Jade Artifacts of Song Dynasty
Jade articles of the Song Dynasty had many characteristics. Judging from the social background of its development, the Song Dynasty respected culture, emphasized agriculture, and prospered commerce. The economy, politics, culture, and technology flourished, and the people's living standards improved. This prompted the emergence of jade articles with folk characteristics. The most typical feature of the Song Dynasty jade ware was that it got rid of the exclusive use of jade by nobles and became a real commodity to participate in the circulation. The style was more filled with folk characteristics and entered the era of "civilian jade". There were many kinds of jade ornaments, including palace art treasures, small folk jade ornaments, and many practical and decorative jade articles, such as jade combs, jade hairpins, jade paperweights, etc. In terms of artistic style, it was different from the jade ware of the Tang Dynasty. The jade ware of the Song Dynasty was fresh and natural, simple and simple. The carving style and theme were mostly realistic, focusing on the details of people, animals, and plants, especially the complicated carvings of dragons, phoenixes, unicorns, peacocks, and so on. They were exquisite and had both form and spirit, showing a high degree of unity between life and art. In the Song Dynasty, because the emperors valued literature over martial arts, advocated Confucianism and studied Confucian classics, epigraphy rose, and ancient customs prevailed. In particular, Emperor Huizong and Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty were interested in ancient jade articles and collected many antique collections. In addition, the connoisseur of the Northern Song Dynasty, Lu Dalin, wrote a jade article research book,"Archeological Map". Under such circumstances, a large number of antique jade articles appeared. However, the ancient jade articles of the Song Dynasty were not purely imitations. Instead, they used classical art as the basic material. On the basis of inheriting the shape and shape of the jade articles of the Xia, Shang, Zhou and Han Dynasties, they incorporated the innovative style and carving skills of contemporary jade articles. The essence was the revival and resurgence of culture. Jade articles in the Southern Song Dynasty became more secular. On the one hand, there was a natural realistic style based on bionic devices and flower and bird patterns, and the layout was influenced by the flower and bird paintings of the Song Dynasty. On the other hand, it was guided by the academic purport of the scholar-bureaucrats 'epigraphy. Jade articles showed retro characteristics, popular patterns such as dragon tiger patterns, cloud patterns, valley patterns, etc. There were antique shapes such as jade You, jade Bi, jade belt hook, etc. During the Southern Song Dynasty, jade objects like jade rings were used to express the feelings of returning to the ancient times. Small objects could also be used as accessories. Read more exciting novels for free
Top Jade Artifacts of the Song Dynasty
Since the reference materials did not clearly mention which jade articles of the Song Dynasty were top-notch, it was impossible to pinpoint which were top-notch jade articles of the Song Dynasty. However, from the information given about the jade articles of the Song Dynasty, it could be seen that there were many types of jade articles, such as white jade fish lotus towel ring, white jade bird flower towel ring, lotus boy, green jade dog, Yunshan double crane pattern jade jewelry, white jade cloud pattern cup, and many other shapes. At the same time, jade articles with clear collections (Nanjing Museum) such as the Song Dynasty Hornless Dragon Tiger Jade Wall were also representative. Jade articles of the Song Dynasty developed under the background of cultural and economic prosperity at that time. Emperor Huizong's preference promoted the rise of epigraphy and led to the development of jade articles. Moreover, from the perspective of style, jade articles of the Song Dynasty were no longer exclusive to nobles and became commodities. They had more folk characteristics. These jade articles might have been of extremely high quality at the time of craftsmanship, but it was difficult to determine which were the top jade articles from the available information. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
