Chapter 12 of the Analects of Confucius, five major items of classical Chinese

Answer 1

The 12 chapters of The Analects of Confucius contained rich content, which could be sorted out from the following five categories:

** 1. Learning Method **
1. " Learn and practice, isn't it also said?" It emphasized that after learning, one must often review.
2. " Revisiting the old and learning the new can be a teacher " pointed out that it was an important learning ability to have new gains in the process of reviewing old knowledge.
3. " Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous." It meant that learning and thinking should be combined. Learning without thinking would make one confused, and thinking without learning would make one confused.

** 2. Learning attitude **
1. " Those who know are not as good as those who love it, and those who love it are not as good as those who enjoy it." This meant that the attitude of learning for fun was better than the attitude of only knowing and liking learning.
2. "When three people walk together, one of them must be my teacher. Choose the good ones and follow them, and change the bad ones. He advocated to learn from others, be good at learning the strengths of others, and learn from the shortcomings of others to improve himself.

** 3. Moral Cultivation **
1. "If a person is not benevolent, what about etiquette? If a man is not benevolent, what can he do?" He proposed that benevolence was fundamental. Without benevolence, etiquette and music would lose their meaning.
2. "If quality surpasses literature, it will be wild, and if literature surpasses quality, it will be history. Gentleman, then a gentleman "discussed the proportion of simplicity and literary grace to become a gentleman.
3. "A scholar must be resolute. There is a long way to go. Isn't it important to take benevolence as your duty? Isn't it far from death?" It emphasized that scholars should have lofty aspirations and strong will, take benevolence as their duty and work hard for it all their lives.

** 4. How to conduct oneself **
1. " Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you " expressed a kind of principle of life.
2. " A gentleman understands righteousness, while a villain understands profit." It explained the difference between a gentleman's emphasis on righteousness and a villain's emphasis on small profits. It advocated that people should have the values of a gentleman.
3. " When you see a virtuous person, you should learn from him. When you see an unvirtuous person, you should reflect on yourself." It encouraged people to look up to virtuous people and reflect on themselves when they saw unvirtuous people.

** 5. Ambition Pursuit **
1. " When I was fifteen years old, I was determined to learn. When I was thirty, I was independent. When I was forty, I was not confused. When I was fifty, I knew the destiny. When I was sixty, I was obedient. When I was seventy, I did what I wanted without exceeding the rules." It described the process and state of Confucius 'pursuit of ambition at different ages.
2. "Eat meager food, drink water, and sleep on the bed. To me, being rich and noble because of injustice is like floating clouds. It reflects the persistence of justice and the ambition to not covet the wealth of injustice.
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