Appreciation of Jade Artifacts in Liao Dynasty

The Ming and Qing Dynasties old jadeite had rich appreciation points: ###1. Color - There were many colors, including green, white, purple, blue, yellow, etc. Among them, green was the most common and had a higher value. When appreciating the color, one had to pay attention to its brightness. For example, the old jade with rich color was more attractive. One also had to pay attention to the fairness of the color distribution. The evenly distributed color would make the overall appearance of the jade better. At the same time, one had to check whether there were impurities. The jade with no impurities or less impurities had an advantage in color. ###2. Quality - The quality of the Ming and Qing Dynasty jade was exquisite, and the internal structure was tight. When one touched it with his hand, he could feel the smooth texture of the jade. Its luster was soft, and its surface was oily. This kind of old jade had a higher artistic value and collection value. When appreciating the texture, one had to carefully observe whether there were cracks or impurities in the internal structure. ###3. Craftsmanship - The old jadeite of the Ming and Qing Dynasties had exquisite craftsmanship. When appreciating it, one had to pay attention to its carving skills, polishing techniques, and embedding techniques. The exquisite old jade had smooth and natural lines carved on it, and its surface was smooth and flat. For example, the sculpting style was vivid and realistic, the decorative patterns were exquisite and meticulous, or the embedding process was seamless and unique. ###4. Period - Old jade from different periods had different characteristics. In the early Qing Dynasty, jadeite was thick and generous, with smooth lines, while in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, it paid more attention to detail carving, with delicate lines and various shapes. Through the characteristics of the shape, decoration, and style of the jade, one could judge the period it belonged to, so as to better grasp its historical and artistic value. For example, the jade thumb ring unearthed from Li Lianying's tomb in Enji Village, Haidian, displayed in the Capital Museum. Judging from the color and texture, the water and color were the best at that time. From the perspective of craftsmanship, it also reflected the level of craftsmanship at that time. Moreover, because it was related to historical figures, it also had a certain historical and cultural value. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

Xuzhou Museum has many exquisite jade artifacts. Among them, there were stone leopard-shaped town and jade chan from the tomb of the King of Chu in Lion Mountain, the jade seal and crystal hook of "Chen Nvzhi" unearthed from the No.8 tomb of Houlou Mountain, the jade pin unearthed from the tomb of King Liu of Chu Xiang in Turtle Mountain, the jade chan-shaped pendant unearthed from the No.1 tomb of Houlou Mountain, as well as the jade bubble nail, jade sword grid, jade sword pig and jade sword hook unearthed from the tomb of the King of Chu in Lion Mountain. A jade pendant in the shape of a Chinese character was unearthed from the tomb of the King of Chu in Beidong Mountain, and an I-shaped jade pendant was unearthed from the tomb of the Han Dynasty in Xinyi. These jade articles covered various types such as jade used for daily life, ceremonial jade, funeral jade, decorative jade, and so on. The era covered the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty. They represented the highest level of development of jade articles in the Han Dynasty and had extremely high artistic value. For example, the S-shaped dragon jade pendant of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed from the tomb of the King of Chu in Lion Mountain, Xuzhou, was carved from Hetian jade in Xinjiang. It was lustrous and had a glass luster. There was soil in some parts. Its shape was a single dragon, and its body was in the shape of an S. The shape was vivid and varied, and the carving was exquisite. It was enough to represent the highest artistic level at that time. In addition, the Xuzhou Museum also had a gold-woven jade dress. This gold-woven jade dress had the best quality jade pieces, the largest number of jade pieces, the most exquisite production, and the earliest time (in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty). It was made of 4248 jade pieces connected in series. The thread that tied the jade pieces was all twisted with gold thread, which shared 1578 grams of gold. It was well-deserved to be the treasure of the museum. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