On Jade Artifacts of Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368) was a powerful empire established by the Mongolians. Its jade ware had the following characteristics: ** 1. Production Center and Production Management ** 1. ** Production Center ** - Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, set up the Gold and Jade General Manager Office in Hangzhou, which was under the jurisdiction of thousands of skilled jade carving craftsmen in the south. He made Dadu in the north (now Beijing) and Hangzhou in the south become the production center of jade carvings in the north and south. 2. ** Production Management ** - The official jade production center was strictly managed. It specialized in providing jade for the royal family. It mainly produced large-scale fine jade carvings, precious jade carvings, and large-scale jade mountains that could reflect the achievements of the Yuan Dynasty jade carvings. Their decorative patterns, carving methods, and production techniques were quite exquisite. They had the characteristics and style of the Yuan Dynasty jade carvings. Moreover, the number of carved jade carvings was considerable and widely used. According to the regulations, the small jade carving workshops were only allowed to make decorative jade articles and small jade articles. ** 2. Type and Representative Jade Artifacts ** 1. ** A wide variety ** - There were jade seas (such as the jade sea of Dushan Mountain), jade hat tops (such as jade hat tops carved with double dragon patterns, jade hat tops carved with lioness patterns, jade hat tops carved with human patterns, etc.), jade belt rings (such as jade dragon belt rings with white jade beads), jade stove tops (such as white jade carved human stove tops), jade walls (such as jade walls with phoenix and peony patterns), jade rings (such as jade rings with dragon patterns), jade books, and many other types. 2. ** Representative Jade ** - [Dushan Mountain Jade Sea] was a type of jade carving object that belonged to the Jade Sea category. Its history could be traced back to the Shang Dynasty. In ancient times, it was used as a ritual vessel to represent good fortune and power. The jade carving technique was complicated. It required the selection of high-quality jade raw materials and then carving and polishing. When making, factors such as the texture, color, and texture of the jade had to be considered. It had extremely high artistic value and collection value. - ** Yuan carved double dragon pattern jade hat top **: It is a kind of jade hat top among jade carving objects. Its history can be traced back to the 13th century. In ancient times, it was used as a noble costume to represent noble status and noble status. It uses the hollowed-out carving technique and has a fine craftsmanship. It chooses high-quality jade raw materials for carving and polishing. The shape is exquisite and the carving is exquisite. It has a high artistic value and collection value. - ** White jade bead pattern cloud dragon ring **: It is a jade ring jade carving object. Its history can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. In ancient times, it was a noble's clothing item, representing noble status and noble status. The craftsmanship was exquisite, and high-quality white jade was selected to be carved and polished. The shape was simple and elegant, and the carving was exquisite. It had a high historical and cultural significance. ** 3. Craftsmanship ** 1. ** Drawn by literati painting ** - Craftsmanship was influenced by the well-developed literati paintings. 2. ** Combination of various crafts ** - For example, the top of the jade hat with figure patterns was a combination of round carving, open carving and flat carving, and there were obvious traces of pipe drilling, which was unique to the Yuan Dynasty. The top of the jade hat with dragon patterns was a combination of multi-layer open carving, round carving and flat carving. The craftsmen also used the color of jade skin to carve leaves and flowers, which was one of the typical works of the Yuan Dynasty. ** 4. Art Value and Collection Value ** - Many of the jade works in the Yuan Dynasty had very high artistic value and collection value. For example, the jade sea of Dushan Mountain had exquisite carving skills and beautiful shapes, and the jade hat top of the Yuan Dynasty had exquisite shapes and exquisite carvings. They all had very high historical and cultural significance. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Jade Plate and Jade Artifacts of Han Dynasty
The jade wares of the Han Dynasty inherited and developed the tradition of the jade wares of the Warring States Period. In the Han Dynasty, ceremonial jade articles (the so-called "auspicious jade") were less than before, and daily necessities and decorations made of jade developed greatly. Jade plates belonged to the category of daily necessities made of jade. For example, the Palace Museum had a jade plate with a dragon handle from the Han Dynasty. In terms of craftsmanship, the Han Dynasty had more round carvings, high embossed, open-cut jade carvings, and jade inlaid objects than before. The decorative style changed from abstract to realistic. In addition, there were also Han Dynasty jade plates on sale, such as the Hetian jade Han Dynasty jade plate on sale on September 13th, 2024. The price was 23,688 yuan, and the quality was 95 grade. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
110 Fine Jade Artifacts of the Yuan Dynasty
