New things come and old things go... (October-December, 1922)
Conscription in the Russian Empire and General Military Service]
With the creation of a constitution for the Russian Empire, on October 2, 1922, the Ministry of War under Aleksey Brusilov and Anton Denikin (minister and deputy minister of war respectively), reformed certain laws in the Law of Compulsory Military Service and the General Military Service.
Similar reforms had not been carried out since the time of Dmitry Alekseevich Milyutin, in the reign of Tsar Alexander III.
The new Law on Compulsory Military Service and General Military Service, which is still in force today, establishes various parameters for the mandatory conscription of citizens of the Russian Empire:
* Some form of annual recruitment is envisaged in the armed forces of the Russian Empire.
* In this recruitment you could serve 2 to 3 years in the army or 3 to 4 years for the Navy of the Russian Empire or the Russian Air Force.
* Men (regardless of social class, religion or ethno-culture) who have an age between 19-20 years minimum to 27-30 years maximum would be recruited.
** This age limit can be changed in the event of a massive mobilization in the event of war.
* Certain exceptions would be made due to studies or medical conditions, provided that the authorities consider it appropriate.
Despite the civil war in the Russian Empire, due to their population, they still had a large recruitable workforce. And the population did not have negative opinions regarding compulsory military service.
Historically speaking Russia had a historical legacy stemming from this type of conscription and the population did not have negative feelings about it.
In a sense it was part of the Russian citizenship, now further decreed by the Constitution of the Russian Empire. So this tradition continued quite strong, especially with certain airs of patriotism after the Russian civil war.
Speaking of the Russian civil war, at the end of that war Russia had around 5 million active soldiers, not counting thousands and thousands of militiamen demobilizing throughout the territory.
From 1923 to 1924 hardly any soldiers were recruited for the Russian armed forces, but it does not mean that there was no activity for the armed forces of the Russian Empire and the citizens of the empire.
Many young men of military age and capable veterans of the Russian Civil War (who were not to continue service) were employed in various vital tasks of rebuilding the Russian Empire.
These citizens were specially sent to work in tasks such as: Mining, agriculture, engineering companies and heavy industry, construction works and restoration of vital infrastructure for the Russian Empire.
This use of the armed forces and young people considerably accelerated the period of reconstruction of the Russian Empire, also avoiding problems of unemployment or the like.
Starting the economy once again is consequently much easier.
This was one of the notable military reforms under the reign of Tsar Nicholas II and the Premiership of I.V. Stalin, who supported a sense of citizen service and the armed forces not only as defenders of the fatherland but also as another possible asset in the event of a need for socio-economic reconstruction (which occurred again in the post-WW3 period).
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Conscripts of the Russian universal military training program marching in Petrograd, WW3.
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Young recruits in the modern Russian Empire.
Conscription and training is important, but there were also various other projects that the military could refocus its energies and resources on.
In particular, progress was being made in certain developments of the armed vehicles of the army, and considerable improvements in infrastructure were expected after the reconstruction period (which would not only be useful for civilians, but also for the military of the Russian Empire).
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[The beginnings of Affirmative Action in the Russian Empire?]
After the consolidation of the Sovereignty Decree of the Russian Empire in the state, there were numerous reforms such as the aforementioned reform in the conscription law, the reforms of the Fourth (IV) Duma and the strengthening of the work of the National Congress of the Russian Citizens.
But this had several unprecedented effects on the Russian Empire, and to some extent on the evolution of socio-cultural norms of the time.
We can say that to some extent, thanks to the National Congress, we observe the beginnings of Affirmative Action and various social movements within Russia.
With affirmative action we refer especially to social policies of a government or organization that seeks the inclusion of people who due to their gender, race, sexuality, creed or nationality have been underrepresented in areas such as education or employment, have suffered from discrimination, have a poor quality of life or seek claims of historical problems (among other possible issues).
In essence we can say that this type of social policies seeks to help reduce social inequalities that occur within a society or country.
Historically and internationally, this Affirmative Action has taken different objectives, forms and measures (see the quota systems for ethnic-cultural minorities, the favoring of some of these in selection processes or services, etc).
In the Russian Empire this has also taken various forms, especially centered around different ethnocultural groups and socio-economic developments of the Russian Empire.
