Reverse Proportional Circuit Simulation and Its Use
The inverse proportional operation circuit was actually a deep voltage parallel negative feedback circuit. In an ideal situation, the potential at the inverted input is zero (that is, the "virtual ground"), and the common-mode voltage added to the input of the integrated operational amplifier is very small. The output voltage is proportional to the input voltage, but the phase is opposite, thus achieving an inverse proportional operation. The scaling factor depended on the ratio of the resistance, and had nothing to do with the internal parameters of the integrated operational amplifier. As long as the resistance values of the resistance were accurate and stable, an accurate scaling relationship could be obtained. The scaling factor could be greater than, equal to, or less than 1. Due to the deep voltage parallel negative feedback, the input resistance of the circuit was not high, and the output resistance was very low. In terms of Multisim simulation, you can double-click the icon of the scope to adjust the X-axis scan to 500 fs/Di or 1ms/DIV, the A channel amplitude to 10 millivolts/Div, and the B channel amplitude to 100 millivolts/Div. Turn on the power switch, and you can observe the inverse relationship between the output and input signals. At the same time, you can see the multiple relationship from the amplitude of the wave and the channel gain. The amplification can also be measured with an AC voltage meter, and the relationship between R3 and the ratio is R3=R1//R, A = R1/R2. The inverse proportional amplifier can realize the inverse amplification of the input signal. It has a wide application prospect in signal processing, filter and other applications. This function can be easily realized with the LM324. Read more exciting novels for free
Is the voltage in a series circuit proportional or inverse?
In a series circuit, the ratio of the voltage between two resistances is equal to the ratio of their resistance, that is, the voltage at both ends is proportional to the resistance. The greater the resistance, the higher the voltage at both ends. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
R2 of the inverse proportional amplifier circuit
In an inverted proportional amplifier circuit, R2 usually referred to the balancing resistance or compensation resistance. Its resistance is equal to the value of R1 and Rf in parallel (R2 = R1//Rf). When R2 = R1//Rf, the output voltage caused by the input bias current of the op amp can be zero, thereby eliminating the effect of the input bias current on the output voltage. However, due to the difference in bias currents between the non-inverted and inverted ends of the op amp, the input stage devices are not exactly the same.(The difference between the two is the input offset current Ios). Even if a balancing resistance is introduced, the bias current will still produce a certain output voltage. However, under normal circumstances, the error caused by the very small Ios (usually nA) can be ignored. In the case of amplifying a very weak signal (such as a uV level signal), the error caused by the input bias current may not be ignored. In this case, a precision op amp with a smaller input bias current and offset voltage should be selected. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Circuit to prevent reverse power supply
The following are a few types of circuits to prevent reverse power supply: 1. ** Diode-proof reverse connection circuit **: A single circuit is connected in series to the power supply input end. By using the one-way conductivity of the circuit, it can conduct in the forward direction and cut off in the reverse direction. When the power supply was reversed, the LED would not conduct, thus avoiding reverse power supply. However, during normal operation, a voltage drop of 0.7V will occur on the LED, which is not suitable for circuits with strict requirements on the supply voltage. 2. ** Fuse + Parallel Diode **: The principle is also based on the one-way conductivity of the Diode. When the power supply is connected normally, the LED does not work, and the current flows into the circuit through the fuse. After the power supply is connected in reverse, the LED is instantly turned on, causing the positive and negative poles of the power supply to be short-circuited. The short-circuit current generated by the short-circuit fuses the fuse, achieving the effect of reverse connection protection. However, the fuse selection must be compatible with the circuit characteristics. 3. ** Full-bridge Rectifiers Anti-reverse Connection Circuit **: No matter what the input power is, the output is always fixed, so it can work regardless of the positive and negative connection circuit. However, when it works, the full-bridge rectify will produce a voltage drop of about 1.5V. 4. ** Low internal resistance of the anti-reverse connection circuit of the upheaval protector **: When the power supply is normally connected, the upheaval protector is turned on. After the power supply is reversed, the upheaval protector is turned off to achieve reverse connection protection. Due to factors such as the improvement of the process technology, the internal resistance of the semiconductor was extremely small, and the impact on the voltage drop and power consumption of the circuit was minimal. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Diode Reverse Circuit Diagram Test
