Silk Road Treasures in Guyuan Cultural Relics and Archeology
Guyuan had a lot of treasures that reflected the cultural exchange of the Silk Road in cultural relics and archaeology. In the tomb of Li Xian, the general of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, about 1500 years ago, gilded gold and silver pots and glass bowls belonging to the Sassanid Dynasty of Persia were found. The gilded gold pot had a slender upper belly, a round lower abdomen, a high circle foot, and a duckbill. The pot body was made of silver and partially gilded. A figure was cast on the pot handle. There were three groups of six figures of men and women carved on the pot body. The content was the story of the Greek mythology Paris referee and the Troy War. It was a combination of Persian Sassanid style, Greek style, and local elements of Bactria. It was a wine set used by the nobles of the Persian Dynasty. The protruding glass bowl was deep and straight. There were 14 interlaced glass circles inlaid around it. It was light yellow-green in color and crystal clear. This kind of decorative glassware was a typical Sassanid glassware. It was native to the highlands of iran. At that time, China could not produce it due to technical reasons, so it was very precious. There were also Eastern Roman Byzantine gold coins and Sassanid silver coins unearthed from the tomb of Tian Hong of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in Pengyang County, Guyuan City. Sassanid silver coins were the common currency of the Northern Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasties, which proved that Pengyang area was an important passage of the ancient land Silk Road during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. There are more than 20,000 cultural relics in Guyuan Museum, some of which also reflect the achievements of Silk Road cultural exchange. For example, the lacquer paintings on the side of the coffin, the glazed bowl, the mother-and-mother leopard buckle, the epitaph of Yuwen Meng, the painted pottery pot, the double-layer gate mural, the golden bowl with a handle and other cultural relics reflected the development of Guyuan area in various historical periods and the integration of external cultural exchanges from different angles. These cultural relics were the treasures of the Silk Road in Guyuan's cultural relics and archaeology. They witnessed the important position of Guyuan on the Silk Road and the extensive development of cultural and trade exchanges between the East and the West. Read more exciting novels for free
Silk, national treasures, cultural relics
There were many precious silk relics on the Silk Road, such as: 1. ** Embellished with ruby and covered with gold **: A cultural relic from the 5th to 6th century AD. Unearthed in 1997 in the ancient tomb of Poma, Zhaosu County, Yili Kazak autonomous prefecture. It is 21.4 cm long, 4.3 - 5.8 cm wide, and weighs 66 grams. It is now stored in the Yili Kazak autonomous prefecture museum. One side of the scabbard was decorated with patterns. In the middle, three rows of gemstones were inlaid with fine gold, and rubies were embedded. Between the inlaid gemstones and the edge of the scabbard, patterns such as triangle, diamond, and line were spot-stitched with fine gold beads. 2. ** Gold ring inlaid with ruby **: A cultural relic from the 5th to 6th century AD. It was unearthed in 1997 in the ancient tomb of Boma, Zhaosu County, Yili Kazak autonomous prefecture. The ring is 2.1 cm long and weighs 16.5 grams. It is now stored in the museum of Yili Kazak autonomous prefecture. The surface of the ring is an oval ruby, and the ring holder is made of gold. The ring surface is tightly fastened with the gem on the surface. The ring surface is decorated with two rings of fine gold beads. The two sides of the ring holder are opposite to each other. There is a base inlaid with gems. The original inlaid gems have been lost. 3. ** Beaded Necklace (Tang Dynasty)**: Unearthed from the Washixia Ruins in Ruoqiang County in 1971, now stored in the Museum of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The beaded necklace was composed of 119 beads of different sizes. The beads were round, oval, and polyhedron. The colors were red, yellow, blue, and green. They were bright and beautiful. 4. ** Necklace and Bracelet (Han and Jin Dynasties)**: Unearthed in the old city of Loulan in Ruoqiang County in 1980, now hidden in the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. These two strings of jewelry were made of 70 and 16 beads of different sizes. The materials were agate, colored stone, glass, etc. The colors were blue, green, yellow, cyan, black, gold, etc. The shapes were spherical, cylindrical, rounded square, oval, etc. They were all pierced in the middle for wearing. Glass beads were made by the Roman people and were introduced to China along the Silk Road during the Eastern Han Dynasty. 