Internal and external parameters of industrial cameras
The intrinsic parameters of the camera were parameters related to the camera's own characteristics, such as the focal length of the camera, the size of the camera, etc. The intrinsic parameters of the camera were parameters in the world coordinate system, such as the position of the camera, the direction of rotation, etc. The camera was a map between the world coordinates and the pixel-based coordinates. When the world coordinates and the pixel-based coordinates of the control points were known, the map could be calculated. After the calculation, the world coordinates of the control points could be inferred from the pixel-based coordinates, and then subsequent operations such as measurement could be carried out. This kind of calibration-based method was also known as hidden parameters calibration-based method because it did not calculate the internal parameters of the camera (such as the focal length of the camera, the distortion coefficient of the camera, etc.). In the process of image measurement and machine vision applications, in order to determine the relationship between the three-dimensional geometric position of a point on the surface of a spatial object and its corresponding point in the image, a geometric model of the camera image must be established. These geometric model parameters are the camera parameters. Under most conditions, these parameters need to be obtained through experiments and calculations. This solution process is called camera calibration1. Read more exciting novels for free
Calculating the internal and external parameters of the camera
The internal parameters of the camera included: 1. ** Picture format, size, and quality **: There are two types of photo format: RAW and JPG. You can choose JPG format if you don't need post-processing. If you need post-editing, you can choose RAW format. The daily shooting size can be set to large size, and the picture quality can be set to high quality. However, the size can be adjusted to M or S when shooting news topics and other situations that require fast production. 2. ** White Balance **: Automatic White Balance (AWB) can basically meet the needs of daily shooting. In special scenes or when you want to change the image effect, you can manually control it, such as using the built-in scene mode, manually adjusting the K value, etc. 3. ** Light sensitivity (USB)**: For daily shooting, you can set it to the "STAR"(Automatic Light sensitivity). When you use the manual gear (M), you can manually adjust it to control the image exposure. 4. ** Picture Style **: The camera has a variety of photo styles. It is recommended to choose the "standard" style for daily shooting unless you have special needs or want to try other styles. 5. ** Metering Mode **: Including evaluation measuring (Nikon Matrix Metering, Sony-called Multi-Metering), spot measuring, partial measuring, center-emphasized measuring, etc. The most commonly used is evaluation measuring. 6. ** Focus Mode **: For daily shooting, you usually choose AF-S + single-point autofocus. When shooting moving objects, you choose AF-C + extended focus. 7. ** exposure compensation **: In aperture priority/shutter priority mode, it is usually set to "0EV", but it has to be adjusted according to the "white plus black minus" rule. The external parameters of the camera may involve some indicators related to the camera hardware, such as the sensor (which is the heart of the digital camera), as well as lens-related parameters, but the reference did not mention the lens-related external parameters in detail. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The relationship between the internal and external parameters of the camera
The internal parameters of the camera mainly included light sensitivity (USB), shutter speed, aperture, AF-ON, depth of field button, M-GN, image confirmation, lens aberration correction, high USB noise reduction, unequipped memory card release shutter, gridline, white balance, color temperature, saturation, etc. These internal parameters affected each other and were also related to external parameters such as the external shooting environment of the camera. The higher the sensitivity value, the brighter the picture, but the higher the value, the lower the quality of the picture and the more noise. The higher the shutter speed, the less light entering, and the lower the brightness of the picture. On the contrary, the higher the light entering, the brighter the picture. However, the shutter speed should not be too low when shooting high-speed moving objects to avoid blurring the picture. The larger the aperture value, the smaller the aperture, the deeper the depth of field, the less light entering, and the darker the picture. On the contrary, the lighter the depth of field, the more light entering, the brighter the picture. AF-ON can be set to switch between single-shot focus, autofocus, and servo-autofocus, which affects the focus mode. The depth of field button can be set to the photo style to choose portrait or landscape shooting. M-GN can be set to drive mode, focus mode, white balance, and light measurement mode. After clicking M-mn, the settings can be switched. Image confirmation can set the time the photo stays on the camera, which is convenient to check the effect of the photo. The sensitivity can be adjusted by setting the minimum and maximum values; the peripheral brightness correction, distortion correction, digital lens optimization and other operations in the lens aberration correction affect the dark angle and distortion of the picture; the high Iso noise reduction can adjust the brightness of the picture in dark environments; the setting of releasing the shutter when the memory card is not installed is related to whether the shutter can be pressed when the memory card is not installed; the grid line can be used as the reference line for composition; The white balance color temperature affected the color of the screen. If it was less than 5200, it would be cold, and if it was greater than 5200, it would be warm. The saturation affected the color of the screen. The external parameters, such as the light intensity of the shooting environment, would affect the settings of the internal parameters. When the light is dim, you may need to increase the sensitivity, reduce the shutter speed, and increase the aperture to ensure enough light. When shooting external situations such as high-speed moving objects (such as sports events), the shutter speed needs to be set higher. When shooting different subjects such as people or scenery (external parameters), you can use the depth of field button to set the photo style to better shoot. Internal parameters such as white balance and saturation needed to be adjusted accordingly to achieve the ideal color effect under different shooting scenes (external parameters). <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
External parameters of the camera
The external parameters of the camera were parameters in the world coordinate system, mainly referring to the rotation and translation matrix between the camera systems, such as the position and rotation direction of the camera. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the external parameters of the camera?
