Peace is ahead (April-June, 1922)

April 3, the beginnings of the 'March to the South', also called the March to the Crimea, take place. The march of the armed forces of the central government (and allied groups such as the militias led by Lev Trotsky) against the Directorate of the South.

Run administratively-militarily by the Black Baron, Pyotr Wrangel and the Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi (with their own allies, such as Father Makhno, Aleksei Maksimovich Kaledin and others).

There were three 'fronts' of this March or war operation:

* In the east, the militias of the International Workers Party of Russia led by Trotsky, began to wage a guerrilla war and various assaults against the Directorate, through Donetsk and Lugansk / Luhansk.

* In the north, the armed forces of Moscow began to occupy rebel territory, in particular capturing important points in Kharkov, Sumy and Chernihiv.

The jackpot however was the city of Kiev.

* In the west, Russian and allied forces (the Covenant) were marching on Bessarabia-Moldavia towards the Odessa region.

Being surrounded from every possible angle and with Directorate sailors in the Black Sea unable to break the blockades established by loyalist troops, the situation was obviously dire.

Many would have jumped off the ship, committing suicide or defecting to the loyalist side (which wasn't always a good option really). But even in this situation, some decided to continue the fight, in particular the leaders of the group (Wrangel, Skoropadskyi and their associates).

Partly out of conviction and partly because they had to give meaning to all that was lost.

Skoropadskyi began to take the state apparatus towards Crimea, where he would form a series of defenses to prevent the advance of the loyalist troops.

On the other hand, Wrangel and Kaledin stayed in the central-western portions of the Directorate, to fight against the advances of the Moscow armed forces.

Makhno was put in control of the eastern parts, which supposed that he should fight against Trotsky's militias. That was partly one of the reasons for the downfall of this front later on.

Between November 11 and 17, Kharkov fell to a combination of central government troops and local guerrilla forces. Through the city, the trams of the Directorate's northern Ukraine fell with relative ease.

As a result, the city of Kiev and its surroundings (territory occupied by Wrangel's troops) began to be surrounded by loyalist troops. Despite the numerical and logistical superiority, Wrangel achieved a surprisingly successful defense against the loyalist assaults.

However time was against him, he would lose a war of attrition.

On November 23, the western Dnieper and eastern Dnieper fronts were barely held by Kaledin and Makhno.

The 'Father' Makhno and his black militias were looking for a way out of this situation, unlike his companions, he did not have such loyalty to the Directorate.

But he had been forced to participate due to blackmail by Skoporadskyi (a result of Makhno having sexually abused several women and carried out other crimes).

Added to this, de Makhno's logistics lines were collapsing due to his lack of administrative capabilities and his poor relationship with the local inhabitants (the result of various abuses against them).

Trotsky's troops increased considerably, while Makhno's decreased over time. And of course Makhno wanted to save his own life.

At first Makhno offered to surrender to 'commander' Trotsky, but Trotsky refused to speak with Makhno and enter into communications. Instead, Trotsky sent a 'counter-offer', guaranteeing the 'pardon' of all those who refused to fight against the legitimate government of Russia and accepted some measures of the interim government that existed by martial law at that time.

There was no response from Makhno due to the isolation caused by the Directorate's actions against Moscow's propaganda, which had left Makhno essentially incommunicado.

After this, the front led by Makhno effectively collapsed.

On May 7, the entire eastern Dnieper was in the hands of loyalist troops and local militias associated with Lev Trotsky.

'Father' Makhno was assassinated by his own troops, rebelling to avoid consequences ... In any case, Trotsky shot most of the officers directly under Makhno's orders.

The rest were effectively pardoned.

Makhno was followed by Kaledin, who between May 11 and 21 was defeated, putting an end to this Cossack leader and his subordinates (who died on the battlefield or shot by loyalist troops and allied to Moscow).

With this effectively only two rebel positions remained, on the one hand, Kiev and its surroundings, defended by the Black Baron, and the Crimean peninsula, in the hands of the Hetman Skoropadskyi.

Crimea would last a little longer, but the days of resistance in Kiev were numbered ...

On June 1, the chances of victory were effectively lost and the loyalist troops surrounding Kiev had not and now had no peace to negotiate with Wrangel.

By June 8, 1922, the city finally fell to troops loyal to the legitimate government in Moscow, marking the effective end of the clique led by Wrangel (who was killed in combat as a result of artillery fire).

