A Study on the Ritual System of Jade Artifacts Unearthed from Liu He's Tomb
There were many jade articles unearthed from Liu He's tomb, and these jade articles had many manifestations in etiquette. First of all, according to the use of jade, it can be divided into two categories: the jade used by the tomb owner before his death and the jade used for funeral. From the perspective of funeral jades, the typical funeral jades in ancient times included jade clothes, jade masks, jade pillows, jade nine-hole plugs, jade hooks, jade handles, and jade coffins. Although there were no jade clothes in Liu He's coffin, there were some other special funeral jades. For example, the gold-coated glazed mat found at the bottom of the main coffin belonged to the category of jade at that time and could be regarded as an innovative form of funeral jade. The jade found on Liu He's face was just the right size to cover the face. This method of using jade was related to the treatment of the deceased in funeral jade. There were also jade pillows under the heads of the dead bodies and other jade used for funerals, all of which reflected the ritual system of jade used for funerals in Han Dynasty. Secondly, from the point of view of the jade used during his lifetime, the "jade pendant" unearthed from the Haiying Marquis Cemetery was worth studying. In the Han Dynasty, only the emperor could have the jade pendant, but Liu He, as a marquis, had it. This might imply Liu He's special identity and experience, and from the side, it reflected that there might be special circumstances in the ritual system of power symbols of jade articles at that time. Moreover, there were more than 500 pieces of jade artifacts unearthed from Liu He's tomb, which exceeded the number of jade artifacts unearthed from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng. Some experts believed that the complete ritual jade system of the Han Dynasty was concentrated here, which indicated that these jade artifacts were of great significance to the study of the ritual jade system of the Han Dynasty in terms of quantity, type, and significance. To sum up, the jade artifacts unearthed from Liu He's tomb provided a rich material basis for the study of the jade ritual system of the Han Dynasty from the aspects of funeral, jade used during his lifetime, quantity and variety. Read more exciting novels for free
Jade Artifacts Unearthed from Ancient Corpse
Jade artifacts unearthed from ancient corpses are of great significance in archaeological research. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Han Dynasty, people believed that sealing the nine orifices of the dead with jade articles could make the corpse immortal. Therefore, many jade articles were unearthed in ancient tombs. Some of these jade articles were used by ancient corpses to stuff their mouths or anus. They were not suitable for wearing and playing. For example, in the highest grade cemetery of Liangzhu culture, Fanshan Cemetery, more than 1200 pieces of cultural relics such as jade articles, pottery, stone tools, and lacquer cups inlaid with jade were unearthed from 11 tombs, of which more than 90% were jade articles. The jade cong king unearthed here was of the best quality and had the most exquisite carving skills. It weighed 6.5 kilograms, and eight complete patterns of gods and beasts were carved on its straight groove. The faces and hats of the gods, the big eyes, nose, and mouth of the divine beasts were carved with shallow embossed techniques, and the upper limbs of the gods and the lower limbs of the divine beasts were carved with Yin lines. It was extremely complicated and was an outstanding work of micro-carving in Liangzhu. Another example was the jade, jade pillow, jade mask, jade Huang, etc. unearthed from Tomb M11 of the Han Dynasty Tombs in Tiecha Mountain. Among them, the jade mask was made of very thin jade pieces, which were carved into a certain shape and decorated on silk and other fabrics to form the plane outline and five senses of the head. The whole thing looked like a mask. The jade pillow was inlaid with jade wood pillow, which was more precious. A large tomb of the Zhou Dynasty was found in Hancheng, Shaanxi Province. A considerable number of exquisite funerary objects were unearthed from Tomb No. 26, among which the largest number of jade articles were found, with five cauldrons and four Gui. Tomb No. 27 on the east side was buried with seven cauldrons and six Gui, and a jade pig dragon more than 5000 years ago was also unearthed. The ancient corpse jades unearthed from different ancient tombs reflected the culture, craftsmanship, funeral customs and other historical information of the time. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Analysis of Jade Artifacts Unearthed from Li Xianhui's Tomb in Qianling of Tang Dynasty