The external parameters of the camera were the parameters in the world coordinate system, such as the camera's position, rotation direction, and so on. In terms of specific values, there were six external parameters of the camera, including the rotation parameters of the three axes (<anno data-annotation-id ="00000000 - 4110 - 4445 - 9999 - 9999 - 9999999999999"></anno>,<anno data-annotation-id ="2f0000c8 - 4f08 - 4f10 - 4f08 - 8f001111100000"></anno>). Combining the 3×3 rotation matrices of each axis (first matrix multiplication) to obtain R (size 3×3) that gathered the information of the three rotation axes, as well as the translation parameters of the three axes of T (Ti, Ty, Tz). R and T were combined into a 3×4 matrix, which was the key to converting to the coordinates of the label paper. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Internal and external marquis
The internal and external marquises were official positions in ancient times. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the implementation of the strict alcohol control policy added internal and external marquises. They were responsible for secretly visiting various institutions and places, and even disguised as civilians to sneak into government agencies to discover officials 'improper behavior. Once an official embezzled and accepted bribes, he would face the death penalty. Northern Wei had two marquises, one in charge of the capital and the other in charge of the prefecture. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Southern Qi Dynasty also had an organization called the Marquis. In the Sui Dynasty, it inherited the setting of the internal and external marquis. It was a spy agency directly under the emperor and supervised all officials. The internal and external marquis of the Sui Dynasty was the result of the development and change of the official system since the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was standardized and fixed. This agency had greater power. From the official name itself, Hou Guan could be used to refer to the people who welcomed guests, the military marquis in charge of scouts, and the officials who divined good or bad luck. During Wang Mang's period, there were more than a thousand Hou Guan who were in charge of reconnaissance and spying. While waiting for the TV series, you can also click on the link below to read the classic original work of "Dafeng Nightwatchman"!
Main applications of industrial cameras
Industrial cameras are mainly used in the following applications: 1. ** Industrial Inspection and Quality Control in Machine Vision System **: It is used to detect the appearance defects and size accuracy of products, and to identify and locate targets on the automated production line. 2. ** Security monitoring **: It plays an important role in areas such as banks, shopping malls, schools, and public places. It provides high-resolution and good color reproduction images, and realizes automatic target tracking and abnormal behavior detection with AI algorithms. 3. ** Film and Television Production **: It is used to capture wonderful images. Its high definition and good color reproduction can make the images realistic and vivid. 4. ** traffic management **: Used in road inspection, vehicle monitoring, etc. It can monitor traffic conditions in real time, record illegal behaviors, and accurately identify vehicle types, license plate numbers, and other information with image processing technology. 5. ** environmental monitoring **: It can be used for air quality monitoring, pollution source monitoring, etc. It can monitor environmental conditions in real time and display environmental conditions in the form of images for analysis and decision-making. 6. ** Military reconnaissance **: It is used to detect enemy positions, military deployment, and military facilities, providing real-time and accurate visual information. 7. ** Inspection of aircraft engine blades **: 3D industrial cameras can accurately measure the size, shape, and position of aircraft engine blades, detect the surface quality, and combine technology to achieve automated and intelligent inspection to improve inspection efficiency and adapt to complex environments. It can also be combined with other inspection technologies to achieve more comprehensive and accurate inspection. 8. ** Wide-format industrial cameras for coin character detection **: Used in the industries of cars, pharmaceutics, electronics and electronics, manufacturing, packaging/food/beverage, medicine, etc. Its characteristics are automaton, objective, non-contact, and high precision. In the coin-making industry, it could be used for the online inspection of the last process of coin-making (imprinting process). 9. ** Line Array Industrial Cameras **: With its special imaging features, it is used for inspection on drums or scenes that require a large field of view and extremely high precision, such as shooting wide-format objects to be measured. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Market analysis of imported industrial cameras
The following is an analysis of the imported industrial camera market: ** I. Market scale and trend ** 1. ** Overall market size ** - From the perspective of the China market, the situation of imported industrial cameras has changed from 2017 to 2019. Although the number of imported cameras has not increased much, the amount of imported cameras has increased significantly. For example, in 2018, the number of imported cameras was 8159 units, and the import amount was 44.8274 million yuan. From January to October 2019, the number of imported cameras and the import amount had exceeded the whole year of 2018, showing that the market value of imported industrial cameras was constantly increasing. 2. ** Market growth factors ** - With the explosion of the machine vision and artificial intelligence industries, the market demand for industrial cameras increased, which also promoted the development of the imported industrial camera market. ** 2. Market share and competitive landscape ** 1. ** Market concentration of different types of cameras ** - In the smart camera market, the global market concentration was much higher than the board camera market. For example, Cognex and Keyence, which were the first to lay out smart cameras, currently accounted for more than 70% of the market, while the top eight companies in the board camera market only had a combined market share of 61%. 