Battle for the Urals (April-June, 1921)

The Adda] is a Rubicon, and we crossed it over the bodies of our enemies."

-Russian General Alexander Suvorov to a Russian diplomat in the Italian and Swiss expeditions of 1799 and 1800.

April 2, 1921.

The Russian Empire is still shaken by the Russian Civil War, which started in the late 1920.

After months (with the associated mobilization and preparation), the Minister of War and General Aleksey Alekseyevich Brusilov launched his Ural Offensive, approved by the Ministry of War and the General Staff (in charge of military affairs after the declaration of martial law by the Fourth IV Duma after the attempted coup by the Directorate of Admiral Alexander V. Kolchak).

As the name of it suggests, the Ural Offensive had a 'simple' objective.

The taking of the Urals by the troops of the Legitimist faction of the Russian Civil War. Through the taking of the Urals, the Loyalists could attack Central Siberia, where Omsk (capital of the Kolchak Directorate) was located.

With Central Siberia captured, the loyalists could effectively cut off the serpent's head and begin to clean up the mess caused by the Directorate (by eliminating the other cliques of the Directorate).

But first the Ural Offensive had to be won, which was more difficult than it seemed.

The Directorate had defended its borders (a result of the Russian Air Force assault and border skirmishes) and had competent officers of its own, which would cause trouble for the Offensive led by Brusilov and his associates.

On April 5, the 'Supreme Leader of Russia' Alexander V. Kolchak gave the order for a defense and counter-offensive to General Brusilov's operation.

Indeed, during April and September of 1921, the armed conflict of the Russian civil war had its high point.

The largest armies of both factions in the civil war fought for supremacy on their borders, involving hundreds of thousands of men and other assets.

Anyone winning the battle for the Urals would be able to march into enemy territory, which could effectively define civil war (at least in medium term).

Despite the fact that the industrial capacities of the Legitimist side were greater, in the beginning the Directorate had a series of strategic positions that complicated the victory of the Loyalists.

However, these industrial capacities also allowed for greater resources to be invested in the Ural Offensive, which gave the loyalists the advantage in the long term.

In hindsight, the most difficult period was the first months of the Urals Offensive.

Mainly due to the geography of the region and the climate, which posed a variety of problems for the infantry force on both sides.

The conflict in these months had a very complicated nature, almost like a guerrilla war, with skirmishes and clashes between both forces in the complicated geography of the mountains that usually separated Europe from Asia.

The Russian air force played a notable role for the loyalist camp, in the transport of useful assets, and the reconnaissance and bombardment of rebel positions during this campaign.

That probably would have been a lot more difficult without the support of the air force.

There were also some notable bottlenecks, strategic positions, and vital assets, such as infrastructure or resources that could be of use to both groups (military facilities, lines of communication, and other useful assets).

Both sides had to cut or capture important points in their advance towards enemy territory, but this was notably risky due to the factors already mentioned above.

And in the process it could result in certain troops being surrounded by the enemy.

One of these biggest bottlenecks was the southern Ural Mountains, which had a part of the Eurasian steppe.

Passing there would have been easier than going through the Urals for the loyalist troops, but of course Kolchak could foresee this and his troops prepared counter-measures to an offensive to the south.

Consequently, this was also a scene of civil war fighting between the Directorate and the Legitimists, which especially affected the North of the Turkestan region (Kazakhstan).

The Ural Offensive played an important role in the civil war and had important consequences for the Russian Empire, from 1921 onwards.

Not only political consequences, but also in other aspects of the Russian state and its organization.

Notable figures such as Konstantin Rokossovsky and Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky participated in the offensive, who would later play a vital role in the armed forces of the Russian Empire.

In general, the young promises that had come out during the Second Great War, had matured during the Russian Civil War and would continue to stand out later.

Another considerable factor was the participation of Tsesarevich Nicholas Nikolaevich Romanov in the Ural Offensive as part of the loyalist army against the Directorate of Admiral Alexander V. Kolchak.

"Now there is no one to wait for help, one hope is in God, the other is for the greatest courage and the highest self-sacrifice of the troops led by you ... We are faced with the greatest, unprecedented labors in the world! We are on the edge of the abyss! But we are Russians! God is with us! Save, save the honor and property of Russia and her Autocrat! ... Save his son"

-General Suvorov's speech on September 18 (29) at a war council in the Franciscan convent (during the Swiss Campaign of Suvorov), according to Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration.

The eldest after Suvorov, General Derfelden, on behalf of the entire army, assured Suvorov that everyone would fulfill its duty: "We will endure everything and not disgrace Russian weapons, and if we fall, we will die in glory! Lead us where you think, do what you know, we are yours, father, we are Russians! "

*Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia of the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, son of Paul I and brother of the Tsar Alexander I, was with Suvorov army.