5. ** Beaded Bracelet (Han)**: Unearthed in 1985 from Baozi East, Baozi Dongxiang, Wensu County, now stored in the Museum of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. There were a total of 19 beads in the shape of a circle, cylinder, oval, cone, stone leaf, and so on. One of the cone-shaped pendants was wrapped in gold foil and had a golden ring. The colors were yellow, dark red, light red, gray, green, and so on. The cylindrical beads were man-made gemstones that had been artificially processed to form patterns. They were called "Eroded Flower Flesh Red Stone Marrow Beads". This process originated from India. 6. ** Bone Bead (Han and Jin Dynasties)**: Unearthed from the Niya site in Minfeng County in 1996, 112 cm long, now hidden in the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. This string of bone beads was made up of more than 400 beige bone beads. There was a hole in the middle, and the surface was smooth. The workmanship was exquisite. It should be an ornament on the neck. 7. ** Tiger-patterned round gold medal (5th century B.C. -3rd century B.C.)**: Unearthed from Tomb No. 30, Aragou, Urumqi City, 1977. Now stored in the Museum of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. This card is molded with a hammer and a raised tiger pattern. The tiger's posture is very dynamic, and the head, mane, and claw patterns are meticulously carved. 8. ** Tiger gold belt decoration (5th century B.C. -3rd century B.C.)**: Unearthed from Tomb No. 30, Alagou, Urumqi City, 1977, now stored in the Museum of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It was molded and hammered with gold foil. The two tigers opened their mouths and glared at each other, looking like they were about to fight. The shape was unique and the technique was exquisite. There were small holes in the belt, which might be an ornament attached to other leather goods or clothing. 9. ** Bronze Blindfold (Tang Dynasty)**: Unearthed from Tomb 227 of Astana Cemetery in Turpan in 1973, now stored in the Museum of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. When unearthed, it was originally placed on the eyes of the deceased. It was punched out of a thin copper sheet. The center of the eye was near the eyeball. The small holes around the eye mask were originally sewn with cotton or silk to protect it. This kind of eye mask could only be seen in Xinjiang. It was a funeral instrument. 10. ** Chinese Wooden Slips (Wei and Jin)**: A total of 7 pieces of different lengths. One of them was written in ink on both sides, while the rest were written in ink on one side. The calligraphy of this batch of Chinese wooden slips included cursive script, running script, regular script, etc. It recorded the names of officials, place names, orders, thin books, etc. It was a precious material for studying the political and military system, social and economic life, and calligraphy art of the Loulan area during the Han and Jin Dynasties and ancient Xinjiang. 11. ** Qiuci Wooden Slips (Eastern Han)**: Qiuci was an ancient country in the Western Regions and an important town on the Silk Road during the Han and Tang Dynasties. The remnant was from the Sui Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, and no ethnic group used this language. In addition, some silk cultural relics such as woven shoes from the Eastern Jin Dynasty (unearthed in Xinjiang), brocade socks from the Tang Dynasty (collected in the Gansu Museum), leather boots from more than 1000 years ago (collected in the Qinghai Tibetan Medicine Culture Museum), and urns from the Northern Dynasty (collected in the Xinjiang Museum) also reflected the cultural exchanges and historical development on the Silk Road to a certain extent. At the same time, silk-related prehistoric, Shang and Han cultural relics unearthed in Hebei, Henan and Shanxi, such as the pottery silkworm pupa unearthed from the Yangshao cultural site in Nanyangzhuang, Hebei Province, the silk relics of the Shang Dynasty unearthed from the Taixi site in Gaocheng, and the silk fragments unearthed from the tomb of Liu Sheng, the Han Zhongshan King in Baoding, were also important witnesses to the development of silk culture. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Silk cultural relics
There were many silk-related cultural relics, which were found in different sites and museum. For example, in the ruins of the Shang Dynasty in Taixi, Gaocheng, Hebei Province, a large number of silk fabrics were found on the surface of bronze ware, such as copper Ge, copper Jue, copper Gu, copper Wei, etc. After identification, the fibers were silk fibers, and five kinds of silk fabrics were identified, including plain "Wan", plain yarn, gauze, plain crepe silk as fabric. In 1968, in the tomb of Liu Sheng, King of Zhongshan of Han Dynasty, which was excavated in Baoding City, fragments of silk fabric were found in the coffin, iron armor and jade clothes. Most of them were plain silk, and a few were high-grade fabrics such as patterned silk, colored brocade and embroidery. Among them, the fine silk found under the jade clothes might be "Bingwan", and the fragment of double-silk plain fabric was found in the left trouser tube of