Which layer does the esp protocol belong to
The EP protocol was a network layer protocol, and it was packaged above the IP protocol. The novel " Dream of Silk Fate " is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Which layer of protocol does arq belong to?
In modern wireless communications, ARQ was mainly used in the wireless link layer. " Choose " was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
Choose which layer the replay protocol is on
The selective replay protocol was a transport layer protocol. It was a specific example of automatic repeat request (ARQ), which could be used for message unit transmission and confirmation. It was designed to deal with problems such as packet loss, wrong packet, and disorder during network transmission to ensure reliable data transmission. In this protocol, the sending process continuously sends a number of frames according to a window of a specified size, and the receiving process continues to receive and confirm frames after an error occurs. Different from the Fallback N-frame protocol (GGN), it sets up a single acknowledgment, increases the receiving window, and designs a receive buffer to buffer the frames that arrive out of order. This allows only the wrong frames to be retransmitted, thereby improving transmission performance. "Choose" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
Choose which layer to set the replay protocol on
The selection of the replay protocol was set at the transport layer. Transmission layer protocol such as the Transmission Control protocol (TCM) used a packet replay strategy to deal with problems in network transmission to ensure reliable data transmission. Choosing a replay protocol was a way to achieve reliable transmission. It used a specific mechanism to ensure that only the wrong frames were retransmitted during the data transmission process to improve transmission efficiency. These operations were within the scope of the transmission layer. "Choose" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
Which layer does the select replay protocol work on?
The selective repeat protocol was a data link layer protocol that worked in the data link layer. " Choose " was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
A novel as good as "Layer by Layer"
There were novels similar to "Layer by Layer" Book of Troubled Times, Author: Ji Cha 2:"Spiritual Realm Walker", Author: Xiao Langjun 3: The Tang's Table, Author: Jie and 2 4."King of Familiars", Author: Light Spring Flowing Sound Fairy, Please Listen to My Explanation, Author: Mi Tian Building National Forensic Medicine, Author: Zhiniao Village 7:"Wait, Heroine." Author: Guan Guan Gongzi 8: Mantang Colorful, Author: Weird Cousin 9:"Hidden Dead Corner", Author: Get Lost Final Divine Duty, Author: Tuoba Goudan Beyond Time, Author: Er Gen This Game Is Too Real by Chen Xing LL Red Heart Sky Patrol, Author: What's the Matter? Ring of Destiny, Author: Squid Who Loves to Dive National Master of Ming Dynasty, Author: West Lake Encountered Rain Choose a Day to Ascend, Author: Otaku Pig 17:"Who's in Love After Rebirth?" Author: What's Wrong? Deep Sea Ember, Author: Yuantong Chapter 19: Cultivation in the Chaotic World of Demonic Martial Arts, Author: Wenplagiarism 20:"Who told him to cultivate!" Author: The Whitest Crow The following is a detailed introduction of these novels: 1."Book of Troubled Times": Rating Index:️️️️ When I was young, I was in Jianghu with a sword. I wore fresh clothes and rode on a horse. I saw all the flowers in Chang 'an in one day. The writing style was very good, and it had a classical feel to it. The pace of the story was very fast, and it was the kind that could read many chapters in one breath. 2.<<Spirit Realm Walker>>: From ancient times to the present, it is rumored that there is a Spirit Realm in the world. Regarding the Spirit Realm, there were many different opinions among the famous people of the past dynasties. "From Qi to Tang, the mountains are desolate and the spirit realm is lonely. Few people visit." "Spirit Realm is hard to come by, but Ghost Craftsmen are hard to come by." 3."Tang People's Table": Telling the book has been written. Contact list owner can get it. [The review is too strict. The single owner really has no choice but to try to modify it back and forth.] [Everyone can leave a message on the book list or contact the fan group of the novel.] 4."King of Familiar":"King of Familiar" was a refreshing work. The author, Qing Quan Liu Xiang, once again demonstrated his talent in the field of beast taming. This book continued the success of the previous book, Unscientific Familiar, and once again proved the author's creative ability. The story revolved around familiars, telling a story about animal contracts and training. The protagonist's parents went missing, leaving behind a mysterious family heirloom. This allowed him to shine in the Familiar Instance Dungeon. The story left suspense at the beginning, making people unable to wait to continue reading. The author's update speed was also very fast, making people feel at ease reading. I recommend this book to readers who like beast taming. This book is definitely worth reading. 5:"Fairy, Please Listen to My Explanation": Although it is a Lv. 1 author, this book is surprisingly good. The author's writing is outstanding, and the characters in it are full of personality and vivid. The plot is exciting and interesting, and it doesn't fall into the cliché. I feel that this book is written by a god under an alias. All in all, I highly recommend it! If he could maintain his current standard in the future, he would definitely become popular! 