The new Constitution allowed modes of extensive democracy in various matters (Russian popular democracy or democracy with Russian characteristics) and bilateral bodies for citizens such as the National Congress.
But it did not allow federal autonomy, so everything kept moving from bottom to top or top to bottom with unique powers and a single constitution (although there were certain freedoms in local legislative developments).
There was not really a federal sovereignty, but a popular sovereignty at the constitutional level, which precisely allowed the use of tools to carry out various functions.
Orders of all kinds, ranging from security risks to simple tasks, were in the hands of the Russian state. A state that had to fulfill its promises and ensure useful policies for the population, while the population had to communicate with the state and work on the developments of the Russian Empire.
These problems revolved around certain axes:
* Racism or inter-ethnic problems within the Russian Empire.
* Sexism or problems related to the conditions of women in various settings.
* Labor problems of all kinds.
* The problems of the material conditions of rural communities.
* The problems of the material conditions of certain social classes.
* Specific historical claims.
* Although of course there were also problems of discrimination against homosexuals or sexual divergences, the majority of homosexuals in the Russian Empire remained in the closet (so-to speak).
For obvious reasons of the time and the society in which they lived, plus the penal code of the Russian Empire at that time, meant that they could not speak openly about their condition without suffering various problems or ostracism.
As recently as 2013, Affirmative Action in the Russian Empire still continues to fight to some extent for the vindication of homosexuality and gay rights in Russia.
It is very likely that it will be impossible to completely eliminate all these problems, but the government had to mitigate several of these problems in some way.
The Russian Empire under Tsar Alexander III had begun to promote the integration of women and ethnic minorities in various settings of life through reforms and civic nationalism (nationalism around common citizenship).
But even so, there would still be a diversity of problems due to the mentalities that existed at that time and the conditions in which the traditional power structures were (which supposed of course, that discrimination did not disappear completely).
Tsar Nicholas II for his part set out to continue the work of his father, in addition to promoting vast improvements in the quality of life and the development of the Russian Empire through extensive projects.
But dealing with the story is more complicated ...
The most famous example of historical claims in the Russian Empire come from minority groups that suffered extensively in the past ages of the Russian Empire.
Such as the Circassians (victims of the Circassian genocide) and the Jews (various pogroms).
The issue of these historical discriminations provokes heated debates today, between a party that wants an apology, the ultra-nationalists and the 'moderates' (a center that can suppose a greater damage to the cause of minorities than the ultra- nationalists, since they are indifferent to this struggle of minorities).
The Circassian genocide, for example, is celebrated by some of the most infamous ultra-nationalist groups in the Russian Empire.
And the Circassians of the Empire (those who have survived or returned), want recoveries of Circassian lands, apologies, and other kinds of claims (release of documents about the genocide and so on).
Which put the Russian state in an uncomfortable place to some extent.
As mentioned, Tsar Nicholas II preferred to focus on material conditions.
For Tsar Nicholas II he had a very realistic and materialistic vision, in his opinion the problems would be solved as the quality of life of Russian citizens improves.
No doubt these measures help a lot, but he shows that Tsar Nicholas II simply could not solve everything or eliminate all problems in the wake of him.
Also because these resolutions were a process of decades, not a few years.
If there is one word that describes the governments of Tsar Alexander III and Tsar Nicholas II, it is that they were very patient. A goal was set and could continue to be accomplished for generations (see the green wall of central asia).
A notable advantage of the systems of countries like Russia, whose policies did not change every few years.
Although we are certainly exaggerating the role of the Zare a bit, each had various advisers and other politicians who were vital in the implementation of policies and developments of the Russian Empire.
Especially when the Russian democracy started with the Sovereign Ukaz of Tsar Alexander III (creation of the State Duma and the position of Premier).
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[Mongolia joins the Russian Empire]
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"Tatar-Mongols at the walls of Derbent"
Shortly before November 15, 1922, after the end of the Russian civil war, a referendum was held in the country of Inner Mongolia that decided the future of the 'independent' country.
Whether or not Inner Mongolia and its citizens wanted to join the Russian Empire led by Tsar Nicholas II.
This was primarily motivated by the Mongolian Social Democratic Labor Party, affiliated with parties like the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party and which wanted to unite all Mongol lands within the Russian Empire.
In the process of reaching this point, the MSDLP had made notable moves (forging alliances with various allies or eliminating various enemies, propaganda in favor of the referendum, obtaining important political-military positions, etc.).
