Elements and compounds in biological cells
The elements and compounds in biological cells were as follows: 1. ** Elements in cells ** - ** Element classification **: According to whether it exceeds 1/10000 of the fresh weight of the cell, it can be divided into major elements (such as C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Ka, MG, etc.) and trace elements (such as FeMn, BMn, ZN, Mo, Cu2, etc.). The most basic element is C, and the basic elements are C, H, O, and N. The first four elements in the fresh weight ratio of human cells were O>C>H>N, and the first four elements in the dry weight ratio were C>O>N>H. - [Source and form of existence of elements: The elements in cells are selectively absorbed from the organic nature, and most of them exist in the form of compounds.] - ** The relationship between the living and non-living worlds in terms of elemental composition ** - [Unity: The elements that make up organisms can be found in the organic nature, and there is unity in the types of elements.] - ** Discrepant **: The amount of the same element in the biological and non-biological world is very different. The reason is that organisms selectively obtain various substances from the organic nature to form themselves. - ** Misunderstanding about the elements in the body of living beings ** - Whether it was a large amount of elements or a small amount of elements, they were very important to maintain the life activities of organisms. It could not be assumed that large amounts of elements were important and small amounts of elements were not. - The most abundant element in living cells was O, not C (the most abundant element in dry cell weight was C). 2. ** Compound in cells ** - ** Category **: It can be divided into two types: mineral compounds (water, mineral salt) and organic compounds (sugar, fat, protein, and DNA). - ** Relationship of content **: The compound with the most fresh weight content is water, the organic matter with the most fresh weight content is protein, and the compound with the most dry cell weight is protein. 3. ** Detection of sugar, fat, and protein in biological tissues (experimental focus)** - ** Detection Principle ** - ** Carboids **: reducing sugar + Fehling reagent → brick red precipitations; starch + iodination → blue. - ** Fat **: Fat + Sultan III dye solution → orange; Fat + Sultan IV dye solution → red. - ** protein **: protein + biuret reagent → purple. - ** Experimental Detection Steps ** - ** Testing of reducing sugar **: Inject 2mL of the tissue solution to be tested into the test tube, and inject 1mL of Fehling's reagent (mix the solution A and solution B evenly before injecting). Put the test tube into a large beaker filled with warm water at 50 - 65 ° C and heat it for about 2 minutes before observing the color. - ** Fat Detection **: Prepare the slices (the thinner the slices, the better), place the thinnest peanut slices in the center of the glass slide, dye (drip 2 - 3 drops of Su Dan III dye solution onto the slices →2 - 3 minutes later, absorb the dye solution → drip 50% alcohol to wash off the floating color → absorb excess alcohol), prepare the slices (drip 1 - 2 drops of water onto the material slices → cover the glass), and perform microscopic examination for identification (use the microscope to light up → low power microscope observation → high power microscope observation of the fat granules dyed orange). - ** Detection of protein **: Add 2mL of sample solution into the test tube, add 1mL of 0.1 g/mL of biuret reagent and shake well, add 4 drops of 0.01 g/mL CuSO4 solution of biuret reagent and shake well, then observe the color change (purple). At the same time, it should be noted that only the detection of reducing sugar required heating; the detection of fat required the use of a microscope; the detection of protein required the addition of biuret reagent solution A, and after shaking it up, drip solution B; Fehling reagent and biuret reagent could not be used instead. Read more exciting novels for free
The relationship between biological elements and compounds in Grade One