The city of Kiev was reuniting with the rest of the Russian Empire once again, and now only Crimea remained.

The peninsula was surrounded by any means, and it was only a matter of time before it fell to the advance of troops loyal to Moscow.

While Skoropadskyi had lost much support, he now had more than 120,000 Russian residents as hostages and cannon fodder.

The central government initially attempted to negotiate, while re-organizing itself and planning what to do in case the talks with the Hetman failed.

The war was indeed coming to an end, with a landslide victory for the loyalist side of the empire.

In short, there was a lot of work to do.

Put back into operation what was interrupted by the war, rebuild what was destroyed by the civil war and continue various measures-reforms planned for the Russian Empire by the central government (led by Tsar Nicholas II and Premier Stalin of the Fourth Duma).

There were also some small details, for example the wedding between Grand Duchess Maria (only daughter of Tsar Nicholas II) and Prince Nicholas of Romania (son of Carol II of Romania).

*******

[Sovereignty: Don't take as much as you can]

June 27, 1922, the majority of Russia is re-unified under a single government, led by a single Duma, a single Premier and a single Tsar.

Under these conditions, War Minister Aleksey Brusilov and his associates make the decision that it is finally the appropriate time to lift martial law, imposed at the beginning of the Russian civil war.

However, before this decision goes into effect, Tsar Nicholas II and his government present to the Fourth (IV) Duma, put to a vote the final ratification of the "Указ о Cуверенитете Российской Империи" (Ukaz or Suverenitete Rossiyskoy Imperii of Sovereignty of the Russian Empire).

This ratification was rather a symbolic act, although Tsar Nicholas II could have implemented it unilaterally, the vote and support of political personalities gives it remarkable legitimacy.

The Fourth Duma of Premier Joseph V. Stalin votes almost unanimously in favor of the ratification of the Sovereignty Decree, which from now on becomes the formal Constitution of the Russian Empire (replacing the more informal Suverennyy Ukaz of Tsar Alexander III).

With this new constitution the martial law established a few years ago is eliminated, initiating a new era in the Russian Empire and its national administration.

This Constitution maintained all the bodies created by Tsar Alexander III almost 20 years ago, in 1905.

* The Russian Empire was one and indivisible, led by an emperor as head of state with broad powers in legislative, diplomatic and executive matters.

* The head of government was the Premier of the State Duma, sharing certain powers with the Tsar in regard to the executive power.

* The legislative chambers of the Russian Empire were the Senat or Senate, and the State Duma or Duma.

* The judiciary is preceded by the Supreme Court of Justice, under which is the Supreme Court of Arbitration and the Prosecutor General.

* It also integrates various clauses and descriptions about the Russian Empire and the Covenant of Nations, which in essence is the sphere of influence of the Russian Empire in Eurasia.

The rights and privileges of the citizens of the Russian Empire and other relevant (citizens of the Covenant countries, foreigners and the like) maintained a similar situation to Suverennyy Ukaz.

But this did not mean that the new Constitution of the Russian Empire did not bring anything new, on the contrary, it is the basis for important reforms and improvements in the Russian Empire, which have allowed it to be practically sustained until today almost without inconvenience.

The constitutional reform of the Russian Empire divided the empire into four types of administrative divisions:

* Oblasts - Krais: 405. Main administrative unit of the Russian Empire, formerly said Oblasts were a minor part of the imperial governorates.

* Autonomous Oblasts: 27. Autonomous areas or territories, attributed to local ethnic-cultural groups.

* Autonomous City: 19. Cities of regional-strategic importance and with an economy-population that makes them capable of deserving this position.

* Grand Duchy: 1. Finland, which has privileges that other parts of the Russian Empire do not have due to a characteristic of the Russian state, known as "One country, two systems."

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[Red - Oblasts & Krais of the Russian Empire.

Green - Autonomous Oblasts

Yellow - Autonomous City

Blue - Grand Duchy]

This new division meant that the number of administrative divisions of the Empire amounted to 470.

Making that there were now 970 members in the Senate (30 appointed by the czar), 2,491 seats in the State Duma and 1,222 workers making up the National Congress of the Russian Citizens.

