Confucius and the Analects of ConfuciusConfucius (551 B.C. -479 B.C.) was a famous ideologist, politician, and cultural celebrity in the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was also the founder of Confucianism. The Analects of Confucius was a record of the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. It was one of the classic works of Confucianism.
The Analects of Confucius had been studied and interpreted many times in history. Some people believed that it was translated into the West by the missionary in 1687 (26th year of Kangxi). The German philosopher, Hegel, once did not have a high evaluation of The Analects of Confucius, thinking that it was common sense morality everywhere, but it was later refuted by philosophers such as Leibniz.
The Analects of Confucius had a far-reaching influence in China. It was regarded as the source of Chinese culture and had a very high value in the development of Chinese history. There were also different books recommended for different age groups to read The Analects of Confucius. For example, children aged 10 - 12 could read Mr. Li Changzhi's The Story of Confucius first, and children aged 12 - 15 could read Teacher Bao Pengshan's The Life of Confucius. In addition, there was also an ancient book, The Analects of Confucius Chronicle, which linked different chapters of The Analects of Confucius with Confucius 'life experience. However, there were some contents that were considered to be misunderstood or fabricated due to lack of research. It might even be forged in the late Ming Dynasty and circulated under the name of Cheng Fuxin.
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What is the image of Confucius in the Analects of Confucius?The image of Confucius in The Analects of Confucius was multi-faced and rich.
From the perspective of his ideology, Confucius took benevolence and propriety as the core of his thoughts, displaying a wise, generous, brave, upright, kind and principled image. These thoughts ran through his evaluation, understanding and judgment of society, life, politics, etiquette, ethics and morality.
In terms of personality, apart from the well-known personality traits mentioned above, Confucius was also humorous and modest. For example,"When you were in Wucheng, you heard the music of strings and songs. The Master smiled and said,'Why use an ox knife to cut a chicken?'" It reflected his humor.
From the perspective of knowledge, Confucius was knowledgeable. At that time, the rulers, celebrities, and his disciples had asked him all kinds of questions. He could answer them all, and he could give different answers according to different times, places, and people. However, he was not " born with knowledge ", but gained profound knowledge through hard study. He took pleasure in learning and believed that " learning and learning from time to time, isn't it also said?" He was outspoken and proud of his " studious ".
Confucius was very humble in dealing with the unknown. For example, in the story of the child asking the sun, when the child asked him a difficult question, he expressed his willingness to ask the child for advice and even wanted to acknowledge the child as his teacher.
In terms of external image and inner temperament, the book not only had a static description of Confucius 'manners, but also a vivid description of his personality and temperament.
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How to Write the Image of Confucius in the Analects of ConfuciusIn order to write a good investigation of Confucius 'image in the Analects of Confucius, one could start from the following aspects:
** I. In-depth study of the text of The Analects of Confucius **
1. ** Combing Confucius 'Thought **
- For example, Confucius 'idea of benevolence was reflected in many chapters of the Analects of Confucius. For example, the idea of "killing oneself for benevolence" showed that Confucius regarded benevolence as something more important than life. From this, one could understand the lofty realm of Confucius 'ideology. He advocated that people should act according to a moral code that transcended material life. This ideology inspired countless people with lofty ideals to sacrifice themselves for justice, the country, and the nation.
- Confucius 'understanding of a scholar was that a scholar must first have a sense of shame and not humiliate the monarch's orders. He must also be filial to his parents and obey his elder brother. Then, he must keep his word and be resolute in his actions. This reflected the importance that Confucius attached to different levels of moral character, and also reflected his moral norms for different roles in society at that time.
2. ** Analyzing Confucius 'attitude **
- From the attitude of Confucius towards different monarchs, for example, when Duke Ling of Wei asked Confucius about Chen, Confucius replied," I have heard about the things of the beans; I have not learned about the military." After that, he left Wei. This showed Confucius 'persistence in his ideals. He paid more attention to etiquette and other matters, and he was unwilling to get involved in military affairs that did not conform to his ideals.
- The attitude in a difficult situation, such as " In Chen, there is no food, and those who follow are sick and unable to prosper. Tsze-lu was very displeased to see him, and said,"Is there any poverty in the superior man?" The Master said,'A gentleman is always poor, but a villain is always poor and indulgent.'" It could be seen that Confucius was a gentleman who adhered to the right path when he was in trouble. He did not change his moral integrity because of the lack of material resources.