The Hongshan culture jade ware was a jade ware found in the ruins of the Hongshan culture of the Neoliths in China. It mainly appeared in the late Hongshan culture, about 5500 - 5000 years ago. The following are some of the main points of appreciating the jade treasures of the Hongshan culture: ** 1. Styling ** 1. ** Character and animal modeling ** - There were jade figures, jade phoenixes, jade dragons and other typical shapes in the jade ware of Hongshan culture. These shapes had distinct regional characteristics and styles of the times, becoming the representative of the first peak period in the history of the development of prehistoric jade in China. For example, the jade dragon had a unique shape, and its image reflected the aesthetic and cultural meaning of the people at that time. - There was a certain evolution process in the shape of animal-shaped jade articles. The animal-type jade of the early Hongshan culture may have been lightly processed according to the shape of the stone. For example, a stone shaped like an eagle with natural holes, the ancestors of Hongshan used the eagle as the pattern to make or carve, which was relatively primitive. 2. ** The characteristics of the eye carving ** - The way the eyes were carved changed at different times. The eyes, nose, and mouth of the early animal-shaped jade were all carved into holes. Later, it developed into a Yang carving, which became a water drop eye, and then the word "minister". This change not only reflected the development of the production process, but also reflected the continuous improvement of the understanding level, production level, and aesthetic level of the Hongshan ancestors. ** 2. Craftsmanship ** 1. ** Early Craftsmanship ** - The earliest method of processing jade in Hongshan was to carry out shallow processing according to the shape of the stone. The production was relatively rough and simple. For example, the foundation of the stone was slightly processed, and the excess parts were knocked out to form the required shape. For example, the early eagle-shaped jade ware made more use of the original state of the stone, but only carried out some shallow processing. The eyes may be natural, and the nostrils were drilled after a little opening processing. 2. ** The development of the production process ** - With the development of society, the level of jade carving gradually improved, from being made to being polished, from the simple shape of the early stage to the fine carving of the later stage. For example, the eagle's head jade in the later period had its eyes carved in the sun, and the workmanship was much more exquisite. ** 3. Jade quality and color (refer to some unearthed and folk collections)** 1. ** Jade ** - There were Hongshan-style jade articles such as tremolite and Hetian jade. From some examples, it could be seen that the quality of the jade might undergo a qualitative change. For example, some jade articles were like ice, and there were cases where the quality of the jade underwent a complete qualitative change. 2. ** Seeping ** - For example, some topaz handed down from ancient times had a pleated color (light yellow, like maroon), and there were traces of milky white weathered layers. Moreover, the color of different jade articles might be different. These colors also became one of the reference factors for judging the age, authenticity, and appreciation of jade articles. The number of jade articles in Hongshan culture was relatively small. The characteristic of "only jade was buried" in high-level tombs showed the lofty status of jade articles at that time. When appreciating, many factors needed to be considered. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

Appreciation of China Bronzes: - History: China bronzes appeared in prehistoric times and reached its peak during the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. - Art features: - There were many types of artifacts, solemn and gorgeous in shape, and exquisite in decorative patterns. They were relatively rare in the world. - The production process was superb. For example, there were strict requirements in terms of material selection, mixing, smelting, and injection molding. It might also require delicate hand-carving and other processes. - The inscriptions were rich in content and had important historical value. They were also valuable materials for studying the development and evolution of characters. - [Classes and uses: They can be divided into containers, weapons, musical instruments, carriages, and so on.] Among the bronze containers, there were cauldrons (ancient cooking utensils and important bronze ritual vessels, symbolizing the country and power), Li (similar in shape to cauldrons, used for cooking), Yi (equivalent to a steamer), Dagger (equivalent to a spoon), Gui (equivalent to a bowl, used for holding rice), and Yi (used for holding food). China Jade Appreciation: - Craftsmanship: Mainly hand-made. Craftsmen use special techniques to carve jade into various objects, such as bracelets, jade, jewelry, etc. - [Art features: Different shapes, exquisite patterns.] - "Cultural Connotation: It was of great significance in ancient society. It was not only the decoration and cultural symbol of the ancients. In the Qin Dynasty, jade ware symbolized power, blessing the people, worshipping ancestors, and other profound cultural meanings. It represented the high development of ancient culture and extraordinary artistic achievements. For example, the jade ware of the Shang Dynasty. The cultural characteristics of the Shang Dynasty were also reflected in the art of jade ware. The matriarchal inheritance of the Shang Dynasty society might be reflected in the archaeological discoveries related to jade ware. Moreover, the religious worship and social customs of the Shang Dynasty society might also be related to the use and production of jade ware. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