6."National Forensic Medicine": Niaogun has released another new book. Its standard is still the same, and it's still a challenge in a new field, the forensic field. However, the settings are still the same as Ling Ran's. For example, the source of skills and the way to level up, but the main character will be more lively than Ling Ran. Of course, Niaogun's book has a lot of delicious food, and there's also a father who knows how to cook. Come and join us. It won't disappoint everyone!😂 7:"Heroine, Wait": Heroine, Wait, Do You Know Who I Am? He knew that she was the empress's favorite minister, the lover of the rebel leader, and the young master of a famous sect in the pugilistic world. You're the one I'm chopping! It was a very refreshing book, strongly recommended. 8."Mantang Colorful": Very good Tang Dynasty literature, magnificent Tang Dynasty 9:"Hidden Dead Corner": Watching~ Get lost, big boss's new article. It's not bad. It's as fascinating as ever. It still has the same taste. There were no problems with the world setting. The protagonist had a brain too, so there were no poison points. The plot was written in a daily manner. It did not abuse the main character. The main character's IQ was on the line. He was not too crazy or too arrogant. There was no problem with his writing. There were no poison points at the moment, so it would not make people act out. <strong></strong>️️ 10."The Final Divine Order":"The Final Divine Order" is a novel written by a high-ranking martial artist. His works have always been very popular. The pace of this novel was not bad at the moment. It gave people a refreshing feeling and could be considered fodder. This book was quite good. The author's writing was very skilled, and his worldview was also very good. The various concepts and forces were very rich, and the timing of the introduction was also very appropriate. It did not feel like a stiff map change. The protagonist was about to change maps and enter the official faction for the first time. The following plot would be even more exciting. He hoped that the author could write a good outline to avoid the main character's combat strength collapsing and losing the challenge because of his unparalleled ability. The genre of this book was very similar to the Atlas of Heaven and Man, but the setting was science fiction, and the social setting and style were more relaxed. The combat strength setting was a combination of three types of martial arts Prosthetics. "I have a lot of bonus points for martial arts books. The author of this book is fluent, but it's still a refreshing type of novel. If you're interested, you can take a look. "Beyond Time": Status: Upgraded [Short comment: Xianxia novels are a must-read. At least, it can guarantee a lower limit. However, this book is not only a lower limit. In my opinion, the upper limit is extremely high. The plot is extremely brilliant when it is mixed with strangeness. The main character's decisiveness in killing is too much to my liking. It's just that two chapters a day is not enough. I hope to improve it.] Rating: 12:"This Game Is Too Real": This is the first book I read by Chen Xing. At first, I felt that it had a faint taste of "Super God Mechanic". Perhaps it was because of the setting. In short, the content was good, but I felt an inexplicable sense of impulsiveness when I reached chapter 180. Perhaps it was because of me, so I should push this book to everyone. Those who don't like to follow updates suggest to wait a little longer. This book is a little short. 13:"Red Heart Sky Patrol": A new god ascended the throne. This book will definitely become a god! Excellent! I strongly recommend you to enter the pit. Take your time and read the third volume patiently. I guarantee you won't be disappointed. ----------------- 2021.2.20 The first evaluation, the second. It's a good book recommended after reading the second chapter. The name is a little old-fashioned. ----------------- 2021.3.19 The second evaluation, a. After reading the first volume, he strongly recommended it again. It was an absolute immortal herb. His writing style was first-class, and his ability to create characters was at the peak. He could clearly remember the names and personalities of almost every character who appeared. The disadvantages were that part of the plot was a little old-fashioned, the protagonist's presence was weak, and the character's rate of death was a little high… ----------------- 2021.3.26 Three comments, first up. After reading the third volume, all the flaws in the early stages were swept away. He could be sure that as long as the ending was not bad and there was no eunuch, it would definitely be a divine work. ----------------- 2021.4.15 Four comments, first class. He had caught up with the latest progress, the Yellow River Meeting Plot. Let's not talk about the advantages, let's talk about the disadvantages. First, although the background was grand, it lacked novelty and the plot was a little old-fashioned. Fortunately, the author's writing was strong enough to write the old-fashioned plot. Second, compared to the many supporting characters with distinct personalities, the protagonist's creation was not outstanding enough. He was clearly a peerless genius. However, it didn't always make people feel that it was brilliant. It could also