Based on context alone In Year One biology, elements and compounds were closely related. ** 1. Elements are the basis of compound composition ** 1. ** Elements that make up living things ** - The elements in organisms include large amounts of elements (such as C, H, O, N, P, S, K, ca, and so on) and trace elements (such as Fe, Mn, Zn, copper, B, Mo, etc.). These elements had different functions in the body of living creatures. 2. ** Forming compound ** - The element carbon (C) was the basic skeleton that formed the biological molecules. For example, sugar was composed of three elements: C, H, and O. The carbon formed a carbon chain, which was the backbone of sugar molecules. Dextrose (C H Chi O) was a common Monosomalose. Multiple Dextroses could be synthesized to form a polyose, such as starch and starch. - The element nitrogen (N) was a component of important compounds such as protein and nuclei. A protein is made up of an acidic group, and each acidic group contains at least one nitrogen group. Nucleic acid includes DNA and R A, and the nitrogen bases (such as adenine, guanine, cystine, thymine, or uracil) contain the element nitrogen. - Phosphorous (P) element: It was an important component of nuclei, Phospholids, and so on. In a nuclear acid, the phosphorous group contained the element phosphorous, which formed a nucleus together with a five-carbon sugar and a nitrogen base. The nucleus then agglomerated to form a nuclear acid. Phospholiptides were an important component of biological membranes. Their molecular structure contained phosphorus groups and also contained phosphorus elements. - The elements of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O): In addition to participating in the composition of sugar, they are also the elements that form water (H ^O). Water was abundant in living organisms and was a good solution. Many chemical reactions needed to be carried out in an water solution. At the same time, oxygen also played an important role in the process of cell breathing. For example, oxygen was the final electron receptor in oxygen breathing. ** 2. Compound reflects the form and function of elements ** 1. ** The function of biological molecules reflects the role of elements ** - "protein: Because it contains many elements such as nitrogen, it has a variety of functions, such as catalyze (an electron transport), transport (the transport of oxygen by hemoglobin), regulation (the regulation of blood sugar by hormone), immunity (the resistance of the immune system against pathogenic organisms), and so on. The realization of these functions is due to the specific structure of the protein, and the formation of its structure is closely related to the elements in the protein's composition. - Nucleic acid: The phosphorous element in the nucleus is crucial for its function of carrying genetic information. The double spiral structure of DNA molecules was stable. Phosphorescent acid and deoxy sugar were connected to form the basic skeleton, which ensured the stable storage and transmission of genetic information. - Carboids: As the main energy source, the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen elements in them store energy through specific chemical bonds. During the process of cell breathing, these chemical bonds are broken to release energy for the cells to use. - Lipids: For example, fat is composed of three elements: C, H, and O. The proportion of hydrogen is relatively high, which makes fat a good energy storage material. It can store a large amount of energy in the animal body and decompose it when needed. In addition to C, H, and O, there were also P elements in the Phospholiptides, which made them have a waterproof head (a phosphorous part) and a waterproof tail, which could form a bilayer to form the basic skeleton of the biological membrane. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
Biological experiments, observing biological cells
The following steps and precautions were needed to observe biological cells in biological experiments: ** I. Preparing Work ** 1. ** Prepare the specimen ** - For observing plant cells, he could prepare specimens such as the lower surface of broad bean leaves, plant root tips, onion skin, etc. For animal cells, he could prepare specimens such as frogs, mice, and human cells such as oral cells, red blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc. 2. ** Instrument preparation ** - Light microscope (self-prepared) or hand-held microscope. If you want to use a light microscope, you need to place the microscope properly and light it. For some special observations, such as using the Echo Rebel upside-down microscope, there was no need to equip a computer. The iPad Pro was small and light enough to display the image. It could also be placed in the incubator for observation, and it was wireless connected to the iPad for easy operation. ** 2. Observation process ** 1. ** Plant Cell Observation ** - Taking the surface cells of broad bean leaves as an example, one could observe the crescent-shaped guard cells and irregular surface cells. In the middle of the guard cells were stomata, which were the channels through which gas passed when plants carried out photosynthesis and breathing. The root tip cells in the root tip of the plant were relatively regular, like small rectangular grids densely arranged. Plant cells had a cell wall on the outside, a cell membrane on the inside, and a variety of structures such as vesicles, plastids, and nuclei. 