The following are some of the collection's fine jade articles of the Yuan Dynasty: 1. "Dushan Jade Sea: It is a work that can reflect the style and craftsmanship of the jade ware of the Yuan Dynasty. It belongs to the jade sea category and can be traced back to the Shang Dynasty. The production process is complicated and has high artistic and collection value. It is used as a ritual vessel to represent good luck and power. 2. Jade Hat Top with Double Hornless Dragon Patterns: It is a type of jade hat top. Its history can be traced back to the 13th century. It uses hollowed-out carving techniques and is exquisitely made. It is one of the representative works of jade ware in the Yuan Dynasty. It represents noble status and noble status. The shape is exquisite and the carving is exquisite. 3. Yuan carved lioness jade hat top: It is a type of jade hat top. Its history can be traced back to the 13th century. It uses hollowed-out carving techniques and is exquisitely made. It is one of the representative works of jade ware in the Yuan Dynasty. It represents the status and noble status of nobility. The shape is exquisite and the carving is exquisite. 4. [White Jade Couplet Pearl Pattern Cloud Dragon Ring: It belongs to the jade belt ring category. Its history can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. The craftsmanship is exquisite. It is one of the representative works of ancient jade. It represents the status and noble status of nobility. The shape is simple and elegant, and the carving is exquisite.] 5. [White Jade Stove: It is a type of jade stove. Its history can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. The craftsmanship is exquisite. It is one of the representative works of ancient jade, representing nobility and wealth.] 6. Phoenix Peony Jade: Now in the Palace Museum. The jade is bluish-white and has the same patterns on both sides. It is carved with a red phoenix and a peony with twining branches. The phoenix's slender eyes hold a long ribbon tied to a coin-shaped knot. 7. The jade ring with the pattern of hornless dragon is now collected in the Hubei Province Museum. The jade is white with black spots. There is an oval hole in the oval shape. The ring is embossed with the dragon mouth containing ganoderma lucidum. 8. The jade book is now hidden in Lushun Museum. It is blue in color, flat and rectangular in shape. The top is slightly curved, and there are eight round holes on both sides. There is a round hole in the middle of the top. On the right side of the front, there is a vertical regular script "Empress Sheng". 9. Jade hat top with figure pattern: Now stored in the China Cultural Relics Information Center. It is white jade and round carved. The top of the hat is decorated with the Longevity Star, Lotus, and Egret, which symbolizes longevity. The carving technique is unique and there are traces of pipe drilling. 10. Lotus Egret Pattern Jade Hat Top (Collection of the Museum of Liaoning Province): Jade cyan with brown spots, the whole body is carved with lotus flowers and egrets using multiple hollowed-out techniques. 11. Lotus Egret Pattern Jade Hat Top (Collection of the China Cultural Relics Information Center): The jade is white and smooth, round carving, the theme pattern is egrets and lotus, using the color of jade skin to make it, there are two sets of holes at the bottom. 12. The top of a jade hat with a crane and deer figure pattern is now hidden in the Palace Museum. It is made of green jade and carved. On one side, there is a table in the middle of three people. Beside it, there are people playing the piano and standing. On the other side, there are carvings of crane, deer, ganoderma lucidum, pine branches and immortal grass. 13. The top of a jade hat with a dragon pattern is now stored in the China Cultural Relics Information Center. The jade is bluish white. The dragon pattern is a traditional pattern, and the dragon head is raised. The flowers are deeply sunken, and the bottom is slightly concave with two sets of holes. The unique craftsmanship is a typical work of the Yuan Dynasty. However, based on the current information, it was impossible to provide a complete list of the 110 fine jade articles of the Yuan Dynasty in the collection. The above was only a part of the collection of fine jade articles of the Yuan Dynasty. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
On the Jade Artifacts in the Tombs of the Han Dynasty