2. ** Relationship between regional demand distribution and import market ** - In China, from a regional perspective, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta contributed 70% of the market demand, and the Bohai Rim region contributed about 15% of the market demand. Part of these needs were met by imported industrial cameras. The imported industrial cameras occupied a certain share of the China industrial camera market demand, especially in the high-end market demand. Due to the advantages of foreign products in terms of technology, imported industrial cameras had a large market space. ** 3. The advantages and disadvantages of the product ** 1. ** product advantage ** - Foreign imported industrial cameras had certain advantages in terms of technology. For example, in the field of smart cameras, well-known foreign companies had experience in developing visual software. They usually came with corresponding customized software to facilitate system developers to program smart cameras. For example, the supporting software EasyBuilder for Cognex's In-Sight series of smart cameras had very good functions. Moreover, in terms of industrial machine vision cameras, manufacturers such as Teledyne, Basler AG, and Cognex Corporation accounted for more than half of the global market. The products of these brands were highly competitive in the global market and may have advantages in terms of technology development and product quality. 2. ** Weakness of the product (targeted at the China market)** - The application of foreign products in the China market was not targeted enough. Although the hardware and software advantages of foreign products were obvious, the lack of in-depth development for the China market limited its further expansion in the China market to a certain extent. ** 4. Price factor ** - The price of imported industrial cameras was relatively high. Taking smart cameras as an example, foreign products were priced at a higher level due to their hardware and software advantages. This affected the further expansion of their market share to a certain extent, and also provided opportunities for domestic companies to enter the low-end market. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Image output format for industrial cameras
Industrial cameras output raw data (raw data), its image output format includes RAW (or RAW rmb), which is the raw image format output by the mos image sensor. It is an unprocessed and uncompressed format, which can be regarded as "raw image coding data" or "digital negative film". It also records the raw data generated by the camera (such as the settings of the camera, shutter speed, aperture value, white balance, etc.). It can also output Mono8, Mono12, etc., as well as JPG, BMP, etc. for image storage. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Industrial lens parameters detailed explanation
The parameters of an industrial lens included the following important aspects: ##1. Focus (EFL) 1. ** definition and essence ** - The focal length is the distance from the main light point of the optical system to the focal point. The distance from the topmost lens to the back focal point is called the back focal length, and the distance from the bottommost lens to the front focal point is called the front focal length. It was an indicator of the ability of an optical system to converge or diverge light. 2. ** Relationship with field of view ** - For the same sensor, the longer the focal length of the lens, the smaller the field of view, and the smaller the field of view. Conversely, the smaller the focal length, the larger the field of view, and the larger the field of view. ##2. Field of View 1. ** Meaning ** - It refers to the range of the image that the lens can capture, usually expressed in terms of field of view. ##3. Magnification 1. ** Concepts ** - Magnification refers to the ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object. ##4. Chip size 1. ** Selection Principle ** - To choose a lens with a larger compatibility, if the target surface of the CCD-chip is 1 ", the lens should at least use a lens with a maximum compatibility of 1". A 2/3 "lens is not suitable. ##5. Numeric Aperture UA 1. ** Impact on the camera ** - It would affect the resolution and aperture of the lens. The larger the UA value, the better the lens resolution and aperture. The resolution calculation formula is: resolution = 0.61* Lambda/UA (Lambda is the light source's wavelength). At the same time, effective FNO = optical magnification/(2xUA). ##6. Aperture Number (F.No) 1. ** Concepts ** - The aperture number (F.No) was the ratio of focal length (EFL) to the entrance pupil (D, the image of the aperture in the object space), which was F.No = EFL/D. 2. ** Impact on the picture ** - The size of the F.No number would affect the brightness of the screen, the depth of field, and the sensitivity of the installation. ##7. Working Distance WD 1. ** Concepts ** - It refers to the distance between the bottom of the lens and the surface of the object. In the machine vision optical system, the required space had to consider the length of the camera lens group itself and the working distance of the lens. If the space could not satisfy the sum of the two, it was necessary to consider changing the working direction of the prism or re-designing the optical system. ##8. DOF 1. ** Relationship with focal length and working distance ** - The relationship between depth of field and focal length was that the longer the focal length, the smaller the depth of field, and the shorter the focal length, the greater the depth of field. The relationship between depth of field and working distance was that the shorter the working distance, the closer the lens was to the object, and the smaller the depth of field. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Prototype testing of internal and external animals
The Inner Animal Prototype Test was a psychological test that revealed an individual's personality traits and behavior patterns by measuring their preferences for different animals. This kind of test could help people understand their inner psychological composition, explore their personality characteristics, values, and psychological behavior patterns. The purpose of the test was to guide an individual's academic, professional, and interpersonal development. This test could determine an individual's inner animal prototype by answering a series of questions, such as lion, wolf, cat, falcon, peacock, raccoon, etc. However, it was important to note that these tests could only be used as a reference and could not replace professional psychological consultation.