2. ** Animal Cell Observation ** - Frog cells had no cell walls, and they absorbed oxygen from the air through their skin cells while keeping their skin moist. The human oral cavity was composed of irregular flat and hexagonal cells. The nerve cells were divided into two parts, the cell body and the process. The cell body was a hexagonal bulge that was intertwined like a tree root. The human bone cells had many types, such as flat oval bone cells with many bulges, contracted bone cells, short cylindrical or cubic bone cells, multi-nuclear bone cells, and so on. ** 3. Cell State Judgment and Analysis ** 1. ** Medium related (for cell culture)** - Pay attention to the color of the culture medium. Most of the culture medium contains an acid and base indicator. If it is slightly acidic, it will appear yellow, and if it is slightly basic, it will appear purple. When the pH-value changes greatly, it is necessary to consider whether the culture medium is contaminated, the cells are growing too densely, the cells are dying too much, or the concentration of CO2 in the incubator is adjusted. If the culture medium becomes turbid, it may be contaminated or the cells are growing too densely. 2. ** Cell shape and growth state ** - The cells in suspension culture were in a clustered state, while the cells in attached culture were in a free state. Before operating the cells in the ultra-clean bench, if the cells were cultured in conical flasks or petri dishes, it was best to observe the cell growth under the 40x objective lens of the inverted microscope. By observing biological cells, one could understand the structure and function of cells, as well as the differences between different biological cells. These observations would help to understand the law of life activities of living things. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What is the working principle of biological cells?
What are the two classes of biological cells?
In the field of biology, cells were divided into two categories: eukaryonic cells and protokaryonic cells, according to the fact that there was a nucleus without a nuclear membrane. Procaryotes did not have a nucleus covered by a nuclear membrane, and their structure was relatively simple, such as bacteria (organisms with the words "rod","sphere","spiral", and "arc" in front of the word "bacteria" such as the word "bacteria") and cyanobia (autotrophs that can carry out photosynthesis and contain phycocyanin and photosynthesis). Eukaryotic cells had a nucleus that was covered by a nuclear membrane. Their structure was more complicated, including animal cells, plant cells, and fungi cells. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The reaction of the compounds of the two compounds
In 1904, it was discovered that in the presence of copper powder, the reaction of aromatic compounds and substituted aromatic compounds could give diarylethers. This reaction was called the Ullmann condensation reaction, but no other cases of the reaction of ordinary aromatic compounds and substituted aromatic compounds were mentioned. Some studies mentioned the use of a large number of alcoholic groups contained in natural polyphenolic substances to effectively activate percarbonates to improve the dechlorination effect of chloride-substituted compounds, but there was no more information about the direct reaction between the two. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What does the biological characteristics of tendon cells mean?
Tendons were the basic functional units of tendons, and their biological characteristics included the fact that they proliferated relatively slowly in culture, especially after multiple passages, and that they could synthesize and secrete an extra cellular matrix such as a protein to maintain the metabolism of the tendon tissue. The human embryonic tendon cells transformed by ptsA58H could be passed down for a long time. They had strong proliferating ability, contact inhibition and serum-dependent nutrition. They could not grow in soft agar-like medium and could secrete type-I colloid. Freezing and resuscitation did not change their growth characteristics. Changing the culture conditions could control their growth. They did not have the biological characteristics of tumor cells. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
What are the characteristics of white blood cells in the biological experiment exam?