Simulation circuit diagram of the single-chip computer
The following are several examples of simulation circuits related to single-chip processors: - In the ESP32 and Arduino single-chip simulation (such as the website of the website, the simulation circuit that lights up the LED light needs to add an LED light and a current limiting resistance. The negative pole of the LED lamp was connected to the GND pin of the single-chip development board, the positive pole was connected in series with the current limiting resistance, and the other end of the current limiting resistance was connected to the No. 2 pin of the development board. - For the simulation circuit of the steering gear control, add the steering gear in the hardware circuit (the steering gear has three pins, namely, the voltage regulator, the voltage regulator, and the voltage regulator. The voltage regulator is connected to the negative pole of the power supply, and the voltage regulator is connected to the positive pole of the power supply). Then, connect the steering gear to the single-chip computer (if you use the Arduino single-chip computer, you can choose a pin with a "~" to output the voltage regulator signal. In this project, pin 3 is selected as the voltage regulator output pin). - If the simulation uses L298 to drive the direct current motor, the circuit includes the L298N chip (this is a dedicated driver integrated circuit, belonging to the H bridge integrated circuit), the display part uses the PG 160128A (the liquid crystal display dot matrix is 160X128), the input device is a 4X4 matrix keyboard, and it may also include measurement tools such as a virtual scope. The positive and negative rotation of the motor can be controlled by the P1.0 pin of the single-chip computer. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Analysis of the Circuit Diagram for Measuring the Reverse Characteristic of Diode
In the circuit diagram for measuring the reverse characteristics of the circuit, the circuit was connected in the reverse direction, that is, the positive pole of the power supply was connected to N, and the negative pole was connected to P. In this connection method, the direction of the external electric field was the same as the direction of the internal electric field of the junction, which would strengthen the internal electric field, making the thickness of the depletion layer wider and the space charge larger. This made it more difficult for the holes in the P region and the free electrons in the N region to pass through the junction, and the current was greatly reduced. At this time, the current through the junction was mainly drift current. Since the concentration of minority carriers does not change when the temperature is constant, the reverse current does not change with the applied voltage within a certain range. This current is called the reverse saturation current. In the measuring circuit, by changing the size of the variable resistance, the reverse current flowing through the LED under different values of terminal voltage could be measured, thereby depicting the reverse characteristic curve of the LED. From the perspective of the V-A characteristic curve of the LED, the bottom left part is the reverse characteristic part, which can be used to analyze the relevant data and phenomena in the reverse characteristic measurement circuit of the LED, such as the reverse breakdown voltage and other parameters. When the reverse voltage exceeds a certain value, the reverse current will suddenly increase, and this voltage value is the reverse breakdown voltage. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
How to draw the forward and reverse ladder diagram and circuit diagram
The following is a basic method to draw a positive and negative ladder diagram and circuit diagram: ** 1. Confirm control requirements and I/O allocation ** 1. ** Clear control requirements ** - Usually, the forward and reverse control required the motor to rotate forward, reverse, and stop through buttons, and it had to be interlocked with forward and reverse (to prevent short circuits caused by forward and reverse rotation at the same time). It might also require thermal relay for overload protection and other functions. 