[National minorities: Autonomy and education]

Now comes an important part of the Constitution, in a sense it resolved the quasi-endless dispute about whether the Russian Empire should be a federal entity or a unitary entity.

Both models present notable advantages and disadvantages for different countries.

Normally a country so geographically large with so many ethnic minorities and particular groups would choose a federal organization (which would take weight off the central government in exchange for reducing its powers, making concessions that would keep citizens of different ethno-cultural groups happy).

But the Russian Empire, as always, chose its own path through its particular structures.

The constitution established Russia as one and indivisible, and therefore the country was a unitary state, with a single constitution and a central government with several powers.

But in turn Moscow allowed a certain level of decentralization through the aforementioned Autonomous Oblasts and Federal Cities. Which may seem little at first glance, considering that it seemed that large areas of the Baltic, Poland, Turkestan, Anatolia and the Far East would not receive the same autonomies.

But in reality this ignores other complexities of the matter.

The Tsarist autocracy had a strongly centralized and bureaucratic nature and tradition, more or less from the reign of Peter I the Great. A nature based on a refined organization, economic, cultural and military forces.

The Russian Empire built by Tsar Alexander III and Tsar Nicholas II had all of these elements, but they managed to harmonize them with levels of autonomy that would help solve local and minority problems.

People who see the unitary nature of Russia ignore that in huge Russia, the local administration was divided by levels, now with bodies that gave remarkable support to the aforementioned levels.

At the most basic level were the Veche (вече, from the Old Slavic 'council'), the City Duma and the Provincial Duma or Capital Duma.

The Veche became a local decision-making body for villages (settlements not considered cities), while the City Duma went to cities and the Provincial Duma was responsible for the capitals of administrative divisions (obviously not counting autonomous cities).

Above this Veche-Duma is the Zemstvo, which is applied at the level of the various administrative divisions of the Empire (sub-divisions of the Krais-Oblasts and Federal Cities) and the complete administrative divisions. Meaning that there are 'Small' Zemstvos for counties or such, and 'Big' Zemstvos for entire provinces.

And then there is the State Duma, democratically elected for the national representation of the citizens of the entire Empire.

And if for many this is not enough, there was a body that helped solve the lack of possible direct representation and bureaucratic problems for the minorities of the Empire.

In particular those very small or notable minorities that had not achieved a completely autonomous status like others.

The National Congress of the Russian Citizens.

The National Congress is a very particular body of the legislative branch of the Russian state, which occupies a curious place within the divisions of the Empire.

While it lacks its own legislative initiative, it is a body lateral to the legislative chambers (on a similar level), elected by the Zemstvos from across the Russian Empire for several basic tasks:

* Give a voice to the various minorities of the Russian Empire, whether they are autonomous Oblasts or not.

* Supervise, together with other legislative bodies, the enforcement of the law, and report possible failures in this task.

* Support the objectives of socio-economic and political development throughout the Russian Empire to provide equal opportunities to different parts of it.

* To determine major State issues: The National Congress has the mandate to review and approve various reports, especially related to the socio-economic state of the Russian state and all its national components.

* Publicly solicit the opinion of people from all over Russia, to present such opinions to the Duma before legislative meetings. Representing public opinions before and after any decision by the legislative-executive bodies.

Through such a body, the Russian Empire guaranteed that there was an organized body in such a way that information could be acquired and responded to several of the problems of the Russian Empire and its nationals.

The Russian Empire is de-facto, a nation made up of nations, with hundreds of millions of inhabitants. Structuring such a country is complicated, but through various organizations, stacked like a pyramid, the largest quasi-continuous country in the world is capable of managing itself.

With these reforms there were important developments, the incentive for local development always connected with the rest of the Empire as a whole and direct communication between the rulers and the ruled. Imparting the concepts that would develop years after the reform, such as the Russian people's democracy.

Everything could be reported in the National Congress, from relatively small issues such as problems in the streets, to national dangers such as terrorist threats.

Nor can we ignore that in a country as large as Russia, politicians of various nationalities continually began to pile up.

Sometimes in small blocks and other times at national levels. Across the new administrative divisions, be it local or national, there were many voices.

Tsar Nicholas II was technically German, Premier Stalin was Georgian, Deputy Premier Kamenev was Jewish, Interior Minister Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky was Polish, etc. Most born in different places.