When the tomb of Princess Yongtai of Tang Dynasty, Li Xianhui, was excavated from August 1960 to April 1962, 10 jade articles were unearthed in the north under the entrance of the tunnel, most of which were ornaments and ornaments. Qianling Museum now displays hollowed-out dragon pattern jade pendant, auspicious beast swimming fish pattern jade Heng, valley pattern jade Huang, these three jade may be made of Hetian jade material. Hetian jade is produced in Hetian, Xinjiang. Its hardness is about 6 - 6.5 degrees, and its colors are white, yellow, red, green, black, etc. It is best to use the water from the riverbed, with oily luster. There were many objects of Hetian jade in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Qin and Han Dynasties, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The white jade of the Han Dynasty was even more respected. Among the 10 jade articles unearthed, 7 were accessories of jade pendants from the Tang Dynasty. Among the other 3, one was a jade hang with grain patterns from the late Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty, one was a remnant of a carved dragon pattern from the Eastern Han Dynasty, and one was a beast swimming fish pendant from the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The beast swimming fish jade pendant was grayish-white and cyan in color, 11 centimeters long and 6 centimeters high. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Jade Artifacts of the Warring States Period and Han Dynasty Unearthed in Luoyang
Ancient Glazed Artifacts Unearthed
The following are descriptions of some of the ancient glazed objects that were unearthed: - The dragonfly-eye glass bead unearthed from the tomb of the King of Nanyue was like the component of the jade pendant of Group A of Lady You. This dragonfly-eye glass bead was round, slightly flat, with a green base. The sphere was inlaid with eight blue and white oval patterns, two in a group. The one unearthed from the West Ear Room was gray-brown in color, shaped like an oblate bead with a small hole in the middle. There were green and white circular patterns on the surface, and white dots arranged in a double-line diamond pattern. There were also 11 pairs of 22 pieces of blue flat glass unearthed from the tomb of the King of Nanyue. They were blue and translucent, with a high degree of internal smoothness. They were light blue in color and crystal clear. There were only a few bubbles, and the thickness of the glass itself was uniform. In addition, there were five pieces of glass wall, which were bluish-white in color. The surface was decorated with cattail patterns, and there was a concave string pattern on the inner and outer edges. There were small holes in the front and back of the glass shell in the jewelry worn by the tomb owner, which were molded by glass and mostly used to sew on the fabric. There were also thousands of small glass beads, a kind of deep blue or green bead in the shape of a flat circle. - A glazed bead unearthed from a tomb of the Southern Song Dynasty at the foot of Mount Lie in Huai 'an, Jiangsu Province. It was round and transparent, and there were round black spots on the ball, which occupied almost two-thirds of the ball's overall area. The novel " Gilded Palm " is equally exciting. Everyone is welcome to click and read it!
Jade Artifacts from the Tomb of Yue State
Although the specific details of the jade artifacts unearthed in the tomb of the Yue State in Bamudun, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province were not explicitly mentioned, it could be speculated that there were jade artifacts that reflected the highly developed jade culture of the Yue State. The tomb of the Warring States Period in Guozi Mountain, Zhangshu County, Jiangxi Province was considered a high-level tomb of Yue State. The jades unearthed in the tomb could be divided into decorative jade (such as Huang, Pei, Guan, Ring Head, etc.) and other decorative jade according to their uses. Among them, there were 28 jade articles, including Huang, Pei, Guan, Ring Head, etc. There was also a jade ring collected in the fill that was crystal clear and translucent. It had a glass luster and a green base, which might belong to the category of jade. The jade wares in these tombs were beautiful in shape and had exquisite carvings. They had extremely high historical and artistic value. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
How to Appreciate Jade Artifacts and How to Appraise Jade Artifacts