Supported of course by the central government in Moscow, which also saw this unification as a good idea. It would further solidify the Russian influence in the northern states of China, and would give a little more population, territories and resources.
In addition, in a certain sense, it would legitimize Moscow's control over other Mongol lands (Tuva and Outer Mongolia) or with various populations (Mongols, Han Chinese, etc.).
On November 15, the results of the Inner Mongolia referendum were finally revealed, 74.4% of the population that had voted decided in favor of joining the Russian Empire.
Request that was sent to the Fourth (IV) Duma of the Russian Empire, which in turn decreed the beginnings of the annexation of Inner Mongolia to the Russian Empire after this.
Giving rise to the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Oblast.
This could not have been achieved were it not for the political campaigns of the MSDLP, incentives from the Russian central government, and support from elites such as Buddhist structures in the region.
The biggest problem behind the annexation was not the Mongols themselves, who could be convinced with relative ease thanks to various methods.
The main annexation dilemma was actually the sizeable Han Chinese population in the region.
But the central government of the Russian Empire had already planned how to solve it through the beginnings of a Han autonomy within the Oblast.
Adding other methods to start pleasing the new population. There were promises to keep to prevent a rebel population from forming just after the positive results of the referendum.
Indeed even in the 20th century the Russian Empire continued to expand to some extent, and in 1922 it brought almost all the Mongol peoples under a single banner.
But this was not the time to rest. Various reforms had to be institutionalized and carried out, including technological modernization and improvements in the quality of life of the Mongolian peoples.
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Fathers of modern Mongolia in the Russian Empire.
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A still rural Mongolia in 1925.
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Greater industrialization of Mongolia.
Within the Covenant this was seen as legitimate, after all many of these countries helped to supervise the referendum to give the event even more legality.
The countries of the Balkans, Anatolia, the Middle East and the Asia-Pacific region did not lift a finger, they did not care whether Inner Mongolia was annexed by referendum or not.
The most affected were the Chinese states of the North, which although they did not care about the independence of de-jure Inner Mongolia, would suffer the consequences of such annexation at various levels.
The influence of the Russian Empire continued to penetrate and take root in the region.
The northern states remained strongly aligned with Russia for many reasons, mainly economic, military and political reasons. But if Russia ever failed, there could be trouble.
Furthermore, it was not clear whether the Russian Empire wanted to annex them or not, and that idea also caused certain divisions between groups in the region.
In short, despite some progress, the relationship between Moscow and its Chinese zone of influence was complicated.
But over time the Russian influence should take root even more in the native people of the region, especially with the generational change.
Opinions abroad were mixed.
The white man did not really care about the independence of Inner Mongolia, but the expansion of Russian power was worrisome to many.
*It's a curious story: As the Mongols, who were unified under the famous Genghis Khan, had carried out some of the most successful conquests in history.
Creating what was for a long time the empire it continued its greatest (until it was surpassed by the Russian Empire). This empire had vassalized the principalities of Rus, which later became independent and carried out their own conquests.
And these disdains of the Rus had now annexed under their command most of the large Mongol populations (there were still some Mongol peoples in north-central China proper).*
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[Wedding: Russia and Romania]
December came and with this the wedding between Grand Duchess Maria and Crown Prince Nicholas of Romania was getting closer and closer.
Due to the need to invest more time and resources elsewhere, it was decided that the wedding would take place at the end of December to accompany it with other celebrations.
Mainly the celebration of the end of the year on December 31 of 1922 and January 1 of 1923.
Not that the Romanov family will be short on money, they were one of the richest families in Europe when it comes to material possessions.
But Tsar Nicholas II insisted on the need to spend more money on other fronts and to enlist the support of the population through more charitable acts than a simple wedding.
Most of the Tsar's children (Maria, Cyril and Sergei) agreed, helping other Romanov family businesses in the rebuilding period before the wedding.
Everything seemed pretty good, there was even a brief improvement between the relationship of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsesarevich Mikhail, but as always reality has other plans.
*Perspective: Death in the family, again.
Tsesarevich Mikhail Nikolaevich was beginning to sweat, and he was getting uncomfortable in that tight suit, in the middle of the cathedral where his sister married minutes ago.
He was looking for a way to entertain his thoughts, but he always came back to the same place. The Tsesarevich was not feeling well and needed a drink or something.
