super-JupiterA super Jupiter was a gas giant that was larger than Jupiter. For example,"HD -114082b," a super Jupiter, was 311 light-years away from Earth. Through the "visual velocity method," it was known that its mass was about 8 times that of Jupiter, 2500 times more than Earth. Its orbit period was 109.8 Earth days. Then, through the "transit method," it was determined that its volume was equivalent to Jupiter. According to the laws of the universe, it should be a gas giant planet in terms of mass and volume, but its average density was quite high, almost twice the density of Earth. Usually, gas giant planets were less dense than rocky planets. In theory, a gas giant planet of its mass would need hundreds of millions of years or even longer to cool down to such a high density. Observed data showed that it was only about 15 million years old, which was inconsistent with theory. There was also a super Jupiter named "b Centauri (AG) b", located in the direction of Centauri, about 325 light-years away from Earth. Its mass was about 11 times that of Jupiter and more than 3000 times that of Earth.
Jupiter ShootingHere is some information about Jupiter:
** 1. Shooting Equipment and Tools **
1. ** Space probe **
- The Juno Jupiter probe played an important role in Jupiter's shooting. For example, on December 25, 2023, it was mentioned that the Juno probe had taken a close-up shot of Jupiter, and there was also a record of Juno taking an ultra-clear image of Jupiter on February 17, 2020, showing the gorgeous scenery of the southern hemisphere.
2. ** Space telescope *
- The Hubble Space telescope participated in the observation of Jupiter. The visible light image of Jupiter was combined with the information from the Gemini Observatory to form an unparalleled image of Jupiter.
- The Gemini North infrared telescope took pictures of Jupiter through its infrared light. Moreover, the infrared images of Jupiter taken by the International Gemini Observatory could be processed by relevant technologies (such as the "Lucky" imaging technology) to produce sharp photos.
3. ** Ground telescope **
- Ground-based telescopes of different calibers and types could also be used to photograph Jupiter, such as the 150mm diameter Boguan Tianlong 1501800 Marksutov-Cassegrain telescope (Marca telescope) and the Boguan Tianqin 150750 aspheric Newton-type reflective telescope (Niu anti-telescope). In terms of planetary photography, 150 maka and bull were both good choices, but they each had their own characteristics. The optical axis of the Macar was relatively stable. The factory optical axis was generally accurate, and the straight-focus shooting effect was good for beginners. The bull's reflection was slightly better than the Macar in detail, but it required the use of a magnifying lens or eyepieces projection. The operation was relatively complicated and the cost might increase. Moreover, the optical axis might need to be recalibrate after long-distance transportation.
** 2. Results and discoveries of the shooting **
1. ** Surface and Internal Situation **
- Through the shooting and detection of the Juno probe and other equipment, it was learned that Jupiter's surface temperature was about-147 °C, and its internal temperature was close to 30000°C.
- The infrared image showed some of the conditions in Jupiter's clouds. For example, scientists found that the black spots that were thought to be color changes were actually gaps in the clouds. The Great Red Spot was also an area with gaps in the clouds. The infrared light came from the heat inside Jupiter and was blocked by thick clouds. Through the infrared image, it could be seen that there was a bright arc at the Great Red Spot that illuminated the area.
2. ** Storm system and other features **
- The photos combined with information from NASA's Juno probe, the Hubble Space telescope, and the Gemini Observatory gave people a new understanding of Jupiter's storm system. Juno's radio observations also helped to map Jupiter's powerful lightning.
** 3. Jupiter's shooting situation at different observation times **
1. ** During special weather **
- During Jupiter's opposition on December 8,2024, Jupiter was the closest and brightest to Earth, and its altitude was the largest in 10 years. In the Tropic of Cancer region in Guangzhou and even around the world, Jupiter was above the local public when it was in the middle of the sky, which was a suitable time for observation and shooting.
- On March 2, 2024, Jupiter's "eastern light". On June 24, 2024, Jupiter once again joined the sun. When the sun was joined, it was invisible. The average period of Jupiter's two eclipses was 399 days. Jupiter's relative position to the Earth and the Sun was different under different weather conditions, and the Jupiter captured would also show different characteristics. For example, a brighter and clearer picture of Jupiter might be obtained when it was shot at the opposite time.
** 4. Shooting Techniques **
1. ** Image Technology **
- When using the Gemini Observatory to take pictures of Jupiter, they used "lucky" imaging technology, which took some short-exposure images and then used only the clearest images taken when the Earth's atmosphere was stable to generate sharp photos that were comparable to photos taken from space.
2. ** Post-processing technology **
- There were different methods of post-processing for the 150mm aperture Niu Fan and the Marca telescope to capture Jupiter images. For example, the image of Jupiter taken in Lijiang was 65% superimposed after 20000 frames of corrected rotation, while the image of Guangzhou was 75% superimposed after 20000 frames of corrected rotation.
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