There were also regional blocs, such as the Polish Left of Feliks Yakovlevich Kon and Roman Dmowski's National Democratic bloc, there was a growing Korean bloc, several Central Asian groups and a Baltic Trio (alliance between Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas from Lithuania, Viktor Kingisepp from Estonia and Petr Stuchka from Latvia ).

In one way or another, the Russian Popular Democracy begins to born, beginning an era of local and national development, which maintains a unitary country with certain autonomies.

Of course, everything is achieved through reforms, years of labor, various measures (including authoritarianism, such as censorship and the use of intelligence services) and socio-economic development projects (infrastructure-development projects that hold the country together through the economy and strategic unions).

A curious example of the success of this is in maintaining non-explicitly Russifying policies.

Allowing parties-religions, groups and ideologies (as long as the law is not violated), and also local languages-cultures in matters as important as education.

The truth is that while it is true that the strongest national identities do not disappear (the result of a solid community that has managed to maintain a certain level of historical-cultural continuity), various trends emerge in all countries.

* On the one hand there is the regional or regionalist trend, where by the passage of time and geographical distance, among other characteristics, regional identities are created that can be differentiated.

Although they are the same people, the inhabitants of the city or the country and the north or the south, have certain peculiarities in their language, betrayals and socio-cultural evolution.

Sub-groups within the same group.

* On the other side is the trend of the lingua franca, where for various needs or reasons (state policies, commercial needs, technological developments, etc.) a lingua franca is created within a country.

A lingua franca or also called vehicular language is a language used by different groups for a common understanding (between people who generally do not have the same mother tongue), allowing greater ease of understanding and exchanges of all kinds.

In terms of languages, Russia, being a country of more than 100 ethnic minorities, has many traditional regional languages, which are maintained as official languages of the Russian state in their respective regions (for example, in the Grand Duchy of Finland Finnish is accepted, the Swedish, Russian and others like the language of the Karelians).

However, the official language of the central government, in Moscow and other areas, is Russian. Which also functions as the mother tongue of a large part of the empire's demographics.

As a result of the policies of the Russian state, the economic and socio-cultural interconnection between the regions of the Empire (a result of developments in infrastructure and socio-economic advances) and the demographic weight of Russian-speakers, the Russian language became the lingua franca of the ethnic groups of the Russian Empire.

A focal point of Russian as a lingua franca is found in the educational reform of Tsar Alexander III, who began the standardization of Russian learning and the literacy of the inhabitants of the Russian Empire.

Although regional languages were not prohibited (indeed, they always remained legal and most classes were given in regional languages), the learning of Russian was motivated, which began to become more common with the passage of time.

In the beginning, it was only compulsory to learn Russian at the university level, but as more adults learned Russian (which was very useful and necessary for the economic life of the vibrant empire), it became more present in secondary and primary education.

* Ethnically Russian children were also encouraged to some extent to learn other local languages of the places where they lived, and also some foreign languages.

This is something that has happened in various developed countries, such as the centralization of the French language during the times of revolutionary France (first republic).

And the case of Russia is remarkably successful in its developments.

Although cultural materials (books, films, comics, etc.) and important materials (paperwork, road signs, etc.) have always been available in several languages or with help for the population that does not speak that language, but the truth is that by 1946, the majority of the population of the Empire knew the Russian language and/or the Russian script (as a mother tongue or as a learned language).

By 1946, 85% of the population of the Russian Empire knew how to use the Russian language. This impressive number for a country of more than 300 million inhabitants, was achieved in a period of 76 years (from the beginning of the educational reform of Tsar Alexander III to the reign of Tsar Nicholas II).

* Also at least more than 31% of the population knew a foreign language to the Russian Empire, generally in the case of Slavic languages (Serbian, Czech or Slovak for example), Germanic (English and German) or Romance (predominantly French, Italian) and Spanish).

Elements like this were key in a United Russia.

*******

['Talkie']

On June 9, a remarkable advance is made in the technology dedicated to filming, the Russian engineer of Polish origin, Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner presents what he called 'Talkie' (more or less a english translation for болтливый /boltlivyy, which is actually more similar to 'Talkative').

This 'Talkie' as Tykociński-Tykociner called it, is actually the first publicly recognized example in Russia of a motion picture with sound recorded directly during the film.

This technology is quite normal now, but we are talking about a very important technological innovation for the time and of great interest to the Russian state at that time.