Appreciating and evaluating jade articles can be done from the following aspects: * * 1. Material ** 1. * * Color **: The color of natural jade is natural, and the color distribution is even and natural. The color of dyed jade is gorgeous, regular, and floating on the surface. For example, all kinds of jade should have this natural color characteristic. 2. * * Hand feeling **: Due to the different density, the jade feels different. For example, Hetian jade had a high density, and it felt heavy and cold. Generally, natural jade felt like it was falling when held in the hand, while fake jade was often light and floating. 3. * * Internal structure **: Observing the internal structure of the jade with light, the internal structure of the natural jade is naturally orderly. For example, under the light or sunlight, the internal structure of natural jade looked comfortable, while artificial imitation jade may have obvious artificial traces and even bubbles inside. 4. * * Gravity **: Natural jade has a high density, which can be judged by measuring its gravity. For example, Hetian jade, jade, and other dense jade stones could feel their weight in his hand. * * 2. Styling ** 1. * * Overall styling **: The proportion of the styling should be balanced and harmonious. It should not appear stiff. It should pay attention to the overall beauty. 2. [Details: For a jade with a shape, details are very important. For example, the lines must be smooth, without any broken lines, and the thickness must be uniform and appropriate.] * * 3. Craftsmanship ** 1. * * Pattern **: Pattern is an important part of jade appreciation. It is a form of ancient art. Different periods had different characteristics of decorative patterns, and their complexity might contain the cultural thoughts of the time, which not only helped to determine the generation of jade articles, but also helped to understand the life, culture, and thoughts of the people at that time. Moreover, good jade articles had smooth lines, uniform thickness, and more charm. 2. * * Craftsmanship Difficulty **: For example, some jade carvings of the Han Dynasty have high requirements for artistry, craftsmanship, and material. They can be used as a reference to determine the value of jade. * * 4. Sound ** Hanging the jade with a rope, hanging it in the air and fixing it properly, and then gently knocking it with another jade stone, the sound of natural jade knocking out is clear (as the ancient saying goes, the sound is melodious), but the sound of fake jade knocking out is more muffled. He could also use the jade to knock on the jade to judge by the sound. * * 5. Historical and cultural value ** 1. * * Age **: Jade articles of different ages have different historical and cultural values. For example, the Han Dynasty was the peak period of Chinese jade articles. Jade articles of this period were unique in terms of artistry and craftsmanship. 2. Jade ware is a high-level cultural carrier. It reflects ancient politics, etiquette, commerce, totems, religion, beliefs, and even life customs and aesthetic tastes. It carries rich cultural content. When appreciating and evaluating jade, one had to consider all the above aspects. One could not draw conclusions based on just one factor. If there were still doubts after the initial judgment, the jade could be sent to a professional appraisal agency for appraisal. The appraisal report issued by the formal agency when the merchant sold it could also be used as a reference. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
A Study on the Relics of the Six Dynasties Unearthed in Yuyao
The study of the Six Dynasties cultural relics unearthed in Yuyao was mainly based on the archaeological discoveries of Yuyao. In the archaeological excavation of Yuyao, such as the excavation of the Han and Six Dynasties ruins of the First Experimental Primary School in Yuyao City (Du Yi's Han and Six Dynasties ruins), it provided rich materials for relevant research. The site was excavated from April to July 2023. A total of 258 specimens of various relics such as porcelain were unearthed. Among them, 8 wells from the Six Dynasties were of various types and were built with distinctive methods. The most important relics of the Six Dynasties were the copper coin cellar pit and the well group. These unearthed cultural relics provided detailed cases for the study of the drinking water problems of the residents in the Yuyao River basin during that period, and also enriched the materials for the development and changes of the two cities in the north and south of Yuyao during the Han and Six Dynasties. There were many types of cultural relics unearthed from the Six Dynasties, including ceramic relics and copper coins. These cultural relics provided a basis for the study of the local social life, economic situation, cultural development and other aspects of the Six Dynasties. Through the study of these cultural relics, one could further understand the historical and cultural features of Yuyao during the Six Dynasties. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The Jade Artifacts of Rongcheng
The Rongcheng Museum has jade artifacts of different ages. Among them, there was a piece of jade from the Qin and Han Dynasties from the end of the Warring States Period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty. It was unearthed in 1982 at the Dongjing Building of Chengshantou Ruins (now Wolong Village). The jade was damaged, the jade color was green and white, and the surface was decorated with grain patterns. The two pieces of jade were the same color as the jade, both plain, and each had a hole at the bottom. There was also a jade pendant from the Han Dynasty that was collected in Buliu Town. It was white jade with dark brown carvings on some parts. One corner was missing and the shape was like a Huang. It was carved with cloud patterns and beast patterns, and there was a horned dragon on one side of the top. In addition, in October 1979, the villagers of Wolong Village near Chengshantou found a group of jade articles including one jade wall, two jade guides and one jade Huang when leveling the mound. This group of jade articles was sent to the museum of Qing Dao for collection. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