the jade clothes. Silk remnants about 5500 years ago were unearthed in the urn coffin burial of Qingtai site in Xingyang, Henan Province. Recently, the scientific research team identified the carbonized fabric extracted from the urn coffin of Wanggou site in Xingyang and confirmed that it was of the same kind and period as the fabric unearthed from Qingtai site. In 1958, silk threads, ribbons, and silk pieces from about 4300 years ago were discovered at the Qianshanyang site in Balidian Town, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province. In 1926, half a cocoon from 5600 years ago was discovered at the Yangshao cultural site in Xiyin Village, Xia County, Shanxi Province. All of these showed the existence of silk-like cultural relics and the historical and cultural significance behind them from different angles. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Treasures and cultural relics
There were many kinds of treasures and cultural relics distributed all over the world. In China, there were books related to "Treasures in the Collection of Anhui" published in Anhui. 101 sets of cultural relics from Beijing were exhibited in Athens and returned safely to China. They were exhibited at the China Millennium Monument Art Museum in Beijing. In the Hubei Provincial Museum, a thousand-year-old salted fish carried rich historical and cultural information, allowing people to understand the daily life and eating habits of ancient times. There were many Chinese treasures and cultural relics that had been lost overseas. The British Museum in Britain had more than 23,000 Chinese cultural relics, ranging from stone artifacts from the Neoliths to gold and silver artifacts from the late Qing Dynasty, such as the bronze bird and animal patterned mirror during the Warring States Period and the colorful chicken jar cup during the Chenghua period of the Ming Dynasty. One of the treasures of the museum was the Vase of David. There was also the earliest Chinese silk painting, the Admonition Painting of Female History, which was taken away by the Anglo-French coalition forces from the Old Summer Palace, and the most precious wooden printed book in the world, the Diamond Sutra, which contained 13,000 documents from the Dunhuang Sutra Cave. Japan had plundered a large number of Chinese cultural relics. More than 10,000 of the 110,000 pieces on display in the Tokyo National Museum came from China, and 11 of them were known as national treasures, such as the Song Dynasty ceramic tea bowls. The Metropolis Museum of Art in the United States had unique works ranging from Shang and Zhou bronzes to Tang and Song porcelains, paintings, and so on. The Boston Museum of Fine Arts had Yan Liben's Painting of Emperors, and the Ferrier Museum had nearly 30,000 Chinese collections, including Shang and Zhou bronzes. The Jimei Museum in France had about 20,000 Chinese collections. The treasures of the museum were the Chinese bronze elephant statue that was nearly one meter long and the blue glazed white dragon plum vase of the Yuan Dynasty. The Palace of Fountainebleau displayed more than 30,000 Chinese ivory carvings, cloisonné and jade that were taken from the Old Summer Palace. There were also many unique treasures and cultural relics abroad. Ancient Egypt had a bronze cat head with bright eyes, a cat mummy inside a cat-shaped statue, and a toy ball in a child's tomb from 2500 B.C. In the Altaic region of Russia, there was a Scythian warhorse headband based on a goat skull with birds perched on it. In Italy, there were swords of the Holy Roman Empire with portraits of emperors carved on their sheaths, and helmets in the shape of griffins. In Greece, there was a cup in the shape of a donkey's head. At the end of the 16th century, the world's oldest revolver appeared in Nuremberg. These treasures and cultural relics were an important window to understand the history and culture of different regions, the wisdom of the ancients, the way of life, and the process of historical development. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Silk, newspapers, cultural relics
Silk newspapers were newspapers printed with special materials. They had unique designs, exquisite printing, small circulation, and were worth collecting and investing. For example, the silk newspaper published by Huzhou City to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Huzhou Daily was very popular and difficult to obtain at a high price. However, there was no information about the specific connection between the silk newspaper and the cultural relics. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
National Treasures and Cultural Relics Specialist