There were many beautiful jade articles in the Qing Dynasty. The following are some of the representative jade articles of the Qing Dynasty: - [Yu the Great's Flood Control Painting of Jade Mountain: As a jade sculpture, it is mainly used for appreciation and display.] - ** Innocent Jade Goat Head Melon Edge Kettle (Collection of the National Palace Museum in Taibei)**: This is the only known Qing Dynasty jade beam teapot. It was formed during the Qianlong period and was originally stored in Yongshou Palace. The pot was carved into the shape of a pumpkin from fine white jade. The pot had twelve petals, and the lid and the ring foot were also twelve petals. The petals were bas-relief. The lid button was in the shape of a pagoda formed by three layers of melon ridges, which was the head of a sheep. The horns, ears, eyes, beard, teeth, and even the nose were exquisitely carved. The handle was made of jade. There were three twisted silk shaped jade strips, and the top was connected to the lotus leaf pattern jade piece. The connection with the pot body was decorated with lotus leaves. The overall shape and style were influenced by Hendu Stan jade. - ** Jade ceremonial ware **: For example, the jade that the Qing Emperor carried to the Temple of Heaven. The craftsmanship was very exquisite. There were double-wall-shaped ware that imitated the Han and Ming styles, as well as unique styles of living rings and chains. The jade Gui was similar to the Ming Dynasty and had many decorative patterns. It was exquisitely made. There were sea water and river teeth patterns on it, and some were also decorated with the sun, cloud, moon, etc. - ** Jade accessories **: Including jade hairpins, jade hoops, jade rings, jade bracelets, jade bracelets, jade thumb rings, jade belt hooks, jade buttons, jade court beads, jade hat plates, jade bridles, jade plates, jade pendants, etc. - ** Jade practical utensils **: It was the era with the most varieties and quantity of jade ware in the past dynasties. There were jade teapots, wine pots, teacups, wine cups, cup holders, bowls, plates, chopsticks, small plates, snuff bottles, candlesticks, lamps, slag buckets, spoons, thumb rings, knife handles, etc. used in daily life. There were inkstones, pens, pen holders, pen containers, pen washing, pen rest, ink beds, inkstones, book weights, inkstone screens, ruler weights, and water guards used in the study room. - ** Furnishing and worshiping jade ware **: such as jade incense tube, jade elephant, exorcism, use end, jade mountain, screen, insert screen, hanging screen, flower insert and other furnishings, and Buddha, Arhat, Guanyin, five offerings, seven treasures, eight treasures, incense burner, jade bowl and other worshiping utensils. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

The Jin Dynasty jade ware was a type of jade ware from the Jin Dynasty. The shape of the ware was mostly based on the natural animals and plants. The material used was mainly sapphire, white jade, and agate. Most of the ornaments were in the shape of sheets, which were carved and engraved with Yin lines. Among them, Chunshui Jade and Qiushan Jade were the most popular. These were the typical types of jade in the Jin Dynasty. Although they were called "Chunshui" and "Qiushan", they were carved with animal patterns. In addition, there were also jade articles with cranes as the theme, such as the jade ornament with white jade and two cranes holding a ganoderma lucidum pattern ("Jade Xiaoyao") collected by the Capital Museum. The design was simple and bright, and the carvings were vivid and powerful. It was a treasure among the jade articles unearthed in the Jin Dynasty. The jades of the Jin Dynasty had rough grinding techniques, and the polishing techniques were obviously insufficient. Whether it was hollowing, drilling, or polishing, they were all extremely fine, but the standards were different. On the one hand, it might be because they were carved by the same batch of jade craftsmen. On the other hand, they added more characteristics and requirements of local customs in the subject matter, and they were all produced in the hinterland of the Jin Dynasty for the use of Jin nobles and commoners. For example, the white jade hollowed-out spring water ring from the Jin Dynasty was collected by the Palace Museum. There was also the jade carving bone bridle that existed in the world. The jade was transparent and warm, and the color was bright and beautiful. There were threads of red lines all over its body. It was shaped like a large object and had original patina. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

The Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368) was a powerful empire established by the Mongolians. Its jade ware had the following characteristics: ** 1. Production Center and Production Management ** 1. ** Production Center ** - Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, set up the Gold and Jade General Manager Office in Hangzhou, which was under the jurisdiction of thousands of skilled jade carving craftsmen in the south. He made Dadu in the north (now Beijing) and Hangzhou in the south become the production center of jade carvings in the north and south. 2. ** Production Management ** - The official jade production center was strictly managed. It specialized in providing jade for the royal family. It mainly produced large-scale fine jade carvings, precious jade carvings, and large-scale jade mountains that could reflect the achievements of the Yuan Dynasty jade carvings. Their decorative patterns, carving methods, and production techniques were quite exquisite. They had the characteristics and style of the Yuan Dynasty jade carvings. Moreover, the number of carved jade carvings was considerable and widely used. According to the regulations, the small jade carving workshops were only allowed to make decorative jade articles and small jade articles. ** 2. Type and Representative Jade Artifacts ** 1. ** A wide variety ** - There were jade seas (such as the jade sea of Dushan Mountain), jade hat tops (such as jade hat tops carved with double dragon patterns, jade hat tops carved with lioness patterns, jade hat tops carved with human patterns, etc.), jade belt rings (such as jade dragon belt rings with white jade beads), jade stove tops (such as white jade carved human stove tops), jade walls (such as jade walls with phoenix and peony patterns), jade rings (such as jade rings with dragon patterns), jade books, and many other types. 2. ** Representative Jade ** - [Dushan Mountain Jade Sea] was a type of jade carving object that belonged to the Jade Sea category. Its history could be traced back to the Shang Dynasty. In ancient times, it was used as a ritual vessel to represent good fortune and power. The jade carving technique was complicated. It required the selection of high-quality jade raw materials and then carving and polishing. When making, factors such as the texture, color, and texture of the jade had to be considered. It had extremely high artistic value and collection value. - ** Yuan carved double dragon pattern jade hat top **: It is a kind of jade hat top among jade carving objects. Its history can be traced back to the 13th century. In ancient times, it was used as a noble costume to represent noble status and noble status. It uses the hollowed-out carving technique and has a fine craftsmanship. It chooses high-quality jade raw materials for carving and polishing. The shape is exquisite and the carving is exquisite. It has a high artistic value and collection value. - ** White jade bead pattern cloud dragon ring **: It is a jade ring jade carving object. Its history can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. In ancient times, it was a noble's clothing item, representing noble status and noble status. The craftsmanship was exquisite, and high-quality white jade was selected to be carved and polished. The shape was simple and elegant, and the carving was exquisite. It had a high historical and cultural significance. ** 3. Craftsmanship ** 1. ** Drawn by literati painting ** - Craftsmanship was influenced by the well-developed literati paintings. 2. ** Combination of various crafts ** - For example, the top of the jade hat with figure patterns was a combination of round carving, open carving and flat carving, and there were obvious traces of pipe drilling, which was unique to the Yuan Dynasty. The top of the jade hat with dragon patterns was a combination of multi-layer open carving, round carving and flat carving. The craftsmen also used the color of jade skin to carve leaves and flowers, which was one of the typical works of the Yuan Dynasty. ** 4. Art Value and Collection Value ** - Many of the jade works in the Yuan Dynasty had very high artistic value and collection value. For example, the jade sea of Dushan Mountain had exquisite carving skills and beautiful shapes, and the jade hat top of the Yuan Dynasty had exquisite shapes and exquisite carvings. They all had very high historical and cultural significance. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