Between this Mikhail's hands began to wander, until finally he found in his pocket a kind of speech that he had started writing some time ago.
The Tsesarevich decided to crumple the note, but it still didn't feel completely right.
"Excuse me, excuse me." The Tsesarevich begins to walk from his seat to where his father was, celebrating with Maria, Crown Prince Nicholas and Empress Elena. "Hey old man, sis." The Tsesarevich draws attention.
"What's going on?". Father and daughter ask, albeit a bit busy. Elena on the other hand has much more attention on hers than Mikhail from hers.
"I ... I'm sorry, I assure you that I will make it up to you later but I have to go for a moment." Mikhail exclaims, leaving at a fast pace, ignoring how his father and Maria are calling him from behind.
"Such a -" Nicholas and Maria calm down before starting to insult the Tsesarevich.
"I'll go check what's wrong with Mikhail before he leaves." Empress Elena mentions.
"It's a good idea, don't let him get into too much trouble." The emperor exclaims giving the empress a kiss.
"Good luck daughter." She exclaims after the kiss with the emperor, wishing her only daughter luck in such an important moment as the wedding celebration.
Mikhail had stopped in his car for a moment, drinking from a hidden bottle of alcohol. Which he hid again to find his car keys.
"Mikhail! Mikhail!" Empress Elena calls her son, who was getting into her personal car alone.
"Hey mom." The Tsesarevich exclaims as he searches for his key, now a little more nervious and sweating.
"Something happens?". The empress calmly mentions as she sits down as co-pilot, the Tsesarevich looks a bit depressed.
"I just need a little air mom. I've never liked church or weddings." The Tsesarevich states simply.
"Mikhail, I know you. I know there is something else." Elena promptly indicates.
"I've just been thinking more ... about things. I don't know how to express them yet, but I know I want to. However whenever I try to change I go back to the same starting point and it's frustrating." Mikhail exclaims, finally starting the car.
"Mikhail, that's progress already. If it makes you feel good." Empress Elena offers. "You have always been ... a curious spirit."
"Thanks Mom." The Tsesarevich indicates.
"I'm going to accompany you for a while." Finally the empress indicates, to which obviously the Tsesarevich does not have much choice but to accept.
That night between December 30 and December 31, the Tsesarevich had planned to start cutting off his royal ties in some way. And in a sense he succeeded.
Among the lights of the sky for the celebrations, the traffic and the state of it, Tsesarevich Mikhail and Empress Elena suffered a traffic accident shortly after the wedding of Grand Duchess Maria with Prince Nicholas.
Empress Elena died shortly before the police forces began to assist in the incident.
Tsesarevich Mikhial survived, but medical diagnoses soon indicated that his legs were disabled.
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Elena of Montenegro, probably one of the most influential Montenegrin women in history, 1873-1922.
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Empress Elena and her son Mikhail, her favorite child.
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[International]
October 1, the Germans of South Tyrol in the Federative Socialist Republic of Italy begin to ask for certain increases in the levels of autonomy they possess within the socialist state.
The Bordiga government makes promises, but does not keep them due to its interest in more important and immediate objectives, such as other socio-political and economic reforms.
October 2, reforms in the military conscription of the Russian Empire under Minister Aleksey Brusilov.
October 5, clashes within Italy continue to intensify, even leading to coups in several important meetings.
This may be due to the increase in factional conflicts within the country and associated with its much more multi-party nature than the rest of the socialist projects.
* France also has a parliament, but this is solely for the Communist Party of France (which under Guesde did not allow "revisionism").
* Germany has a national front of different parties, but the smaller parties are effectively dominated by the Communist Party of Germany.
* Iberia has a series of regional Communist Parties (one for each republic) that dominate regional affairs and discuss national politics. There are also anarchist-syndicalist and libertarian organizations but not with as much influence or freedom as in Italy.
Italy on the other hand allowed a parliamentary system with several leftist parties with relative freedom and autonomy. Parliament under Lazzari was always dominated by the Socialist-Communists and a coalition of associated parties.
Now this unit that existed under Costantino Lazzari has been lost and the fighting is intensifying.
October 6, Harry M. Daugherty (United States Crystal General) orders the withdrawal of liquor from all US ships around the world and prohibits foreign ships from transporting alcohol into US waters.