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Suvorov Crossing the Panix Pass, a painting of Alexander Kotzebue.​

*******

[Perspective]

The artillery unit was advancing between one of the many roads that were affected by the Ural Offensive during the Russian civil war.

"The artillery of God.

Spreading the word of the Lord.

One shell at a time."

Tsesarevich Nicholas Nikolaevich Romanov sang along with other members of the unit, partly to pass the time and partly to counteract the bad weather in the region during this time.

The forces commanded by a still young Rokossovsky were going ahead, when suddenly the site turns into an ambush.

Directorate forces attack, throwing explosives and firing at Loyalist forces.

Commander Rokossovsky managed to overcome the encirclement attempt by the Directorate forces, but during the confrontation a brutal problem had occurred.

The Fifth Unit of artillery under Rokossovsky had been lost or scattered across the Ural terrain.

One of the few units lost under Rokossovsky's command during the Russian Civil War.

...

After this, the Tsesarevich Nicholas was trying to find his way back, but everything was getting darker and the weather was not improving.

Even with his training, the Tsesarevich was hungry and starting to make mistakes.

Nicholas Nikolaevich slipped into a cave, trying to build a fire for the night (hoping to re-orient himself during the day).

But it was very complicated, and suddenly the temperature of the Tsesarevich was rising.

The hypothermic mind begins to play tricks, and suddenly sounds begin to be heard near the cave ... It was difficult to tell if they were allies, enemies or just hallucinations.

The mind and soul of Tsesarevich Nicholas was like that of a wounded and trapped animal.

...

Tsesarevich Nicholas could not get out of bed where he was, in that improsed camp in the Ural Mountains.

"It is a pleasure to see you awake, your highness." Commander Mikhail Tukhachevsky exclaims.

"What happened?". Still with some difficulty, the Tsesarevich asks his de-facto superior.

"An expedition found you near death of hypothermia. There were Directorate soldiers nearby, it is fortunate that we were able to rescue you with almost no incident." Tukhachevsky explains calmly.

"Thanks." The Tsesarevich Nicholas asserts.

"You're welcome." Tukhachevsvky takes the words seriously. "Communications indicate that Rokossovsky has been able to re-organize, but your unit, the Fifth, has been almost completely eliminated." Tukhachevsky reports once again.

The Tsesarevich was physically and mentally injured as a result.

"Perhaps it is a better idea for you to be transferred out of the front line." Tukhachevsky exclaims with some concern.

"I refuse." Nicholas Nikolaevich responds as readily as he can.

"Tsesarevich, your position here is very dangerous." Tukhachevsky insists for a moment.

"... I prefer to go back after victory, not before it. Alive or dead." Nicholas Nikolaevich indicates once again, always a soldier before a nobleman.

"Romantic, but that spirit works for me." Tukhachevsky comments with some joy. The Tsesarevich would recover for the Ural Offensive, rejoining the remnants of the Fifth and the forces commanded by Rokossovsky.

Unfortunately the words of the Tsesarevich would come true.

The Urals Offensive would be defined on September 4, 1921.

*

The Emperor and Empress of Russia received news of their son shortly after his momentary disappearance in the Ural Offensive.

The Tsesarevich Nicholas Nikolaevich, having recovered, returned to the front of the south-central Urals under Rokossovsky.

If all went well, the Legitimist troops would win and cross the Tobol River to depart for Omsk, where they would take charge of the Directorate of Alexander V. Kolchak.

Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Elena prayed for their eldest son.

The tsar had never been the most religious man in the world, but there were few options.

Eventually the news became less common, until September of 1921.

*******

[Russian Civil War]

*[Central Asia]

A forgotten front, perhaps due to its lack of great cliques or movements, was the Kazakh Front in the Russian Civil War.

The north of Kazakhstan (Turkestan area or Russian Central Asia) bordered the south of the Directorate of Central Siberia, a direct dagger to the heart of the Directorate, by which it could be accessed by the Eurasian steppe.

It would have been easy to send a lot of troops over there and defeat Kolchak much faster than in the Ural Offensive.

And Admiral Alexander V. Kolchak knew it, so he had prepared to mount resistance on his southern border, fighting the generally loyalist Turkestan.

In essence, the start of this front had a very 'frontier' nature, where the armies of both sides engaged in many skirmishes and attacked positions along the border, defenses, and rival supply lines.

But Kolchak had an az up his sleeve, he could not compete with the resources of Central Asia, at least not alone. So he needed help for this.

Kolchak managed to get some military officers on his side, who would no doubt help fight the loyalists in Turkestan.

But it was not enough, for this Kolchak managed to bribe some Muslim religious leaders and old Kazakh aristocracy-clans to join his side (mainly because of the 'secularism' and leftism of the loyalist side).