Russia had (and has) one of the largest film industries in the world, having invested resources and benefiting from such technologies for various purposes.

The ability to produce and reproduce sound recordings was indeed the natural evolution of such technologies, which could also make for a much more rewarding and lucrative experience.

There was also the propaganda potential of such an invention in the evolution of film recordings and domestic appliance developments in Russia (with televisions just around the corner).

After this achievement, Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner would continue to dabble in sound technology on film, motivated in part by state funding.

These developments yielded important results in 1924, with the Tykociński-Tykociner ideas being perfected with the technology of the time.

The sound system developed by Tykociński-Tykociner technology allowed the synchronization between the sound and the image, through a recording of the sound as an optical track (of variable density) on the same strip of images that make up the film.

The initial version of this system is capable of a frequency response of 8500 Hz. Almost every modern cinema (except digital cinemas) could play a movie with this system, with almost no modification to the movie projector.

*******

[International]

April 1, more than 500,000 of the miners associated with the United Mine Workers of America go on strike in 26 of the 48 states of the United States of America.

A group of loyalist police officers kill five men and a 7-year-old boy in retaliation for the sniper death of Royal Irish Constable George Turner at the hands of rebels.

This is part of the State Council government's campaign of terror against the rebels during the civil war in the Home Islands. Many considered today a series of severe crimes.

Death of Karl Franz Josef Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria due to kidney failure.

Karl was the cousin and presumed heir of Franz II (exiled monarch of Austria-Hungary), but now this status passes to his son, Otto von Habsburg (also known as Otto, Crown Prince of Austria).

April 2, Máximo Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear Pacheco of the Unión Civica Radical is elected as the new President of Argentina.

After several events (such as anarchist problems and violence between different types of citizens), President Marcelo T. de Alvear will try to fix the local situation through various measures (support for the oil and automotive industry, policies to favor immigration and the middle class, etc). In truth they only delayed the negative consequences of the Argentine problems, but they did not solve them in the long term.

The truth is that the 20th century was a century of considerable decline for Argentina, which was once one of the largest economies in Latin America.

April 8, a series of morning tornadoes killed 17 people and injured 80 in the states of Texas and Oklahoma, United States.

Death of General Erich von Falkenhayn, a member of the armed forces of the old German Empire who led a coup against Wilhelm III, Paul von Hindenburg and the government of that time.

A controversial action even in its time due to the enormous ramifications that it had or could have had in the development of the war, Germany and various policies.

The Prussian Republic of Germany holds a state funeral for Falkenhayn, although he is not 100% popular with the East German population and government.

April 9, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (generally known as the author of Sherlock Holmes), arrives in New York, United States, to lead a lecture tour about spiritualism.

"I know absolutely what I am going to get after death— happiness. It is not mere hearsay. I have talked with and seen 20 of my dead, including my son, when my wife and other witnesses were present."

-Statement of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to the American press.

Charles Augustus Lindbergh took his first plane flight.

Lindbergh would stand out as an important personality in the armed forces and American society years later.

April 10, the United States government of the Ford administration places General John H. Russell Jr as commander-in-chief of the administration of the associated territory of Hispaniola, with the objective of administering this part of the neo-colonial sphere of the United States.

General Russell's Hispaniola was characterized by peasant discontent in the rural sectors of the island (who did not have many good opinions about this administrator imposed from Washington DC), but he rehabilitated many useful irrigation canals and built hospitals, schools and buildings. public, bringing drinking water to the main cities.

In addition, Port-au-Prince under Russell's administration became the first city in Latin America to have telephone service available with automatic dialing.

The most important thing in reality is that Russel maintained US control over the territory's resources, exports, and other economic affairs, which is what Washington D.C. was interested in.

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American flag over a fort in the Free Associated State of Hispaniola (more know as Associated Territory of Hispaniola).

April 14, the government of the Federative Socialist Republic of Italy reveals the results of its 1921 national census, revealing a total population of 36,634,984 inhabitants.

After this mention, the government of President Amadeo Bordiga presents the need for various policies to increase the population and address its needs.

Which according to the reformist wing of socialist Italy, can only be achieved through broad socio-economic reforms (market liberalization and others).

April 15, the National Republican Party and its allies have successfully begun to diminish the role of the Senate and other agencies of the US government, in the true administration of the country.