The following year the Supreme Court of the United States allows American ships to sell alcohol if they are three miles outside the territorial waters of the United States.
The prohibition during this time is quite strong and although the federal government enforces it to some extent, it results in high increases in crime (especially the smuggling of illegal goods into the United States, for obvious reasons).
October 11, more and more Second Great War veterans begin to join the paramilitary forces of the Italian New Order.
October 12, Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear became the twentieth president of Argentina.
October 16, during this time the trade between the United States and the Imperial Federation begins to increase considerably in a 'normalization' of Anglo-American relations.
Americans don't forget of course, but money rules.
We only see brief downturns in this business relationship around troubled times in 1933.
We talked about how the 'neutral' foreign policy of the United States was always a sham.
* The Imperial Federation, the Philippines, and East Germany were among the 10 countries to which the United States exported the most raw materials.
* The Imperial Federation was able to purchase American-made aircraft, aircraft equipment, bombs, and vehicles well until 1938-1939.
* Essential US exports to British hands increased to 124% and 141% in war material and civil material respectively.
* The British bloc received copper, iron, scrap metal, vehicles, oil, engines and zinc in massive tons, which even contributed as much as 20-40% of the British war machine at certain times.
Of course all this was not free for the British, but the cost of this is seen later.
October 18, in the United Kingdom (Imperial Federation) the Imperial Broadcasting Corporation (IBC) is founded, a national broadcaster for propaganda, news and entertainment throughout the Imperial Federation.
The IBC was divided into sub-sections, such as Canadian Broadcasting (CB), British Broadcasting (BB), Australian Broadcasting (AB), South African Broadcasting (SAB) and New Zealand Broadcasting (NZB).
October 19, according to some the civil war in the Home Islands ends during this time with most of the rebel activities having been effectively ended at the hands of the loyalist forces.
There are still terrorist attacks and some attempts at student-worker opposition until 1923, but de-facto the State Council under Prime Minister Churchill and King-Emperor Edward VIII is under the control of the Home Islands and the rest of the Imperial Federation.
The British civil-military dictatorship has been established, ushering in this grim period in the history of the British Isles.
The first official years of the dictatorship are a 'foundational stage', of legislative and economic reforms to establish the new form of the state in the Imperial Federation.
October 24, President Amadeo Bordiga visits Naples for an extraordinary government meeting, where he announces that he will actively continue with important reforms in the economy and the state of the Federative Socialist Republic of Italy.
This is frowned upon by Mussolini, Gramsci and Togliatti, who believe that the reforms will end the socialist system built in Italy since the Milan Revolution.
October 27, within the white populations of the state of South Africa (Imperial Federation), Bechuanaland Protectorate (Botswana), Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and the Boer United States initiates a popular movement for the unification of the territories in a single state, member of the Imperial Federation.
In the case of Southern Rhodesia and Bechuanaland, it is because of the benefits of being a member state of the federation, compared to being a simple British colony.
In the case of the Boer, it is the result of Boer economic dependence, increased British immigration to the region, and the de-facto British protectorate status they have.
And in the case of the whites of South Africa, they see the advantages of more resources, more territory and more white population (although the number of native Africans would also increase).
October 31, the communist forces of the italian New World Order number more than 100,000 people.
French President Paul Faure indicates to Bordiga that it is necessary to declare martial law, but Bordiga does not listen to him on the advice of his generals, who fear that the military will not listen to orders to shoot against forces led by men like Mussolini .
November 2, Keynes initiates an economic forum in London with other officials of the Imperial Federation for economic and legislative-bureaucratic reforms in the country.
An important step in the founding stage of the British dictatorship, which re-affirms a reorganization of the British bureaucracy and a kind of economic restart.
Keynes did not like the social aristocracy, but he was the architect of important economic reforms that favored and would support the British economic machine in WW3.
November 3, Walt Disney's animated short Puss in Boots comes out.
November 5, premiere of the American horror film "The Headless Horseman", starring William Penn Adair Rogers.
November 7, the mid-term elections in the United States reveal important changes in the political situation.
Due to factionalism within the S-CPUSA at this time and political maneuvering by its enemies, the Socialists have lost notable positions in parts of the East Coast, the West Coast, and parts of the US Central Territory.