White Jade Artifacts
There were many types of white jade and jade crafts. From the pendant, there was a Hetian jade white jade hollowed-out auspicious Ruyi fortune pendant. Its wholesale price varied according to the number of purchases. The material was Hetian jade, the craftsmanship was carving, the clarity was pure, and the size was about 37*53 mm. There were also some Buddha statues and other crafts made of white jade, such as the pure white jade immortal sitting on the raft, pure white jade brush (a pair), pure white jade sheep beast incense burner, pure white jade ring ear reward vase, pure white jade Amitayus Buddha sitting statue, pure white jade Sakyamuni Buddha standing statue, pure white jade bowl (a pair), white jade flower Ruyi ear vase of the Republic of China, pure white jade rhinoceros looking at the moon screen, etc. In addition, there were amphoras made of white jade. Some white jade products were also used to make national gifts, such as the national gift white jade craft plate made of calligraphy materials. In terms of price, the price of white jade products varied greatly due to quality, craftsmanship, and other factors. For example, bracelets made of suet white seed material were expensive. If there was any, the capital would be 60,000, and the selling price could reach 75,000. After bargaining, it could be sold at 29,000. Some of the white jade crafts had also won various awards. For example, in 2006, the white jade Dharma won the Gold Award of the Jade Tripod Cup, and in 2009, the white jade Hendustan Pot won the Gold Award of the China Jade Hundred Flowers Award. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Antique Jade Artifacts
Antique theme jade was a common type of modern jade production. From the point of view of the purpose of production, one could not simply regard all antique jade articles as fakes. Many of the modern antique style jades were not intended to impersonate the ancient jade of a certain dynasty. This kind of jade, which was called "new life" in the jade industry, had a unique position in the market. It was very different from the fake ones that were intended to impersonate ancient jade. However, the situation in the antique jade market was complicated. On the one hand, low-end antique jade was mostly sold on the street, targeted at newcomers who had just entered the ancient jade circle and lacked eyesight and funds. Most of these goods were made of garbage materials and sold wholesale after simple carving. They were often accompanied by fabricated stories, such as " three-piece set at the construction site ". Although the profit per piece was low, due to the large quantity, they could still earn a lot of profit. On the other hand, with the development of technology, there were high-quality imitations that were targeted at experts with a certain level of insight. The person who made the high-quality imitations might be an expert in ancient jade. They used old materials, according to the traditional style of the collection, using a combination of machines and handwork, or even self-made tools to make antique jade. They could reach a 90% degree of authenticity, thus misleading many players. In the aspect of identifying ancient jade, there were many ways to fake ancient jade and they were kept secret. For example, the imitation of Blood-seeping Jade could be done by placing the jade in the mud made of pig's blood and yellow soil to form the appearance of soil biting and blood-seeping. To imitate soil rust, one could bury the rubber-coated jade in the yellow soil mud. To make the old look new, one could heat wax on the old jade. There were two ways to make black spots on ancient jade. One was to burn the boiled jade on an iron grill while touching wax oil. The other was to wrap the jade with wet cotton and slowly roast it with water repeatedly after making it in the ancient method. There was also the old method of extracting oil, using the red light grass juice and sand to marinate the new jade texture, then roasting it with bamboo fire to make the Blood Jade to confuse the experts, etc. In addition, for some jade articles that were difficult to judge, such as jade articles in the Hongshan culture style, it was difficult to judge whether they were authentic from the Hongshan culture period, antique jade articles with the Hongshan culture style, or modern antique jade articles just by appearance. This required in-depth research and discussion. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>