The following were some of the more well-known experts in the identification of national treasures and cultural relics: - Mr. Ma Chengyuan, known as the "First Person in Bronze Appraisal in China", was the curator of the Shanghai Museum. He started as an ordinary cultural relic enthusiast and published more than 80 bronze works and papers in decades. In the past 50 years of cultural and cultural work, he was not only a representative of the academic school, but also an expert in actual combat, helping the country recover tens of thousands of precious cultural relics. - Sun Yingzhou (1893-1966), a native of Ji County, Hebei Province, was a famous expert in ancient porcelain appraisal. He was a member of the Fourth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Conference. - Geng Baochang was a famous expert in the identification of cultural relics. He specialized in the study and identification of ancient porcelain. - Chen Wanli (1892-1969) and others. These experts relied on their rich knowledge, experience, and keen insight to play a vital role in the identification, protection, research, and excavation of national treasures. Some of them actively rescued cultural relics from antique markets at home and abroad when cultural relics were at risk of loss; some determined the value and age of cultural relics at the site of archaeological excavation; some found treasures among the people and identified them. However, there were also cases of appraisal errors in the field of cultural relics. For example, some experts made a mistake in the appraisal of the so-called "Golden Silk Jade Clothes" worth 2.4 billion Vietnamese Dong and misjudged the fake as a treasure. This also reflected the complexity and difficulty of the identification of cultural relics. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Treasures, cultural relics, calligraphy and painting
The following are some of the treasures, cultural relics, paintings, and calligraphy mentioned: - A landscape fan made by Yu Chan during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of the Qing Dynasty. - Du Mu's only semi-cursive poem of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Haohao's Poetry, had been passed down for 1200 years. In modern times, it had experienced many vagaries, from Puyi leaving the palace to the puppet Manchuria, and then to being robbed. It was later bought by Mr. Zhang Boju and finally donated to the Palace Museum in Beijing for free. - Song Huizong's "Poetry, Calligraphy and Painting" three unique authentic works,"Auspicious Crane Painting." - Ming Dynasty's "Pengshan Encounter Carriage Painting", Chen Hongshou's "Three Stars Painting", Ming Xuanzong's "Horse Painting", Chen Chun's "Plum Blossom Narcissus Painting", Xu Wei's "Pomegranate Fruit Painting" and other calligraphy paintings. - Zhao Mengfu of the Yuan Dynasty painted the Statue of the Pharmacist Buddha, and Xu Gu painted the Painting of Fish Playing (Xu Gu had the reputation of being the first painter in the late Qing Dynasty). - Su Shi's "Bamboo and Stone Painting of Xiaoxiang"(the only copy in China) and "Zhi Ping Tie". - Tang Bohu's "Journey to Mt. Guan", Bada Shanren's works, and Wen Zhengming's "Fengtian Hall Morning Court Poetry". - There were many national treasure-level calligraphy and paintings such as the Five Dynasties 'anonymous "Autumn Forest Herds of Deer", including many calligraphy and painting works from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, such as Fan Kuan's "Autumn Forest Flying Waterfall", Yan Wengui's "Qifeng Ten Thousand Trees", etc.(including more than 80 first-class calligraphy and painting works and more than 30 excellent works from the Song and Yuan Dynasties). - The Painting of the Seven Sages by the famous modern painter Li Keran (there was a dispute over its identification). <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Restore national treasures and cultural relics
Knowledge of cultural relics and appreciation of treasures
The identification of cultural relics was a complicated process that required the involvement of multiple disciplines. The traditional identification of cultural relics was usually carried out by experts with professional knowledge and rich experience. For example, Zhang Rulan was an expert in appraising jade, porcelain, and other miscellaneous items. She also had related works. In formal appraisal activities, such as the appraisal organized by the local cultural relics department, or the public welfare cultural relics appraisal consultation activities organized by the museum (such as the "Public Welfare Treasure Appraisal" activity organized by Weifang City, the "Celebration of the 70th anniversary of the founding of the museum" public welfare cultural relics appraisal consultation activity organized by Shandong Museum, etc.), experts relied on their deep professional knowledge to appraise and value cultural relics. However, with the development of the internet, live appraising became popular. In this kind of live broadcast, fans would take out all kinds of items for the host to appraise. Although the streamer increased the appeal by revealing the story behind the item, the authority of the streamer's appraisal results was questionable. On the one hand, most anchors broadcast live in the name of public treasure appraisal to spread the history and culture of cultural relics, but excessive entertainment may affect the public's correct