However, not all goes well for the Democrats or the National Republicans, since the Socialists still have notable strongholds, especially in the Deep South (which would turn completely red in 1924 after a Democratic defeat in Louisiana).
November 9, Scotland Yard police commissioner William Horwood was mysteriously poisoned with arsenic when he ate a box of Walnut Whip chocolates thinking they were a birthday gift from his daughter.
It was thought that the crime was the work of rebel remains, but it turned out that the crime was committed by a man with mental problems.
November 14, several industrial syndicates in northern Italy begin to receive attacks and threats from hard-line militants (followers of Togliatti and company).
November 15, Arthur Bernardes becomes Prime Minister of the Empire of Brazil.
The Bernardes government is characterized by a complicated situation, where the contradictions and problems of the Brazilian state intensified.
Which led to a 'state of siege' on the empire, heralding even bigger problems in the future.
November 17, the Philippine dictator Gregorio del Pilar, begins to finance important reforms with British help.
Through these reforms, not only will the Philippine dictatorship be consolidated, but it will begin to make inroads in nearby regions (in support of the interests of the bloc).
In particular towards Indonesia and various anti-British rebels in the region. This starts a kind of Philippine imperialism.
November 20, Paul Faure's attempts to bring Italian issues to court among the socialist nations in Zimmerwald fail considerably.
This is due to the differences between Germany (which supports Togliatti) and France (which supports Bordiga), plus the neutrality of other countries such as Iberia in this matter.
The fight for supremacy in the European Socialist Union continues to intensify after it is determined which Italian candidate is victorious.
Faure essentially believes that it is obvious that France should dictate the future of the European socialist project, not Germany. And in the reconstruction of plans as ambitious as those of Napoleon I (remember that Faure's 'socialism' rescued important French nationalist elements).
November 21, celebrates the creation of British organizations in exile, mainly in socialist Europe (Ireland).
The British socialists (Scottish, Welsh and English) will be most important in various forms of resistance to the imperialism of the Imperial Federation.
First New York Times report on Adolf Hitler in Sweden:
"Several reliable, well-informed sources confirmed the idea that Hitler's anti-Semitism is not so genuine or violent as it sounds, he is merely using anti-Semitic propaganda as bait to catch masses of followers."
-New York Times statement about German-Swedish politician Adolf Hitler.
The worst thing is that several newspapers still did not have strong opinions against the Social Aristocracy during this time (beyond the American revanchism after the conflict against the British in WW2).
November 30, certain problems occur in the distribution of water in the north-central Free Republic of Mexico.
For a short time there is violence in Mexico City, but the central government still maintains control of the republic.
Tens of thousands of Swedes, followers of Adolf Hitler, begin to take more and more control in various parts of Sweden, with the intention of bringing the Hitlerists to power in the Swedish state.
December 4, the president of the United States, Henry Ford, presents to Congress a budget of $ 3 billion for the next fiscal year (which officially begins on July 1, 1923).
December 7, the State Council announces Keynes's economic reports and in the process launches several legislative reforms to continue the founding stage of the British civic-military dictatorship.
In the process, the civil bureaucracy is further militarized, several political prisoners become hostages, several public or semi-public buildings have become de-facto prisons, and there are other limitations on civil liberties (such as freedom of expression) due to martial law.
But it is a fact, the Social Aristocracy has won, and in fact not the entire population is against the new status quo.
December 11, Italian General Benito Mussolini becomes increasingly open in his views that Amadeo Bordiga and Paul Faure (presidents of socialist Italy and France) are revisionists, and therefore a danger to socialism.
December 15, Russian-German Socialist Minister Vladimir Lenin suffers a second stroke.
December 21, the Women's Federation of the Imperial Federation is formed by women of the British upper class, to fight against 'cultural degeneration' throughout the Imperial Federation in the founding stage of the dictatorship.
One of the first things this federation wants to do is prohibit the showing of pictures featuring actors frequently mentioned in divorce courts and / or scandals.
December 25, communist factions of the S-CPUSA indicate the need for an armed insurrection for the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat in the United States and the overthrow of the capotalist system.
Social democratic factions are obviously against it because of the illegality of the act and the possible repercussions on the part of the federal government and other Americans.
For the moment the communists give up but it is clear that factionalism or sectarianism would greatly weaken the S-CPUSA, at least in the 1924 elections.
December 31-January 1, death of Empress Elena of Russia.