2. **I/O allocation confirmed ** - ** Inputs **: For example, the start button for forward rotation, the start button for reverse rotation, the stop button, and the overload protection signal of the thermal relay are all used as input signals. These input signals should be distributed to the corresponding input terminal of the PC. For example, in the case of the Mitsui PC, it may be X000, X001, etc., and in the case of the siemen PC, it may be I0.0, I0.1, etc. - ** Outputs **: Forward Contactor Coils and Reverse Contactor Coils are used as the output devices. They should be connected to the corresponding output terminal of the PC, such as Y000 and Y001 of the Mitsubishi-based PC, Q0.0 and Q0.1 of the SIEMEN-based PC, etc. ** 2. Draw the circuit diagram (Take the three-phase induction motor as an example)** 1. ** Main circuit part ** - The three-phase power supply was connected to the fuse (for short-circuit protection) and then connected to the main contact of the contactors. For forward rotation, when the main contact of the forward rotation contactors (KM1) is closed, the three-phase power supply is connected to the motor according to the normal phase sequence, and the motor is rotated forward. For reversal, when the main contact of the reversal contactors (KM2) is closed, the phase sequence of two phases of the three-phase power supply is reversed and then connected to the motor, and the motor is reversed. At the same time, the thermal relay (FT) should be connected to the circuit to detect the current of the motor and automatically cut off the circuit when overloaded. 2. ** Control Circuit ** - ** Forward control circuit **: Lead out from one end of the power supply, first connect the stop button (normally closed), then connect the forward start button (normally open) and the auxiliary normally open contact (for self-locking) of the forward rotating contactors (KM1) in series, then connect the auxiliary normally closed contact (for interlocked) of the reversing contactors (KM2) in series, and finally connect to the coil of the forward rotating contactors (KM1). The other end of the coil returns to the other end of the power supply. - ** Reverse control circuit **: It is also led out from one end of the power supply. First, connect the stop button (normally closed), then connect the reverse start button (normally open) and the auxiliary normally open contact of the reversing contactors (KM2) in series (for self-locking), then connect the auxiliary normally closed contact of the forward rotating contactors (KM1) in series (for interlocked), and finally connect to the coil of the reversing contactors (KM2). The other end of the coil returns to the other end of the power supply. - ** Overload protection part **: The normally closed contact of the thermal relay (FT) is connected in series to the common part of the control circuit (i.e. behind the stop button). When the motor is overloaded, the thermal relay will act, and the normally closed contact will be disconnected, cutting off the entire control circuit. ** 3. Draw the ladder diagram (Take the SIEMens's PL as an example)** 1. ** Forward Rotation Control Logics ** - I0.0 is used as the input signal of the forward start button, I0.1 is used as the input signal of the stop button, I0.2 is used as the input signal of the reverse start button (all are normally open contact input), Q0.0 is used as the output signal of the forward contact coil, and Q0.1 is used as the output signal of the reverse contact coil. - When I0.0 is pressed (the normally open contact is closed) and I0.1 is not pressed (the normally closed contact is closed) and Q0.1 is not energized (the normally closed contact is closed), Q0.0 is energized and self-locked (the normally open contact of Q0.0 is closed to maintain its energized state). - In the ladder diagram, it is represented as: the normally closed contacts of I0.0 and I0.1, the normally closed contact of Q0.1 are connected in series to the coil of Q0.0, and the normally open contact of Q0.0 is connected in parallel with I0.0 to achieve self-locking. 2. ** Reverse control logic ** - When I0.2 is pressed (the normally open contact is closed) and I0.1 is not pressed (the normally closed contact is closed) and Q0.0 is not energized (the normally closed contact is closed), Q0.1 is energized and self-locking. - In the ladder diagram, it is represented as: the normally closed contacts of I0.2 and I0.1, the normally closed contact of Q0.0 are connected in series to the coil of Q0.1, and the normally open contact of Q0.1 is connected in parallel with I0.2 to achieve self-locking. The specific instructions, component representation, and programming rules of different brands of PDLCs (e.g., Samsung, SIEMENS, etc.) may differ, but the basic control logic and design ideas are similar. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
k21 three-phase induction motor forward and reverse circuit connection
This isn't related to the novel, but I can briefly tell you the key points of the positive and negative circuit connection of the three-phase induction motor. Three-phase induction motor to achieve positive and negative transfer line, mainly by changing the phase sequence of the motor three-phase power supply to achieve. Generally, two contactors would be used. The three-phase power supply of one of the contactors would be connected in the normal order, such as A-B- C. The three-phase power supply of the other contactors would be changed to C-B- A. In terms of the control circuit, it should be interlocked to prevent the two contactors from short-circuiting at the same time. However, this was just a simple introduction. The actual connection must be strictly in accordance with the electrical safety regulations. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What does it mean to reverse the control circuit and explain the working principle?