For example, now the leases of government-owned oil reserves can be granted without prior notice to the Senate (it simply needs the acceptance of the president or the secretaries of the Executive Departments) and the role of multi-person bodies in foreign policy begins to diminish.

* In particular this marks part of the skyrocketing rise of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) among National Republicans and Democrats.

April 17, the Portuguese monarchical movement in exile 'unites' behind a possible claimant after the Portuguese socialist revolution.

After the fall of the constitutionalist branch, it is weakened and agrees for the moment, to support the claim of the Miguelista branch, led by Dom Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza or also called 'King Duarte III'.

April 18, after some popularity in the development of Keynesian theory of economic thought, John Maynard Keynes is promoted to part of the state economic apparatus of the Imperial Federation.

Keynes, although not exactly a fan of the Social Aristocracy, had his hands tied and in practice, would play a vital role in the economic reconstruction of the Imperial Federation in the post-WW2 and post-civil war periods in the Home Islands.

Keynesian policies, which involved more than 150 million pounds in public spending, aided a series of reforms in the British bloc that set them in motion for World War III.

April 20, the British freighter Zero collides with the American ship, USS Aeolus, off the coast of Uruguay.

The 18 crew of the Aeolus were rescued successfully.

April 22, in the United States the extreme right begins to gain a lot of ground in California, New Mexico and Arizona.

Partly due to the KKK's strong expansion in these regions after the beginnings of alcohol prohibition, increased political polarization in the United States, and other security measures.

Raids by KKK members to Spanish-American properties (often accused of illegal smuggling) are becoming increasingly common in these regions bordering the United Mexican States. The only exception is Texas, more inclined towards the political situation of the Deep South.

April 24, the construction of the Imperial Wireless Chain begins in South Africa (state of the Imperial Federation).

A very useful communication system for the Imperial Federation, as a platform for more centralized administrative-economic and military projects.

They initiate certain problems in parts of the S-CPUSA.

This is because his usual candidate, Eugene V. Debs, will no longer participate in elections as possible president of the United States. The loss of this party hero causes the wings to argue about who should be the next candidate or figurehead / leader (and for some moments it would seem to threaten the very existence of the party).

There was the moderate or Social Democratic wing (which also included some so called democratic socialists), different from the Center of the Communist faction, but there were also Left / Western Communists (anarchists, syndicalists and others) and the Right Wing Communists.

Among other minor factions.

May 2, the president of Gran Colombia, Juan Vicente Gomez, is [officially] made president for life by the country's Congress, after having successfully implemented authoritarian policies progressively for years.

Some call the Gomez presidency the consolidation of the country and others as the darkest time of it.

The American-born dancer Isadora Duncan and the Russian poet Sergei Yesenin were married in the city of Moscow, capital of the Russian Empire.

May 10, former President Elihu Root meets with Herbert Hoover, to lead a gathering of prominent citizens invited by the Russell Sage Foundation (an American non-profit organization established by Margaret Olivia Sage in 1907 for "the improvement of conditions social and life in the United States ").

This meeting is initiated to plan and support the foundation's project for the growth of New York City for the next 100 years.

Root described his vision of the metropolis for the year 2022, which proved quite popular.

May 11, Bethlehem Steel Company buys the Lackawanna Steel Company (at the time the second largest steel producer in the United States and one of the largest in the world, second only to U.S Steel).

This economic union would soon be associated with U.S. Steel, de-facto creating corporate control of much of the United States iron and steel industry.

May 12, Ellis S. Joseph and Henry Burrell, naturalists and entrepreneurs from Australia (... who made their careers capturing live animals and selling them to zoos in other nations), bring the first platypus to the United States of America.

There were originally going to be five platypuses, but 4 died during the trip ... and the survivor only survived 49 days at the San Francisco Zoo.

Highland Beach is incorporated as the first African-American municipality in the state of Maryland, United States.

One of the city's businessmen, Haley Douglass (grandson of writer, abolitionist, and statesman Frederick Douglass), became the first mayor of Highland Beach, a position he would hold until 1933.

May 14, the sword fight begins to have a significant increase in popularity in the Federative Socialist Republic of Italy.

A strange mark of rebirth or cultural resurgence, which is perpetuated especially between the decades of the 20s and 60s of the twentieth century.