The jades in the tombs of the Han Dynasty had many characteristics. ** 1. Source ** 1. ** Legacy of the previous dynasty ** - Due to the short history of the Qin Dynasty and the close proximity of the Warring States Period and the Western Han Dynasty, most of the jade ornaments unearthed from the tombs of the nobles in the early Western Han Dynasty had obvious characteristics of the Warring States Period. Some of them were even jade ornaments directly preserved from the Warring States Period. For example, a jade dancer unearthed from the tomb of Liu He, Marquis of Haiying in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, was a relic of the late Warring States Period. The jade pieces inlaid on the lacquer wood core jade pillow unearthed from the tomb of the courtier of the King of Chu in Lion Mountain, Xuzhou, covered all kinds of jade pendants from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period. - The palace of the Han Dynasty inherited the treasures of the previous dynasty, including many jade articles. For example,"Han Shu·Suburban Sacrifice Annals" records that the "Suihou"(Suihou Pearl) and "Yubao Bi"(Heshi Bi) in Weiyang Palace during the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han Dynasty may be the pearls and jade collected in the former dynasty. 2. ** Project and Grave Robbing Gains ** - In the Han Dynasty, there were "large-scale infrastructure" activities, such as the construction of Changling and the tomb of Liu Yan, the king of Zhongshan Jian. Many tombs were destroyed in these projects, and the jade articles in them may have been passed down. - Grave robbing was prevalent in the Han Dynasty. Not only were there lawless people robbing tombs, but even the nobles were also involved. For example, Liu Quji, the king of Guangchuan, robbed the tombs of famous people such as King You of Zhou and King Xiang of Wei. Many jade articles buried in the previous dynasty were passed down as the source of ancient jade in the Han tombs. ** 2. Type and usage ** 1. ** Practicable tools ** - For example, the bronze cup unearthed from the tomb of the King of Nanyue of the Western Han Dynasty in Xianggang Mountain, Guangzhou, has a similar style to the high-foot jade cup unearthed from the site of the Qin Epang Palace in Chezhang Village, western suburb of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. It is a practical instrument used to mix jade chips and dew to drink. 2. ** Ornaments ** - The nobles of the Han Dynasty liked to wear ancient jade, and many of the jade in the tombs of the early Western Han Dynasty had the characteristics of the Warring States Period. For example, the jade dancer unearthed from the tomb of Liu He, Marquis of Haiying in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, was reassembled into a set of accessories by the Han Dynasty people with jade Huang and jade tube for use; the S-shaped dragon white jade pendant unearthed from the tomb of the King of Chu in Lion Mountain, Xuzhou, had holes under the eyes of the jade dragon for wearing, which was an accessory. There were also white jade dragon and phoenix patterns from the early Western Han Dynasty, white jade double dragon heads with hooks, and so on. 3. ** Burial Jade ** - In the Han Dynasty, people would reform the ancient jade of the previous dynasty and use it as burial jade. Craftsmen would make the old jade into jade clothes, jade ornaments, jade covers, and other funerary objects. For example, the lacquer wood core inlaid jade pillow unearthed from the tomb of the courtier of the King of Chu in Lion Mountain of Xuzhou was a burial jade. ** 3. Regional differences ** - The jade artifacts unearthed from the tombs of the Han Dynasty in different areas had different characteristics. For example, due to the hot weather and high air humidity in the tomb of the King of Nanyue in Guangzhou, most of the jade articles unearthed were in a white state, while the jade articles unearthed from the tomb of the King of Chu in Lion Mountain in Xuzhou were quite different. ** 4. In terms of artistic value ** - Jade articles of the Han Dynasty had high artistic value. For example, the green jade wall with the pattern of dragon and dragon holding ring and milk nail in Hebei Museum is the most complete and largest jade wall found in our country at present; There is also the white jade wall with double dragons carved on both sides of the jade wall, with a pair of vigorous and majestic Kui dragons carved on the upper end of the wall; The white feathered man riding on a horse jade carving, the round carving squatting posture jade to ward off evil spirits, jade bear, etc. unearthed from the Weiling Cemetery of Emperor Yuan of Han Dynasty; A large number of exquisite jade articles were unearthed from the tomb of Liu He, the deposed emperor of Han Dynasty; The rosefinch ring cup unearthed from the tomb of a senior official of the Han Dynasty in Fangwanggang, Chaohu, Anhui Province, all showed the exquisite craftsmanship of the jade ware of the Han Dynasty. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
On the Development of Jade Artifacts in Qing Dynasty