be because the supporting characters were too successful and took away too much of the excitement. Thirdly, the plot development was slow. There were countless holes buried and new plots kept being created. He only hoped that the author had enough professional ethics and didn't let the ending be a mess or a eunuch. He would fill in all the holes dug in the beginning. In short, it was an excellent book. Moreover, it had a large amount of content. It was recommended to enter the pit. ------------------ 2021.5.4 Five comments, no A true divine work would be considered a god-level work, and the first evaluation would be above armor. The author's pen strength was too strong, and it had the style of ancient times. Writing a web novel was a blow to his reputation. As long as it didn't end badly, there was no reason for it not to become a masterpiece. ------------------ 2021.12.29 Recently, the quality of the novel had declined. The author wanted to express too many things and was overly concerned about the readers 'opinions of the characters. It seemed like they had reached a bottleneck in the transition from traditional novel authors to web novel authors. Let's watch for a while. 14."Ring of Fate": Praise The Fool. The second part of "Lord of the Mysteries" is finally here. This is the novel I'm looking forward to the most this year. I can't help but start killing after only three chapters. I'm waiting for the familiar characters to appear one by one. I strongly recommend it. "The Great Ming State Preceptor":"The Great Ming State Preceptor" was an amazing work. The author used modern theories to change the world of transmigrators as the background and told an impressive story. The author's writing style was excellent. The unique charm between the lines was easily accepted by the readers. Every lesson was refreshing. Whether it was the protagonist's lecture or Zhu Di's eavesdropping, it was a deep impression. Especially when the main character was giving a lecture in prison, the hair-raising piercing feeling was even more shocking. This book was not only outstanding among historical works, but it was also a thought-provoking work. The author's idea was really amazing. It made people realize how powerful the power of thought was. This book was not only a historical novel, but also a work that made people think. Whether it was the main character's lecture or Zhu Di's eavesdropping, it was all amazing. This was an unforgettable work. It was a good book to read for both history lovers and those who were thinking about the meaning of life. 16:"Ascending on a Better Day": Human Dao Book Review Section: Am I the only one who thinks that this book is not as good as The Emperor? [Shepherd's Book Review Section: After reading the beginning, I feel that this book is not as good as Human Dao.] Lin Yuan's book review section: I still feel that God Mu is more attractive to me. Ascension comment section: I feel like I still prefer the Legend of the Shepherd God. Lin Yuan Xing,"Are you being polite?" 17:"Who's in a relationship after being reborn?" It could be said that they had been the leaders of the sweet literature world for the past two months. Feng Daidai and Jiang Liuliu had figured out the relationship between good friends. They had reached the extreme temptation of warmth! Classic quote: Feng Dazed: Jiang Qin, run! Jiang Qin: 6… "Deep Sea Ember" was an excellent novel. The author's new book was very eye-catching. It was very good. This book was based on the invincible style. In the past, he might not have been too interested in the electric waves of the big eye bead, but this new book made him feel like he had evolved. The transition between the serious and off-topic styles was extremely natural, stunning people at first glance and decisively chasing after them. This book,"Deep Sea Ember," was based on an epic sci-fi theme. It combined sci-fi, Cthulhu, and steampunk styles, giving people a brand new experience. The story told that Duncan and his crew witnessed various bizarre visions in the sea, accidentally unveiled the long-sealed truth, and opened up a new route to the new world. The male protagonist, Zhou Ming, was an ordinary middle school teacher. He was trapped in a room due to a strange fog, but he accidentally boarded a ghost ship called "Phenomenon 005" and began his adventure. This ghost ship was sailing in a world that was about to be infiltrated by subspace. Subspace belonged to the steam era and integrated all kinds of imaginable worlds, making people full of anticipation. The author's grand epic narrative style, the control of each character, and the vivid and delicate writing style with great personal charm and diverse styles made people feel the lives of believers and fully feel the lovely and charming descriptions of elves. Not only did they witness the great voyage, but they also experienced the fantasy world of the Caribbean pirates. The story was filled with the mysterious Crusoe Stream, combining fantasy and mysterious elements, making people fascinated. Every time the mystery was revealed, it gave people the feeling of peeling onions layer by layer. When you try to unravel the mystery, the author will present you with another mysterious and interesting world, allowing you to immerse yourself in it, forget time, forget your troubles, and wonder what will happen next. The overall style of Deep Sea Ember was light and almost invincible. Although the background setting was a little dark, it gave people a