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Sword-fight in socialist Italy, 1963.

May 17, great fire of the city of Manchester during the civil war in the Home Islands, due to the fight between loyalists and rebels.

Manchester had been one of the main rebel cities, and its destruction marked the inevitable victory of the State Council and the monarchy over the rebels.

Since then the city has been rebuilt, but it has become a focal point for various social problems, especially related to crime and violence.

May 18, President Henry Ford becomes the first American president to be heard on the radio through various broadcasts throughout the United States.

It is clear that Ford knows how to take advantage of this, through popular radio, his voice can reach a much larger public, which means good propaganda for his party or good dissemination of material against his political rivals.

May 19, the Imperial Federation House of Lords Privilege Committee voted against proposals to allow women to sit in the Imperial Parliament House of Lords or the Empire State Council, a decision that it would affect all women with noble titles in the Imperial Federation in the long run.

After this the State Council grants privileges to several men from Canada, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa, increasing the number of official Lords.

Because the elite is small, and a limited number is problematic for the heads of the Social Aristocracy, who must increase their reserve of manpower in some way.

In the Free Republic of Germany, youth organizations are reformed into the Spartacist Youth League or simply Young Spartacists.

In essence, the boy scouts of socialist Germany.

May 22, General Arcenio Cruz attempts to launch a coup in the Nicaraguan part of the Federation of Central America, but is stopped by United States Marines.

May 23, General Benito Mussolini begins to prepare his forces for a coup against the government of President Amadeo Bordiga of the Socialist Federative Republic of Italy.

The Bordiga government was preparing a major reform for 1923, which would abolish the importance of Italian communism in the political leadership (turning the Italian Communist Party into a purely ideological and constitutional body), diminishing communist power in parliament and introducing reforms market.

May 26, Vladimir Lenin, important minister of the Free Republic of Germany, suffers a stroke that leaves him paralyzed and unable to speak, condemning him to be inactive until October 1922.

This generally marks the last years of life of the Minister and Prime Minister Lenin.

In the Americas, there is a notable increase in the smuggling-trade of opioids and other addictive drugs, in part because the United States government uses this trade as a weapon against socialist Mexico.

Drugs allow the weakening and internal problems in the Free Republic of Mexico, while they can strengthen imperialism and US interests.

Of course these drugs affect US citizens due to the drug trade network formed between South America and North America, but it is a price that the US government is willing to pay ...

May 29, in the United States the policies of the Ford administration give rise to a new wing of the National Republican Party, the Libertarian wing or sometimes called Anarcho-Capitalist.

There are basically three wings of the National Republican Party right now:

* The Center-Right wing (or Fordist Wing), which has conservatives, right-wing populists and 'mainstream' nationalists siding with Henry Ford.

* The far-right wing, which has ultra-nationalists who think Ford is not going far enough and propose other extreme measures.

This is a wing especially associated with groups such as the Silver Legion, the KKK, and other extremist groups in the United States of the time.

* The Libertarian wing (or Anarcho Capitalist).

Basically some National Republicans began to appropriate the term 'Libertarian' (which historically up to this point had been associated with the left, in particular with the anarchists), advocating the total elimination of the state in economic matters and supporting a free market economy where the state only serve to defend property rights and the like.

The libertarian wing should not be confused with a 'left wing'.

May 30, under the government of Henry Ford, the Lincoln Memorial is officially inaugurated, which had been delayed not only by the war but also by interventionist reforms of the Ford administration that enlarged details, cost and sizes.

This was part of the cult of national personalities promoted by President Ford (a quasi-personality cult of national symbols and ancestors).

Robert Todd Lincoln, son of the late president and only surviving descendant, appeared as a special guest at the memorial opening.

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John Russell Pope's final draw for the Ziggurat-Style Monument to Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial).

Originally the design was to be more Greco-Roman, as President Ford liked. But these days during the changes due to the Ford administration, none of Pope's or Henry Bacon's designs convinced him enough.

Some say that the Ziggurat design was actually a joke by Pope that went too far and that for him it was a stupid design, which must have motivated the Ford administration to relocate the Memorial (since for Pope it was an inappropriate site ).

June 1, Rodolfo Alfonso Raffaello Pierre Filiberto Guglielmi di Valentina d'Antonguella, better known as Rudolph Valentino, appears in a Los Angeles court on the charge of bigamy against him.

