen atom in the structure can be replaced by a halo atom. Among these substitution and substitution, chloride-bromination was more common. 2. ** addition reaction **: An addition reaction between an unsatured carbon (such as a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond) and a single substance such as a halo, hydrogen, etc., thereby introducing a halo atom into the unsatured carbon molecules to form a halo carbon. For example, when an alkene reacted with a single substance, the carbon-carbon double bond would be broken, and two halo atoms would be added to two carbon atoms. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Diagram Analysis of Vulcanization Reaction
The principle of rubber curing was to heat a mixture of rubber and sulfur or other curing agents, so that the sulfur reacted with the double bonds in the rubber to form a cross-linked structure. During the operation of the flat-plate curing machine, the hot plate raises the temperature of the rubber compound and causes the rubber molecules to cross-link. Its structure changes from a linear structure to a net-shaped structure. This process can obtain products with certain physical and mechanical properties, but the rubber compound will begin to soften after being heated. At the same time, the moisture and volatile substances in the rubber compound will be vaporized. From a microscopic point of view, the rubber curing system had its own cross-linking mechanism. Peroxides were compounds containing O-O bonds. This peroxidic bond broke down when heated to produce free radical (the breaking of this bond was called homolytic cleavage because the two electrons in the bond were separated). This free radical had a high reaction activity and was the driving force behind the cross-linking of the compound. Peroxides undergo homolytic cleavage, forming two alkoxy free radical, which takes hydrogen atoms from the chain of the compound. The free radical of the two adjacent chains combine to form a carbon-carbon bond, which is an important feature of the cross-linking of peroxides. In these three steps, the one that determined the speed was the homolitic cleavage of the peroxide-based molecules, which usually took a few seconds to a few minutes (thermal dispersion was usually an important factor). After the formation of the highly active free radical, the next step of the reaction could be completed in a few seconds or even less. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Diagram Analysis of Glycerol Dehydrating Reaction
There were two ways to dewater the glycerol: intermolecular dehydration to obtain diglycerol and polyglycerol, and intermolecular dehydration to obtain acrolene. In the gas-phase dehydration reaction system of glycerine, the reaction was related to the acidic nature of the catalyst. For example, the activity of Zirconium Phosphates prepared by the precipitations method was the highest in this system, which could make the conversion rate of glycerine reach 100% and the acrolein-like selectively reach 81%. In terms of biochemical reactions, the process of glycerase decomposing the tributyl-ester to obtain glycerol would release a certain amount of water. This process involved the production of glycerol and the loss of water. In addition, in the ninth step of the brewing of Xiaoqu liquor, under the catalyst of enolase, 2-Phosphoglyceric acid was dehydrated to form 2-Phosphoenol-Pyruvate (the reaction needed to be activated by M2 +). However, there was no graphic data on the reaction process of dehydration of glycerine, so no graphic analysis could be provided. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Sulfur and Metal Reaction Formula and Phenomenon Diagram
The following is a summary of the equations and phenomena of the reaction between sulfur and metals: 1. ** Sulfur and Iron Reaction ** - The equation is: FeS ${stack}{triangle}{=}=}$ FeS (Iron Sulphide, dark brown) - [Phenomenon: Iron powder and sulfur powder are mixed and heated to red heat. The reaction produces a black solid that releases a lot of heat.] 2. ** Sulfur and Copper Reaction ** - The equation: 2Cu + S $\stacking rel {\triangle}{=\!=}$ Copper Sulfur (black) - [Phenomenon: The reaction produces a black solid.] 3. ** Sulfur and mercury react ** - Formula: Mercury + S = HgS (Mercury Sulphide, black) - [Phenomenon: The reaction produces a black solid.] In general, when sulfur reacted with metals, sulfur showed its oxidisation, while metals showed its reduction. The reaction formed a black solid. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Reaction Diagram Analysis of Flux and Gold Plating
When analyzing the reaction mechanism between the flux and the gold plating layer, it was necessary to consider the situation of different bottom gold plating. For the mainstream method of nickel-based gold plating, during the welding process, the actual welding layer was related to the bottom layer of nickel-based alloy, that is, the tin alloy and nickel-based alloy formed a metal compound (Sn-Ni <2> compound). However, the purity of the gold-plated layer, the rate of voids, and the cleanliness of the surface directly affected the solderability of the contact body. When there was a nickel-plated bottom layer, the inertia of the nickel-plated part was higher than that of the gold-plated part, which could ensure a higher resistance to atmospheric corrosion. During welding, the flux and the bottom layer of nickel-plated part would have a smelting reaction, and the gold-plated layer might affect the welding process due to its own characteristics, but it was not the main reaction layer. As for the gold plating on the copper base, the copper base had a certain role in the welding. The copper ions easily penetrated into the gold coating and caused the gold coating to change color. Moreover, the copper coating was easy to be deactivated in the air and affected the cohesion of the gold coating. When the flux was in contact with the gold-plated layer of this structure, on the one hand, it had to deal with possible problems such as the possible oxidization of the copper surface to achieve good welding. On the other hand, the gold-plated layer was affected by the change of the copper layer and showed different solderability during welding. However, this method was rarely used at present. As for the silver plating, due to the lack of sufficient information, it was difficult to accurately analyze the reaction principle between the flux and it. It was only known that when the silver plating layer was contaminated, the black color would appear through the pores of the coating. This process was rarely used (except for special requirements). Generally speaking, when the flux was used in the welding process related to the gold-plated layer, it would be affected by the properties of the underlying metal under the gold-plated layer and the characteristics of the gold-plated layer (such as purity, voids, cleanliness, etc.). The reaction principle of the gold-plated layer and the flux with different underlying structures would have different performances in the welding process. The smelting change of the underlying metal during the welding was a more critical part, but the characteristics of the gold-plated layer could not be ignored. Under the joint action of many factors, the welding effect would be affected. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Analysis of the reaction process diagram of reducing hydrogen and methyruvic acid
In the process of oxygen free breathing, the reduction of hydrogen and the reaction of Ruvic acid could produce actic acid. In addition, the reaction of Ruvic acid with the reduction of hydrogen could produce alcohol, but not Ruvic acid. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What is the principle diagram of the phenomenon of mercury and oxygen heating reaction?
The reaction between mercury and oxygen was that the silver-white liquid mercury turned into red mercuric acid powder. Reaction principle: 2 Mercury +O 2 = Heat = 2HgO. Mercury atoms (Mercury) and oxygen molecules (O <2>) were heated. Mercury atoms lost electrons and were oxided, while oxygen molecules gained electrons and were reduced, thus combining to form a compound called mercury dioxide (HgO). <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Diagram of the kinetic change of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid reaction
You just gave it the name " Diagram of the kinetic change of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid reaction ". There's no more content. I can't reorganize it according to the requirements. You can add some information such as the characteristics of this chart and the relevant reaction conditions. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>