** 2. Combining the background of Confucius 'era **
1. ** The influence of political background **
- Confucius lived in the Spring and Autumn Period, during which the vassals were fighting for power. Every country was looking for ways to make their country rich and strong. Confucius traveled around the world to promote his idea of governing the country by virtue. Although it was not widely accepted by the kings of various countries, this behavior reflected his sense of mission to try to change the social unrest. His ideal was to build an orderly and harmonious society through the power of morality. Although this ideal was somewhat inappropriate in the war environment at that time, it showed his foresight and persistence in pursuing an ideal society.
2. ** Impact of social and cultural environment **
- Under the social and cultural environment at that time, traditional cultural concepts such as etiquette were gradually impacted. Confucius emphasized self-restraint and propriety. His emphasis on propriety was a kind of insistence on traditional culture. Through the description in the Analects of Confucius, one could feel that Confucius tried to restore and carry forward the traditional etiquette culture through his words and deeds, and used it as the cornerstone of building an ideal social order.
** 3. Comparing different interpretation and evaluation **
1. ** The difference between ancient and modern interpretation **
- In ancient times, Confucius was regarded as the " Supreme Saint and Teacher ", and his thoughts were more respected and inherited. In modern times, when studying the image of Confucius, in addition to respecting his historical status, they would also analyze it from the perspectives of modern values and social development needs. For example, Confucius 'educational thought was " quick and studious, not ashamed to ask questions ". Ancient times emphasized that this was a model of studious attitude, but modern times might further explore the significance of this idea in building a learning society and cultivating innovative talents.
2. ** Comparing the views of different scholars **
- Some scholars might emphasize the limitations of Confucius 'political thoughts on social change at that time, while others paid more attention to the eternal value of his thoughts in cultural inheritance and moral education. By comparing these different perspectives, one could have a more comprehensive and objective understanding of the image of Confucius, and thus reflect this pluralistic thinking in his insights.
** 4. Connecting oneself with modern society **
1. ** Enlightenment of personal growth **
- Confucius 'learning method, such as "one through one", reminded us that we should not just memorize in learning, but also summarize the learning method that suits us and integrate the key points of knowledge. This is a very practical learning concept for modern people who have a lot of learning pressure and quickly update their knowledge.
- Confucius's views on making friends, such as " to make friends with those who are upright, honest, and knowledgeable, rather than those who flatter and flatter," also have important guiding significance in interpersonal communication in modern society, which can help us establish healthy and positive interpersonal relationships.
2. ** Meaning of reference to modern society **
- Confucius 'moral concepts, such as loyalty and benevolence, were of great significance to the construction of a credit system and the improvement of social morality in modern society. His thoughts could provide a useful direction for solving the problems of lack of morality and indifference in interpersonal relationships in modern society.
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A sentence in the Analects of Confucius that highlights Confucius 'styleIn the Analects of Confucius, Confucius 'elegant demeanour was reflected in his maxim ("Wen Xin Diao Long Zheng Sheng"). In addition, there were many static descriptions of Confucius 'mannerisms and vivid descriptions of his personality. For example, through Confucius' different answers to questions such as "Wen Si Xing Zhu" and other questions from different disciples, it showed Confucius 'image of teaching people according to their aptitude and tirelessly. For example, he replied to Yan Yuan,"To restrain oneself and return to propriety is benevolence." He replied to Zhonggong,"Do not do to others what you do not want to do to yourself. Be careful to do to others what you want to do." He replied to Sima Zhong,"The words of a benevolent person are not sincere." He replied to Zi Lu,"With parents around, how can you do it?" The answer is "Wen Si Xing" and so on. These contents all highlighted Confucius 'style as a teacher. At the same time, Confucius 'political views, ethical thoughts, moral concepts, and educational principles could also show his style. For example, sentences such as "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you","A gentleman is harmonious but different, and a villain is harmonious but not harmonious", etc., reflected his moral thoughts.
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Being in humaneness is good. If we select other goodness and thus are far apart from humaneness, how can we be the wise? -Confucius The superior man is satisfied and composed; the mean man is always full of distress. -Confucius