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原电池电池反应式的书写方法如下: **一、“三”步完成电极反应式的书写(以“甲醇--氧气--KOH溶液”为例)** 1. **得失电子守恒** …

Primary battery reaction type writing method

2026-09-11 14:37
2026-09-11 17:52

原电池电池反应式的书写方法如下: **一、“三”步完成电极反应式的书写(以“甲醇--氧气--KOH溶液”为例)** 1. **得失电子守恒** - 确定负极和正极反应物质的得失电子数。如负极的甲醇在碱性环境中变成\(CO_3^{2 - }\)失去6个电子,写成\(- 6e^-\);正极的\(O_2\)得到4个电子,写成\( + 4e^-\)。 - 负极反应:\(CH_3OH - 6e^-\to CO_3^{2 - }\);正极反应:\(O_2+4e^-\to\)。 2. **电荷守恒** - 调整电极反应式两边电荷数使其相等。对于负极反应,左边电荷数为\(+6\),右边电荷数为\(-2\),为使电荷守恒,在左边配8个\(OH^-\);对于正极反应,左边电荷数为\(-4\),右边电荷数为0,在右边配4个\(OH^-\)。 - 负极反应:\(CH_3OH - 6e^-+8OH^-\to CO_3^{2 - }\);正极反应:\(O_2 + 4e^-\to4OH^-\)。 3. **原子守恒** - 观察电极反应式两边原子个数,使其相等。负极反应中\(C\)守恒,但\(H\)、\(O\)不守恒,需在右边配6个\(H_2O\);正极反应\(H\)、\(O\)不守恒,需在左边配2个\(H_2O\)。 - 负极反应:\(CH_3OH - 6e^-+8OH^- = CO_3^{2 - }+6H_2O\);正极反应:\(O_2+4e^- + 2H_2O=4OH^-\)。 - 注意:若为酸性介质,先补\(H^+\),另一边补\(H_2O\);若为碱性介质,先补\(OH^-\),另一边补\(H_2O\);有机物中化合价处理方法为“氧\(-2\),氢\(+1\),最后算碳化合价”,并且要注意溶液环境与产物之间的反应,碱性环境下,\(C\)元素最终产物应为\(CO_3^{2 - }\);水溶液中不能出现\(O_2^-\);碱性溶液反应物、生成物中均无\(H^+\);酸性溶液反应物、生成物中均无\(OH^-\),中性溶液反应物中无\(H^+\)和\(OH^-\)。 **二、“加减法”书写电极反应式一般步骤** 1. **确定原电池的正负极,列出正负极上的反应物质,并标出相同数目电子的得失** - 先写出原电池的总反应,例如\(2Fe^{3 + }+Cu = 2Fe^{2 + }+Cu^{2 + }\)。 - 把总反应按氧化反应和还原反应拆分为两个半反应,注明正、负极,并依据质量守恒、电荷守恒及电子得失守恒配平两个半反应。如正极:\(2Fe^{3 + }+2e^- = 2Fe^{2 + }\);负极:\(Cu - 2e^-=Cu^{2 + }\)。 - 注意负极反应生成的阳离子与电解质溶液中的阴离子是否共存。若不共存,则电解质溶液中的阴离子应写入负极反应式中。 2. **利用加减法得到电极反应式** - 若能写出已知电池的总反应的离子方程式,可以减去较易写出的电极反应式,从而得到较难写出的电极反应式(复杂电极反应式 = 总反应式 - 简单的电极反应式)。例如,已知总反应\(Li + LiMn_2O_4=Li_2Mn_2O_4\),先写出容易的负极反应\(Li - e^- = Li^+\),然后用总反应式减去负极反应式得到正极反应式\(LiMn_2O_4+Li^++e^- = Li_2Mn_2O_4\)。 **三、拆分法** 1. **写出原电池的总反应**,例如\(2Fe^{3 + }+Cu = 2Fe^{2 + }+Cu^{2 + }\)。 2. **把总反应按氧化反应和还原反应拆分为两个半反应,注明正、负极,并依据质量守恒、电荷守恒及电子得失守恒配平两个半反应**。 - 正极:\(2Fe^{3 + }+2e^- = 2Fe^{2 + }\)。 - 负极:\(Cu - 2e^- = Cu^{2 + }\)。 - 同样要注意负极反应生成的阳离子与电解质溶液中的阴离子是否共存。若不共存,则电解质溶液中的阴离子应写入负极反应式中。 点击前往免费阅读更多精彩小说

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