relaxed and pleasant reading experience. Overall, this book was a work of epic art and was worth reading. "Cultivation in the Chaos of the Demonic Martial World":"Cultivation in the Chaos of the Demonic Martial World" is a novel that makes people's eyes light up. The author's imagination was very big. The development of the plot was unexpected, and every step was full of surprises and excitement. This book not only brought pleasure to the readers, but also triggered people's thoughts on life, emotions, psychology, society, and history. It was difficult for the reader to guess what the next step would be, but every twist was fascinating. The plot of this book was so tight that it was hard to stop. The author's description was exquisite, allowing the readers to feel the emotions of the protagonists, making them unable to help but be moved by their experiences. In short, this book was worth reading. "Who told him to cultivate!" "Who told him to cultivate!" It was a funny novel, but it also had a more rigorous setting. The story of this book was simply amusing, but at the same time, it had a sense of seriousness. The story used daily cultivation as a clue to describe the various experiences of the protagonist, Lu Yang. Due to the protagonist's character, the plot gradually became ridiculous and logical, and this romantic feeling also affected the people around him. Many funny characters were playing a scene, not to mention the book review, which was also a source of happiness. Overall, this book was worth reading with its unique style and interesting storyline. You can read these novels on Qidian Chinese Network.
ESP system
The electronic stability Program was an electronic stability system for cars. It was a brand-new generation of active safety control system that could significantly improve the vehicle's handling stability under various extreme conditions. Its function was to monitor the driving state of the vehicle. By monitoring the parameters such as the steering direction, wheel speed, sideslip, and lateral acceleration of the vehicle, it could perform dynamic stability control on the vehicle to ensure that the vehicle remained stable in an emergency and prevent the vehicle from deviated from the ideal trajectory. The ESP system can automatically apply braking force to one or more wheels to ensure that the vehicle is running on the normal lane and can also automatically correct the vehicle's trajectory. The EP system was not an independent system, but was built on the basis of the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and the Acceleration Slip Control System (ASR). It was composed of sensors (such as steering sensor, wheel sensor, sideslip sensor, and lateral acceleration sensor), an ESP computer executor, and an ESP lamp on the dashboard. The principle was to control the stability of the vehicle through direct yawing moment, which meant that the braking force and driving force of the four tires were independently controlled to generate additional yawing moment, so that the vehicle could track the ideal control target according to the driver's driving intention under various working conditions. ESPs could be divided into four or four channel systems, two channel systems, and three channel systems. They had the characteristics of active safety, real-time response, multi-functionality, individual adaptation, and improved control performance. When the car is driving, when there is understeer, oversteer, or slipping on the road, the ESP system can effectively prevent the car from losing control and greatly improve the safety of the car. However, in some special situations, such as off-road driving, driving through sand and snow, sinking into quagmire, or drifting and other extreme driving, the ESP system would limit the engine speed. At this time, it was necessary to turn it off to increase the speed of the engine wheels. Most cars would have an EP system, some cars would have it as standard equipment, and some would have it as an option. It was difficult to install the EP system. It was not recommended to install it later because it was composed of a series of sensors and needed to go through a series of tests and debugs. Even if the later installation was successful, it could not guarantee that it would work at a critical time and might even bring potential risks. The novel "Dream of Silk Fate" is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Continuous arq protocol and sliding window protocol
In the continuous ARQ protocol, the sender maintained a sending window of a certain size, and the packets within the window could be sent continuously without waiting for the other party's acknowledgment. The sender would slide the sending window forward by one packet every time it received an acknowledgment. The receiver usually uses the method of accumulating acknowledgement, that is, after receiving several packets, it sends an acknowledgement to the last packet that arrives in order, indicating that all the packets up to this packet have been received correctly. However, this method has shortcomings. For example, when the middle packet is lost, the sender cannot know the situation of the subsequent packets, and may need to re-transmit more packets. The sliding window protocol involves a sending window and a receiving window. The transmit window is the range of sequence numbers of the frames that have been sent but have not been acknowledged, and the receive window is the range of sequence numbers of the frames that are expected to be received. When the default window size is 1, you can operate according to the specific sending process. The sliding window protocol could improve the channel utilization and was a reliable transmission mechanism for data communication. The continuous ARQ protocol can be seen as a specific application form of the sliding window protocol under certain conditions (such as the cumulative acknowledgment method). They are all protocol mechanisms that exist to achieve effective and reliable data transmission in the network. "Choose" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