The jades of the Jin Dynasty had the following characteristics: - ** Material and Model **: The material of the artifact is mainly made of sapphire, white jade, and agate. Most of the models were based on natural animals and plants, and most of the decorations were in the shape of pieces, using the method of engraving and engraving. - ** Type **: The ornaments include the spiritual turtle lotus pendant, flower-shaped pendant, flower-and-bird pendant, lotus fish-shaped pendant, double deer-shaped pendant, double deer-patterned buckle, flower-shaped ring, eagle-pecking swan pattern pendant (spring water jade), mountain forest animal pattern pendant (autumn mountain jade), flying sky, etc. The ceremonial instruments include gold buckle jade belt; the ornamental dragon ornaments include jade boy, mountain elder-shaped handle (stove top), jade horse, etc. - ** Craftsmanship ** - ** Round Carved Figure **: The round carved figure is smaller (usually 5 to 6 cm). - ** Engraving Skill **: Skilled in carving skills, usually single-layer carving, double-layer or multi-layer carving is rare. - Yin line carving: Yin line carving is a continuation of Tang and Song jade, but the lines are both wide and thin, hard and soft, and the strong short lines of Tang jade are basically gone. - ** Jade belt **: The upper plate of the jade belt is mostly light and simple in shape, but only the jade belt with gold buckle from Guilin is left. In addition to the thallium-tail, there is also a golden conch and a golden ring. The craftsmanship is unique and the design is novel. - ** Representative of typical craftsmanship **: Chunshui jade is mostly carved from high-quality white jade. It is embossed, engravings, and Yin line engravings. The craftsmanship is complicated and exquisite. The most simple and rough carving technique is the double deer-shaped pendant produced by Alimi Gugui in Suihua County, Hei Long Jiang Province. It is composed of two oak leaves. There are two male and female deers in the triangular outline. The silhouette shape is summarized. The knife technique is extremely simple, but it is vivid and cute. Its craftsmanship is the representative style of animal jade carving in the Jin Dynasty. - ** Connection with social culture **: Some jade articles reflected the living customs of the Jurchen nobles or civilians. The theme of the articles included more characteristics and requirements of local living customs. Most of these jade articles were used by the Jin nobles and civilians. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>

Jade articles of the Song Dynasty had many characteristics. Judging from the social background of its development, the Song Dynasty respected culture, emphasized agriculture, and prospered commerce. The economy, politics, culture, and technology flourished, and the people's living standards improved. This prompted the emergence of jade articles with folk characteristics. The most typical feature of the Song Dynasty jade ware was that it got rid of the exclusive use of jade by nobles and became a real commodity to participate in the circulation. The style was more filled with folk characteristics and entered the era of "civilian jade". There were many kinds of jade ornaments, including palace art treasures, small folk jade ornaments, and many practical and decorative jade articles, such as jade combs, jade hairpins, jade paperweights, etc. In terms of artistic style, it was different from the jade ware of the Tang Dynasty. The jade ware of the Song Dynasty was fresh and natural, simple and simple. The carving style and theme were mostly realistic, focusing on the details of people, animals, and plants, especially the complicated carvings of dragons, phoenixes, unicorns, peacocks, and so on. They were exquisite and had both form and spirit, showing a high degree of unity between life and art. In the Song Dynasty, because the emperors valued literature over martial arts, advocated Confucianism and studied Confucian classics, epigraphy rose, and ancient customs prevailed. In particular, Emperor Huizong and Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty were interested in ancient jade articles and collected many antique collections. In addition, the connoisseur of the Northern Song Dynasty, Lu Dalin, wrote a jade article research book,"Archeological Map". Under such circumstances, a large number of antique jade articles appeared. However, the ancient jade articles of the Song Dynasty were not purely imitations. Instead, they used classical art as the basic material. On the basis of inheriting the shape and shape of the jade articles of the Xia, Shang, Zhou and Han Dynasties, they incorporated the innovative style and carving skills of contemporary jade articles. The essence was the revival and resurgence of culture. Jade articles in the Southern Song Dynasty became more secular. On the one hand, there was a natural realistic style based on bionic devices and flower and bird patterns, and the layout was influenced by the flower and bird paintings of the Song Dynasty. On the other hand, it was guided by the academic purport of the scholar-bureaucrats 'epigraphy. Jade articles showed retro characteristics, popular patterns such as dragon tiger patterns, cloud patterns, valley patterns, etc. There were antique shapes such as jade You, jade Bi, jade belt hook, etc. During the Southern Song Dynasty, jade objects like jade rings were used to express the feelings of returning to the ancient times. Small objects could also be used as accessories. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>