Separation and reunion are common themes too. The Cowherd and Weaver Girl are separated by the Milky Way most of the time but are reunited on the Qixi Festival every year. This theme of separation and the longing for reunion reflects the human emotions of love and hope. And sometimes, social status differences are themes, like in many stories where a poor man falls in love with a noble - born woman or vice versa, and they have to overcome the challenges brought by the gap in their social positions.
One main theme is the struggle against feudal constraints. For example, in 'The Butterfly Lovers', Zhu Yingtai and Liang Shanbo's love was hindered by the feudal idea that men and women should not freely interact and marry according to their own wills. Another theme is the power of true love that can transcend different realms, like in 'Cowherd and Weaver Girl' where a mortal and a fairy fall in love.
Often, loyalty and sacrifice are themes. In the story of Du Shiniang, Du Shiniang was extremely loyal to Li Jia at first. And when she was betrayed, she sacrificed her own life. Also, fate and destiny play a role. In many stories, the lovers seem to be fated to meet but also fated to face difficulties, such as the lovers in 'Xi Shi and Fan Li' who had to deal with various historical events and situations that affected their relationship.
One main theme is loyalty. Soldiers were often expected to be loyal to their lords or emperors. For example, in many stories, generals would rather die than betray their masters. Another theme is strategy. Ancient Chinese war stories are full of brilliant military strategies like the use of terrain, deception, and timing. For instance, in the story of the Battle of Guandu, Cao Cao used a surprise attack on Yuan Shao's granary to gain an advantage.
One main theme is the interference of external forces. For example, in 'The Butterfly Lovers', it was the feudal system that didn't allow Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai to be together. Social hierarchies, family expectations, and traditional norms often play this role of separating lovers in Chinese sad love stories.
Another theme is transformation. In 'Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai', they transform into butterflies at the end. This transformation represents the eternal nature of their love. It's like their love is so strong that it can change their forms and exist in a different way. It also reflects the Chinese idea that love can transcend the physical world.
Often, there is also the theme of sacrifice. The lovers in these stories are sometimes willing to sacrifice their own well - being or even their lives for the sake of their love. In 'Xiwangmu and Dongwanggong', although their story is not as detailed, their status as celestial beings implies a certain level of sacrifice in maintaining their relationship in the celestial realm.
One main theme is the struggle against fate. In stories like 'The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl', they are separated by the powerful will of the Queen Mother of the West, but they still try to be together. Another theme is loyalty. In 'Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai', Zhu Yingtai remains loyal to her love for Liang Shanbo even after his death.
Fate is a big theme in ancient Greek love stories. The fates of the lovers often seem predetermined. For instance, Paris and Helen's love led to the Trojan War, as if it was fated from the start. Mortality and immortality are also themes. In the story of Cupid and Psyche, Psyche becomes immortal through her love for Cupid, highlighting the contrast between mortal and immortal in the context of love. And there is often the theme of trials and challenges that the lovers must overcome, like Psyche had to endure the trials set by Venus.
One main theme is the power of love against social norms. In many stories, like Diarmuid and Grainne, their love goes against the arranged marriages and social expectations of the time.
One main theme is unrequited love. In many ancient Japanese love stories, characters often love someone who does not return their feelings. For example, in some tales, a man might pine for a noblewoman who is already married or otherwise unavailable.
Sacrifice is also a key theme. Lovers might sacrifice their social status, family ties, or even their own safety for the sake of their love. They are willing to endure hardships and face difficulties just to be with the one they love, as seen in various Moorish love stories where the lovers had to run away or wait patiently for years.
Often, they involve elements of fate. For example, in 'The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl', their meeting was fated, yet their separation was also pre - determined by the heavens. Another characteristic is the presence of social and family barriers. In many stories like 'The Butterfly Lovers', social norms and family expectations prevent the lovers from being together easily.