The reverse rotation control circuit was a circuit used to control the forward and reverse rotation of the motor. The working principle was as follows: - ** Contactor Interlock Positive and Negative Rotation Control Circuit **: - ** Forward Rotation **: Press the Forward Rotation Start button (such as SSB2), and the coil of the Forward Rotation Contactor (such as Km1) will be energized. The Km1 auxiliary normally open contact is closed to achieve self-locking, ensuring that the circuit remains connected after the button is released; the Km1 auxiliary normally closed contact is disconnected and interlocked with the reversing contact (Km2) coil to prevent simultaneous power-on. At the same time, the main contact of Km1 was closed, and the motor was powered up and began to rotate forward. - ** Reverse **: Press the reverse start button (like SSB3), and the Km2 coil will be energized. The Km2 auxiliary normally open contact is closed and self-locked, and the Km2 auxiliary normally closed contact is disconnected, causing the Km1 coil to lose power (forming an interlocked). The Km1 main contact is reset, the Km2 main contact is closed, and the motor runs in reverse. - ** Double Interlock Positive and Negative Rotation Control Circuit of the Button-Contactor **: Add the Button-Contactor Interlock to the Contactor Interlock. The normally closed contact of the reverse start button is connected in series with the coil of the contactors that control the forward rotation, and the normally closed contact of the forward start button is connected in series with the coil of the contactors that control the reverse rotation. This was equivalent to double insurance, further ensuring that the positive and reverse contactors would not be energized at the same time, improving the safety and reliability of the circuit. The principle of the positive and negative rotation control in the ladder diagram was similar: - Two start-stop circuits were used to control the forward and reverse rotation of the motor. Pressing the forward start button (such as SSB2), the corresponding input point (such as X0) will turn ON, and its normally open contact will be connected, so that the coil of the output point (such as Y0) will be "energized" and self-protect, so that the coil of the forward rotating contactors (such as KM1) will be energized, and the motor will rotate forward. - Pressing the stop button (such as SSB1), the corresponding input point (such as X2) will turn ON, and its normally closed contact will be disconnected, causing the coil of the forward output point (such as Y0) to "lose power" and the motor will stop running. - In order to ensure that the forward and reverse rotation do not work at the same time, the normally closed contacts of the forward rotation output point (such as Y0) and the reverse rotation output point (such as Y1) are connected in series with each other's coil to achieve interlocked connection; and the button is interlocked, that is, the normally closed point of the reverse rotation start button is connected in series with the coil of the output point (such as Y0) that controls the forward rotation, and the normally closed contact of the forward rotation start button is connected in series with the coil of the output point (such as Y1) that controls the reverse rotation. In this way, when the motor was rotating forward, if it wanted to change to reverse operation, it could directly press the reverse start button without pressing the stop button, and through the switching of the contacts, it could realize forward transformation and reverse rotation. In addition, there are often overload protection components in the circuit, such as thermal relay (FT). When the induction motor is seriously overloaded for a long time, after a certain delay, the thermal relay will act, and its normally closed contact will be broken. When it is connected in series with the coil of the contactors, it can make the coil of the contactors cut off, and the motor will stop running, playing a protective role. Some thermal relay needed to be manually reset, and some had an automatic reset function. During the circuit connection and use, the connection position of the contacts needed to be reasonably arranged according to its characteristics to ensure safe operation. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Love is not proportional
In love, giving out a different amount of effort would bring about a lot of consequences. If one party paid too much and the other party paid less, then the party who paid more would often be in a more passive state. For example, when a boy contributed more than a girl, the girl would have more initiative in the relationship. On the other hand, when a girl contributed more than a boy, the boy would have more initiative. This kind of unbalanced state may make it difficult for the relationship to develop healthily. It is easy for the party who pays more to feel tired, while the party who pays less may have nothing to fear. From an ideal point of view, some people believed that the golden ratio of emotional balance was 1: 1.5, that is, when one party gave 1 unit of love and care, the other party would expect 1.5 units of love and care in return. Others suggested that a similar 5:5 equivalent ratio was a better state. However, in actual relationships, the specific ratio of contribution would also be affected by many factors such as the economic conditions of both parties, personality characteristics, and so on. For example, if the economic conditions of both parties were the same, it might be more reasonable for men and women to pay six to four. If the economic gap between the two parties was large, it would be more appropriate for the party with better economic conditions to pay more.