The funny thing is that the courtroom was mostly women who wanted to see the actor.

June 3, Argentina establishes the Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF, or "Fiscal Oilfields" in English), the first fully state-owned energy company (oil and gas) in Latin America.

June 5, American writer H. P. Lovecraft publishes his short story "What the Moon Brings".

Although What the Moon Brings is not the most important or well-known work of Lovecraft, the truth is that it was a turning point for the writer.

It had been just over a year since Sarah Susan Lovecraft (née Phillips) had died, and while this affected the author mentally for a time, the truth is that the death of the author's mother may have been positive to some extent ...

H.P. Lovecraft's health began to improve and so did his economic independence and fame among various literary circles, journalists, and to some extent ordinary people.

It is around these times that the fame of the "Cthulhu Mythos" (actually a term coined by later authors to refer to various stories of the author) begins, which become quite popular in America.

While Lovecraft's fame in America waned between 1933 and 1941, the truth is that his cultural influence in various parts of the United States is still notable in the years after 1941 (when the United States underwent major cultural and social reforms).

June 11, 45 people die in a single day against hippos in the Hippo Wars.

One of the most tragic events of this unilateral "war" between man and nature in the Mississippi Delta (United States).

June 12, French dissident Joseph B. "Frenchy" Duret, a trapper and poacher who had settled north of Yellowstone National Park, is killed by a grizzly bear that had been caught in one of his traps. ..

June 13, the economic importance of Germany in the European Socialist Union continues to rise.

So much so that Flanders, Luxembourg, Andorra and Liechtenstein are beginning to ask for more financial aid from West Germany than from the People's Republic of France.

Which of course is not exactly to the taste of President Paul Faure of France.

June 16, Henry Berliner reportedly presents a helicopter prototype to U.S. experts. Navy Department's Bureau of Aeronautics. In this demo this prototype is supposedly capable of going up and down three times, hovering at 7 feet (2.1 m).

This is one of the disputed origins of modern helicopters, although the truth is that after 1925, Berliner mainly devoted himself to other types of aircraft (such as monoplanes) in his Berliner Aircraft Company.

June 20, rebels from the civil war in the Home Islands attempt to kidnap Albert, Duke of York, brother of King-Emperor Edward VIII and son of George Frederick Ernest Albert (son of the King Edward VII and brother of king Albert Victor of the United Kingdom).

The attempt is unsuccessful, but the truth is that in the civil war in the Home Islands there were quite a few cases where rebels successfully kidnapped (and sometimes killed) important personalities.

June 21, leftist militants in the United States begin to carry out brutal acts in reprimands against the 'union strikebreakers' (which, as their name suggests, were people who attacked labor strikes).

Some of these strikebreakers may have been more innocent than others, but these events also included attacks on right-wing militants in the United States and people like Pinkerton detectives.

Usually left wing militants attack / assassinate strikebreakers directly, but on other occasions they take these kidnapped people on a 'death march' of several miles, before finally assassinating them.

Just another demonstration that the situation in America is pretty bad ... from bad to worse is actually a good phrase.

June 22, the Home Islands are shaken by an act of revolutionary terror in the civil war.

The Empress Dowager Alix of Hesse and some of her daughters (daughters of King-Emperor Albert Victor I), were with their bodyguards, including Sir Henry Wilson (Field Marshal in the British Army). The group returns from late ceremonies at 2:20 in the afternoon.

In these moments where the group gets off their vehicles when they are ambushed by a group of rebels, who fire numerous times (at least 36 bullets) at them.

Two policemen and the group's driver were killed in the process of pursuing the attackers. Soon after, numerous rebels were hanged and executed in other ways.

The only living descendant of Albert Victor left after the incident survived because she was not traveling with her mother and sisters at the time (this was young princess Charlotte Alexandrina Augusta, 9 years old at that time).

(OOC: I this use a generator for the name, I think is just curious that it was Alexandrina Augusta at the end lol).

While historically this act has been attributed to the rebels of the civil war, some theories indicate that this was an event produced by the central government or King-Emperor Edward VIII himself (who had problems with the Dowager Empress and his daughters).

June 25-26, in the Prussian Republic, right-wing militants begin to attack centrists and leftists, marking the violence that precedes the rise of the Red-Black Front to the top of political power in the country.