understanding of cultural relics identification, because identification should be a serious scientific process. On the other hand, online appraisals also faced challenges such as professionalism, authenticity, and supervision. For example, the identity, ability, and experience of anchors lacked effective supervision. Moreover, in the process of the live broadcast of treasure appraisal, there were also scams, such as some scammers selling fake cultural relics through scriptwriting. In addition, there were also platforms like the China Appraisal Portal that provided paid cultural relic identification services. In short, in order to truly identify cultural relics and understand treasure identification, one needed to understand the formal process of cultural relics identification, have professional historical and cultural knowledge, and be wary of the risks in online treasure identification. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Kaifeng national treasures and cultural relics
Kaifeng had many national treasures and cultural relics, such as the Kaifeng Museum's "Kaifeng Mansion Inscription" stele. It was a national first-class cultural relic. It was discovered earlier in China and recorded the most names of local officials. It recorded in detail the names, official positions, and dates of appointment of the 183 highest administrative officers of Kaifeng Prefecture during the 146 years of the Northern Song Dynasty. In 1992, the 69 cultural relics stolen in the 918 cultural relics theft case in Kaifeng were also national treasures. These cultural relics were worth more than 100 million yuan, including 59 first-class and second-class cultural relics, as well as four extremely precious blue and white porcelain. In addition, among the new precious cultural relics in Kaifeng City, the Wei and Jin pottery chicken collected by the Tongxu County Cultural Relics Management Office was upgraded from a third-level cultural relic to a second-level cultural relic due to its unique historical value and research value. It was also a relatively precious cultural relic. At the same time, the collection of cultural relics also has the Warring States period Ma Biao, Ma Xian, Qing Guangxu miniature "Five Classics Complete Note" and other third-level cultural relics. There was also the Tang Dynasty yellow glazed twisted body porcelain pillow. The twisted body technique was precious, and this porcelain pillow was also a rare treasure. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Appraisal of national treasures and cultural relics
Cultural relic identification was the work of using traditional methods or modern science and technology to analyze and identify the authenticity, age, texture, use, and value of cultural relics. It belonged to the category of cultural relics and museum studies. Generally speaking, there was no need to distinguish the cultural relics unearthed in archaeological stratum. Stratigraphy, typological and comparison methods were used to distinguish the ages of cultural relics. In the process of identifying cultural relics, there was also a need to pay attention to whether or not to wear gloves. Ma Weidu said that cultural relics appraisal generally did not wear gloves. Those who wore gloves were mostly scammers or laymen. However, there were also situations where gloves were needed. For example, when appraising paper paintings and calligraphy, gloves were needed to prevent sweat from damaging the ink. In archaeological work, gloves were also necessary to protect unearthed jade, bronze, and other cultural relics. It was also necessary to wear gloves when appraising ancient jade because its color and jade quality were very delicate. For the specific identification of national treasures and cultural relics, such as the method of determining the age of the monocolored glaze in porcelain, it was theoretically the same as other porcelain. If the method of identifying the authenticity of blue and white porcelain was mastered, the identification of monocolored glaze porcelain could also be carried out in the same way. For example, the lighter the age of the peacock blue glaze, the darker the color. The older the age, the lighter the color. In terms of the value of cultural relics, such as the blue-and-white glazed red folding furnace, the value of the whole product in the middle and late Qing Dynasty was about 4000 yuan. If there was damage, the value would drop greatly. In addition, there were also cultural relic identification majors to train senior professionals in cultural relic identification. There were also provincial journals such as Cultural Relics Identification and Appreciation to provide communication platforms for relevant personnel. There were also platforms such as the China Cultural Relics Identification Network established by the Beijing City Cultural Relics Identification Center to facilitate Tibetan friends to communicate with the identification center and participate in relevant public welfare activities. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>