Ice and winning teams

Sparrow: Complete

Seals: *Canada was covered almost entirely in ice, as was the northern part of the United States, both of which were covered by the massive Laurentide Ice Sheet. Alaska was left without ice mostly because of the dry weather conditions. Local glaciations are found in the Rocky Mountains, the Cordieran ice cap, and the ice fields or ice caps of the Sierra Nevada in Northern California. As for Britain and mainland Europe and northwest Asia, the Scandinavian ice cap once again reached the northern parts of the British Isles, Germany, Poland, Russia, and extended as far east as the Taimyr Peninsula in Western Siberia. The maximum extent of the West Siberian Glaciation was reached by 16,000-15,000 BC and thus later than the time of its arrival in Europe (ca. 20,000-16,000 BC). Northeastern Siberia was not covered by an ice sheet from the continental crust. Instead, large but limited glaciers blanket the mountain ranges of northeastern Siberia, including the Kamchatka-Koryak mountains.

The Arctic Ocean between the two ice sheets between America and Eurasia was not frozen all the time, but was probably covered as today by relatively shallow ice, subject to seasonal variations and filled with detachments of icebergs from surrounding ice sheets. According to the composition of the sediment extracted from the deep sea cores, there must have been times when the waters were seasonally open.

Outside the main ice sheets, widespread glaciation occurred higher up in the Alpine-Himalayan mountain range. In contrast to earlier glacial phases, the Warmm glaciation consisted of smaller ice caps and was mostly confined to the valley glaciers, sending glaciers to Cape Mainland. The Pyrenees, the highest mountain ranges in the Carpathians and the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula and to the east of the Caucasus, the mountains of Turkey and Iran, were once covered by ice fields or small glaciers.

In the Himalayas and Tibet, glaciers have advanced a lot, particularly between 45,000 and 25,000 BC, but these dates are controversial. The composition of the adjacent ice sheet on the Tibetan Plateau is controversial.

Other areas in the Northern Hemisphere did not carry extended ice sheets, but localized glaciers at higher elevations. Parts of Taiwan, for example, froze repeatedly between 42,250 and 8,680 BC, as did the Japanese Alps. Maximum glacial advance occurred in both regions between 58,000 and 28,000 BC. Glaciers are still present in Africa to some extent, for example in the High Atlas, the mountains of Morocco, the Atakur mountain range in southern Algeria, and several mountains in Ethiopia. In the Southern Hemisphere, there was an ice cap of several hundred square kilometers on the East African mountains in the summit group of Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya and Mount Rwenzori, which still holds remnants of glaciers today.*