The difference between AH protocol and EP protocol
Backward n frame protocol and selective repeat protocol
Go-back- N (GGN): - In the stop-and-wait protocol, the sender can only send one frame at a time, and the channel utilization rate is low. However, the backward N-frame protocol uses a sliding window method, and the sender maintains a set of sending windows, and can send multiple data frames at a time. The receiver uses the method of cumulative confirmation, and the sender moves the sending window forward after receiving the confirmation. When there was a problem (such as frame loss or long delay), the sender used the method of retreating N frames to re-transmit. The timer here was used to recover data frames or confirm the loss of frames, similar to the timer in the pause protocol. Choosing the Repeat protocol: - Different from the N-frame backward protocol, when the receiver receives an out-of-order frame, it will not discard all subsequent frames like the N-frame backward protocol. Instead, it will buffer the correctly received out-of-order frame. When the sender found that a frame was lost, it only retransmitted the lost frame, instead of retransmitting the subsequent N frames from the lost frame like the backward N frames protocol. This could avoid unnecessary data retransmissions and improve transmission efficiency, especially in a poor network environment with a high packet loss rate. Both of these two types of protocol were designed to deal with the loss of frames and the disorder of order during data transmission to improve the reliability and efficiency of data transmission. However, the specific ways in which they dealt with the problem were different. "Choose" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!
ARP protocol
The Address Resolution Protocol was a network layer protocol. It was between the data link layer and the network layer. It played a vital role in network communication, just like the address translator in the network. Its main function was to convert the IP address of the network layer to the data link layer's IP address. This was because in network communication, although the IP address was used to identify the host at the network layer, it was forwarded through the IP address at the data link layer (such as the ether network). The host or the layer 3 network device would maintain an ARP-table to store the IP address and the MAC-address map. The ARP-table entries included dynamic and static ARP-table entries. The working process was as follows: When host A needed to communicate with host B, it first determined the forwarded IP address according to the route table, and then checked the local ARP-buffer. If there was no matching address, it would broadcast an ARP-request frame in the network. All hosts in the same broadcast domain will receive this request. For example, after receiving the request, host C will find that the destination address is not its own, and then it will buffer the address of host A into its own ARP-table, and then discard the packet. After receiving the request, host B will find that the destination address is its own, and then it will buffer the address of host A and give a response. Then it will package its own address in the response ARP-packet and send it to host A. After receiving the response, host A will update its own ARP-buffer. There were two ways to obtain the ARPs: static and dynamic. The static acquisition was equivalent to manually configuration of the address map in the ARP-table. If the physical address changed, it would need to be manually changed, which was more troublesome. The dynamic acquisition was to obtain and update the address map by the host through the protocol, which was relatively convenient. In addition, there was also a free ARP-type message that was used to detect whether there was an IP address conflict. It would send a broadcast message with the same source and destination IP. Under normal circumstances, it was not expected to receive a response. If a response was received, it meant that there was an address conflict. In the Windows system, there were related ARP-commands. For example, ARP-a could check the ARP-buffer table, and ARP-d could delete the ARP-buffer table. However, due to network communication requirements, the buffer table might be regenerated immediately. In November 1982, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IetF) published the Internet Packet Packet Interface Problem (ARPG) 826. It was an indispensable protocol for the Internet Packet Interface Version 4, which was the most widely used version of the Internet protocol.(The Internet Packet Interface Version 6 was still in the early stages of deployment.) The role of the ARP-protocol in the car's ether network was the same as that of the traditional ether network. "Choose" was equally exciting. Everyone was welcome to read it!