Planting method and management of coltsfoot flowers

Answer 1

The planting method and management of coltsfoot flowers were as follows:

** 1. Planting Method **

1. ** Choosing the land and tidying it **
- Tussilago fara is suitable for planting in loose, fertile and moist surface and compact sandy loam or loam soil at the bottom. Sticky soil or low-lying plots that are prone to water accumulation are not suitable for planting. After the harvest of the previous crop, plow 20 - 25cm in time, apply high-quality decomposed farmyard manure, level and rake carefully, and open drainage ditches. Generally, no ridge shall be made. You can also choose fertile, damp and well-drained sandy soil. When preparing the land, apply more base fertilizers such as manure, manure, etc. After deep plowing, plowing and leveling shall be made into ridges. In low-lying areas, make high ridges and open drainage ditches.
2. ** Breeding Method **
- ** Root reproduction **: Root reproduction is generally used in production because seed reproduction has a long cultivation period and a short seed life. It can be planted in early winter (late October to early November) and early spring (early to mid-March). When harvesting, they could be dug and planted at the same time. In spring, they could also use wet sand to layer the roots harvested in winter and store them in the cellar. In spring, they could be taken out and planted. The roots should be thick and free of pests and diseases. Cut them into small pieces of 10 - 13cm long, and each section should have 2 - 3 buds. It can be planted in strips or holes. The row spacing of strip planting is 30cm, the depth of the ditch is 7 - 10cm, and a section of rootstock is placed every 10 - 13cm, and then covered with soil. The row spacing of hole planting is about 35cm, the distance between holes is 25cm, and the depth of holes is 7 - 10cm. Three sections of rootstock are placed in each hole, forming a "triangle" shape, and covered with soil. Generally, 30 - 35kg of seed roots are used every 667m. It can also be planted around the vernal equinox. The roots that are free of disease, thick and yellowish white can be selected from the stored roots, cut into small sections of 2 - 3 inches long, leaving 3 - 4 bud eyes in each section, ditch according to a certain row spacing, lay the roots flat at the bottom of the ditch according to the plant spacing, cover the soil and compact, or arrange the roots in a row according to a certain row spacing and plant spacing, and bury the roots in the ridge with a plow.
- ** Seed reproduction (rarely used)**: When the winter flower seeds are ripe, pick the fruit, wrap it in paper, dry it in the sun, and rub off the crown hair. When raising seedlings, the winter flower seeds were evenly scattered on the prepared seedling bed, covered with a thin layer of fine soil with a sieve, and then covered with grass. After about a week, the seedlings would emerge. During the seedling stage, attention should be paid to weeding and watering appropriately. In the next year, the roots would be dug and transplanted.

** II. Management measures **

1. ** Field Management **
- ** Replenishing seedlings **: After the seedlings are unearthed, if there are insufficient seedlings, they can be replanted with the sitting water method.
- ** Inter-cultivation weeding and soil cultivation **: About 20 days after spring planting, seedlings should emerge. After the seedlings emerge, they should be weeding in time. Shallow inter-cultivation should be done to loosen the soil to avoid damaging the roots. If there is a lack of plants in the first cultivation, plant them as soon as possible. The second and third cultivation should be combined with soil at the base of the stem. In the first year, they generally did not apply topdressing. In the second and third years, when they cultivated the soil, they applied human and animal manure, cake fertilizer, etc.(The farmyard manure must be decomposed). The soil cultivation of Tussilago fara was generally carried out in three times. The first time was when the flower buds were not seen before the "White Dew", the soil was cultivated half an inch above the main stem, not covering the leaves; the second time was when the flower buds were just born, the method was the same as the first time; the third time was before and after the "Lidong", the whole plant of the winter flower was covered with soil.
- "De-leafing for ventilation": When the temperature rises from June to July, the leaves of the coltsfoot flowers will spread too fast and too dense, affecting the ventilation and light transmission. Some of the old leaves or sick leaves at the base can be knocked off, and the dead leaves can also be cut from the base of the leaves (do not hurt the base).
- ** Irrigate and drain **: Tussilago collaris likes moisture and hates drought, but is afraid of water accumulation. In the spring drought, water 2 - 3 times continuously to ensure that the seedlings are intact. In the rainy season, attention should be paid to drainage to prevent flooding. In the case of drought, watering must be done. In the case of waterlogging, drainage should be done in time. After the "beginning of autumn", it should be kept moist. In the bud stage, watering should be done at the right time to maintain the humidity of the ground. After especially hot rain, well water should be poured in time to reduce the temperature to prevent death. When planted in high and dry places, watering should be done appropriately to ensure survival.
- ** Topdressing **: In the first year, no topdressing is usually applied. In the second and third years, the farmyard manure is applied in combination during the cultivation. After the beginning of autumn, 3000 - 4000 catties of pen manure or soil fertilizer were used per mu, sprinkled beside the plants, and then watered. After the autumnal equinox, 15 - 20 catties of carbamine were applied per mu to promote the growth of flower buds and increase yield. Spring and summer are not suitable for topdressing to avoid excessive growth of stems and leaves.
2. ** Pest Control **
- ** Disease **
- Brown spot disease: It is a common disease in summer, especially when it is sunny after the rain in summer and the water in the field is too wet. The pathogen harmed the leaves. The spots were nearly round, brown in the center and purple-red at the edges. Control methods include paying attention to drainage during the rainy season, spraying 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture or 50% thiophanate-methylethalin wetting powder 1000 times at the early stage of the disease, or spraying 1:120 Bordeaux mixture or 500 times of wetting zineb before or at the early stage of the disease, every 7 - 10 days, several times in a row.
- ** Sclerotinia rot **: easy to occur in high temperature and humid seasons. At the base of the infected plant, there were white fungi spreading upward, and black rat dung like scerotinia could be seen. The roots gradually rotted, causing the plant to wither. Rotation with gramineous plants should be carried out, with special attention to drainage; after seedling emergence, spray 5% ammine powder for prevention; immediately uproot the infected plants, shovel away the topsoil of the infected plants, and spray 50% thiophanate 500 times solution for disinfection.
- ** Atrophy leaf disease **: The disease spots extend inward from the leaf edge, and the dark brown color is irregular, causing partial or whole leaves to wither. In serious cases, it can spread to the petiole. Control methods included cutting off dead leaves, clearing the garden after harvest, and eliminating the sick and disabled plants. In the early stage of the disease, Bordeaux mixture of 1:1:140 times or 500 times of zineb could be sprayed.
- ** Insect pests **: Aphids harm the stems and leaves. During the occurrence period, spray 50% fenthiuron 100 - 200 times solution, 40% Dongguo 1500 - 2000 times solution or 80% Dichlorvos 1500 times solution for several consecutive times. Clean the garden in winter and remove dead trees and fallen leaves.

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