The development of jade in the Qing Dynasty could be roughly divided into three stages: 1. ** Early Qing Dynasty (1644 -the end of the 18th century, including Shunzhi, Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties)** - In the early days of the Qing Dynasty, due to political changes and social unrest, the production and inheritance of jade ware were affected to a certain extent. - The emperor advocated simplicity, so there were relatively few jade articles made. For example, in the Palace Museum in Beijing, except for the imperial palace jade seal, which was mostly made in the early Qing Dynasty, there was almost no jade directly engraved with the Shunzhi or Kangxi years, and the number of jade that could be judged to be in the early Qing Dynasty was very small. In the tomb of the granddaughter of the first-grade official Soni in the early Qing Dynasty, although there were dozens of jade articles, most of them were made in the Ming Dynasty or before. Only a few were made in the early Qing Dynasty. - At that time, although most of the territory of the country had been incorporated into the Qing Dynasty, before the 24th year of Qianlong (1759), due to the frequent rebellion of the upper nobles in Xinjiang, it was not effectively controlled. Hetian jade rarely entered the mainland, and most of them were smuggled, which also restricted the production of jade. The jade wares of this period mostly inherited the style of the Ming Dynasty, focusing on simple lines and exquisite shapes. At the same time, the palace craftsmen began to invent and introduce new techniques and crafts to make the jade wares more diverse. 2. ** Mid Qing Dynasty (Mid-18th century-early 19th century, including Qianlong and Jiaqing dynasties)** - With the stability of society, the economy entered the "Golden Age of Qianjia", the integration of Manchu and Han cultures, especially the preference of Emperor Qianlong for ancient jade, the jade-cutting industry that had entered a low point in the early Qing Dynasty gradually recovered and flourished, forming another peak in the history of China jade-cutting. - In the 24th year of Qianlong (1759), the rebellion in Xinjiang was put down, and Xinjiang was under the control of the Qing government. A large number of Hetian jade was transported into the mainland, which promoted the rapid development of jade craftsmanship. - At that time, there were a lot of jade articles made, ranging from jade mountains that weighed ten thousand catties to exquisite and transparent ornaments. It was well made, the materials were of high quality, and the style of the era was distinct. It represented the highest level of jade in the Qing Dynasty. In the middle of the 18th century, the economy and culture of the Qing Dynasty reached its peak. During this period, the production of jade articles was more exquisite, and innovative designs and complex carvings became the characteristics. The demand for jade articles by the court and the rich people promoted the development of craftsmanship. For example, the Painting of Jade Hundred Treasures showed the variety and exquisiteness of jade articles at that time. 3. ** Late Qing Dynasty (Mid-19th century- 1912, including the Daoguang to Xuantong dynasties)** - With the decline of the Qing Dynasty in the mid-19th century, social unrest and external pressure led to changes in jade production. - Although the palace craftsmen still made exquisite jade, social unrest and economic difficulties affected the inheritance and innovation of jade craftsmanship. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Ancient Jade Artifacts of Tang Dynasty
Famous Jade Artifacts of the Tang Dynasty
The following are some famous jade articles from the Tang Dynasty: the Jade Bi with the pattern of the cloud dragon of the Tang Dynasty, made using the techniques of shallow embossed and intagliography. One side is engraved with embossed dragon, and the details are presented by the intagliography lines. It has many unique modeling features. The other side is embossed with cloud patterns in the shape of Ruyi. The jade pendant with the pattern of the double phoenix of the Tang Dynasty is now in the collection of the Palace Museum. The Painting of the Jade Qin of the Yao Qin can be traced back to the period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. The Jade Bracelet is exquisite in shape, delicate in jade quality, and gentle in texture. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Appreciating Jade Artifacts and Distinguishing Fake Artifacts in Yin Shang Dynasty
Based on the information he had, he only knew that there was a book called " Yin Shang Jade Appreciation and Fake Identification: Research and Exploration of Yin Shang Jade Artifacts ". However, he did not know the specific content of this book, such as the key points of Yin Shang Jade Appreciation and the methods to identify fakes. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Human-shaped Jade Artifacts of the Han Dynasty
In the Han Dynasty, besides Wengzhong, there were other forms of jade human-shaped jade ware. For example, there was a high ancient jade face pendant in the Han Dynasty. The specifications were 4.9cm high, 5cm wide, 1.5cm thick and 71g heavy. It was made of Hetian jade. The jade was exquisite, and the facial features carved were distinct. The technique was exquisite and the quality was first-class. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>