White blood cells were colorless, nuclear cells, and they were generally spherical in the blood. It can be divided into five types: neutrons, infuriophils, basophils, splenophils, and monophils. Among them, the neutrons, infuriophils, and basophils are collectively called granules because they contain chromophile granules in their protoplasts. The white blood cells originated from the blood stem cells in the bone marrow and differentiated into pluripotent stem cells, which developed into targeted progenitor cells of various cells, recognizable precursor cells, as well as various mature granulose cells, mononode cells, and spleen cells. White blood cells had the characteristics of transformation, migration, engulfment, secretion, and so on. The number of white blood cells in the blood of a normal adult is (4.0 - 10.0) ×10/L, newborns (15 - 20) ×10/L, 6 months to 2 years old (11 - 12) ×10/L, in which the number of neutrons accounted for 50% - 70%, the number of infuriophils accounted for 0.5% - 5%, the number of basophils accounted for 0% - 1%, the number of splenophils accounted for 20% - 40%, and the number of monophils accounted for 3% - 8%. There was no significant difference in the number of white blood cells between men and women. The lifespan of white blood cells was relatively short, ranging from a few days to a few weeks. White blood cells were divided into three categories: granules, neutrons, and monoliths. Each category contained many different variants. They could engulf and destroy pathogenic organisms through engulfing, attachment, and thermotaxis. At the same time, they could also mediate immune responses and produce hormones and other biological active substances. The number and classification of white blood cells were important indicators of blood routine examination. By detecting the number and classification of white blood cells, it could assist in the diagnosis of infection, blood diseases, and many other diseases. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
How to draw a simple mind map of the life process of biological cells?
The following is a simple way to draw a mind map of the life process of biological cells: ** 1. Central theme ** The main theme was 'cell life process.' ** 2. Main Branch ** 1. ** Cell division ** - Mitosis: It includes interphase (G1 phase-cell growth, S phase- DNA replication, G2 phase-preparation for division), prophase (appearance of the nuclei, formation of the spindles, etc.), midphase (arrangement of the nuclei at the equator), anaphase (separation of sister chromatids), and telophase (cell division into two daughter cells). - Meiosis: It can be divided into the first division of Meiosis (prophase I -the formation of quadrants by the association of the homolog, etc.), the second division of Meiosis (similar to the process of mitosis, and finally the formation of reproductive cells). 2. ** Cell Division ** - [Concept: The process in which cells undergo changes in their form, structure, and function.] - [Meaning: The formation of different tissues and organs is the basis for the development of biological individuals.] - [Special characteristics: Durability, stability, and irreversibility (general)] 3. ** Cell aging ** - [Characteristics: Cell volume becomes smaller, nucleus volume increases, Chromatin condensation, decrease in various kinds of activity, change in cell membrane penetrability, etc.] - The reasons were as follows: the free radical theory (free radical attacks biological molecules to cause damage), the telomere theory (telomere DNA sequences shorten with cell division), and so on. 4. ** Cell Death ** - [Concept: The process of cells automatically ending their lives as determined by their genes.] - [Meaning: It plays a key role in the normal development of multicellular organisms, maintaining the stability of the internal environment, and resisting various external factors.] - The difference between cell death and cell death was that cell death was a programmed death, and cell death was cell damage and death caused by the damage or interruption of normal cell metabolism under the influence of external adverse factors. 5. ** Cell cancer ** - [Characteristics: Unlimited reproduction, significant changes in cell structure, decrease in cell surface protein, decrease in cell-cell cohesion, easy to disperse and transfer in the body.] - Reason: Proto-cancer genes and tumor suppressors mutate, such as physical cancer-causing factors (radiation, etc.), chemical cancer-causing factors (chemicals such as sulfur, etc.), viral cancer-causing factors (some viruses), etc. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
The reaction between the two compounds
Under basic conditions, the reaction of the two reagents would produce 1-methylethylpropal, which could be used to produce tribution. From the structural changes of the reaction, the condensation of the-Chu reaction of the crystallizer and the CH-reaction of the crystallizer would produce a-CH = CH -double bond and a unit of water. The product structure was the aromatic ring- CH = CH-Chu. <a href="/?from=ask_words" style="color:red" target="_blank">Read more exciting novels for free</a>
How to effectively isolate novel compounds?
Well, to isolate novel compounds, you first have to do thorough research on the substances you're dealing with. Then, choose the appropriate extraction and purification methods based on their properties. It can be quite challenging and requires precision and expertise.