Most of Turkestan's citizens remained loyal to Tsar Nicholas II, including civilians, military men, religious, and prince-nobility or clans from Central Asia, but there are always some troublesome individuals.

One must also take into account the influence of the Afghan civil war south of Turkestan, where some groups in the region were inspired by the civil war there to avoid an overly secular or leftist government in Russia.

Fortunately for the Loyalists, they had allies who knew how to fight a war in Central Asia.

Alibi Togzhanovich Dzhangildin, an ally of Tsar Nicholas II, assembled a series of anti-Directorate groups, which attacked and eventually purged-destroyed Kolchak's allies.

Dzhangildin was effectively able to organize command and supply lines, to mount a civil and military resistance against the Directorate and its attempts to expand into Central Asia.

However, with this distraction in place, the Directorate forces managed to stop any possible advance across the Eurasian steppe towards the Directorate of Central Siberia.

Lines and lines of trenches and other heavily defended positions had been built, taking advantage of Central Siberia's industrial capabilities in the process to counter loyalist attempts to pass south into Directorate territory.

A dangerous and difficult road had been created, which had strongly weakened the chances of an attack by the region (the risk had become quite high).

Attempts to use infantry and mechanized units met with major defeats at the hands of Kolchak's forces. But still, it was clear that in a war of attrition, the Loyalists had it easier than the Directorate.

*[Far East]

Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's strategy had been successful.

The baron had delayed Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov and Dmitry Leonidovich Horvat long enough for Manchurian-Korean and Russian troops from the Far East to mobilize to finally crush the Directorate of the Far East.

Final combat between Directorate troops and Loyalists was approaching in the Far East, near the Shilka River (leading to the Amur River).

And there was not much possible interference, the Central Asian Directorate was too busy with the Urals and Central Asia Offensive to send too much support to Semyonov and Horvat in the Far East.

What's more, the balance now tipped heavily towards the loyalists, as Damdin Sükhbaatar was able to send some extra Mongol reinforcements for Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg and other supplies (gift from the Eighth Jebtsundamba Khutuktu or Bogd Lama).

June 14, 1921, the battle of the Shilka River takes place between the loyalists (led mainly by Ungern-Sternberg, although there were commanders of various origins) and the rebel forces, led mainly by Semyonov.

The battle of the Shilka River saw the capture of the city of Chita at the hands of Baron Ungern-Sternberg, who entered it hours after the combat was victorious for the loyalist forces.

Dmitry Leonidovich Horvat had tried to escape by train to the northern states of China (where he hoped to go to the Republic of China to escape the Russian authorities), but was caught on the way.

Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov was captured during the Battle of Shilka and the liberation of the city of Chita by loyalist forces.

Bargon Ungern-Sternberg prepared a 'trial' for the execution of Horvat and Semyonov, which took place shortly thereafter, along with other officers and collaborators of the Directorate regime.

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Roman von Ungern-Sternberg before the trial of Semyonov in the city of Chita.​

*[Perspective]

"Why are we doing this?". Grigory Semyonov asks. "I'm sure my verdict has already been handed down before the trial."

"Effectively." Roman von Ungern-Sternberg calmly asserts. "But we're still going to have a trial, an acted trial so to speak." The bloody baron reaffirms.

"... Were we friends at some point, Ungern?" Semyonov asks cautiously.

"Maybe. But friendships end and die all the time." Ungern-Sternberg indicates calmly.

"Ungern, you are not realizing. This is a mistake, things should not have been this way." Semyonov exclaims. "They are condemning Russia, if you had joined us-"

"Silence Semyonov." Baron Ungern-Sternberg indicates. "My decision and the verdict are already made ... Besides, the Directorate has nothing to offer me that the Duma in Moscow does not offer."

Semyonov was silent ar first. "We will see in the future, if your decision was correct or not."

"It was. It is. And it will be, the correct decision." Ungern-Sternberg claimed. And he had the last laugh.

Semyonov was executed by firing squad.

It was a much quicker death than Roman von Ungern-Sternberg gave Horvat and other members of the Directorate.

Perhaps a last show of friendship between two men who lived and died as soldiers on horseback.

*[Boris Savinkov]

The left of the Russian Empire was mostly united around the RSDLP-Trudovik alliance led by Stalin and Kerensky, with temporary allies such as Lev Trotksy's International Workers Party of Russia.

However, there was another useful element for the loyalists during the civil war, one that came from the right and not from the left-center.

To divide the Russian right and diminish support for Alexander V. Kolchak's Directorate, Trotsky-like deputy Boris Savinkov had taken up the matter.

Savinkov founded the 'Russian People's Party', which despite its name, was a right-wing party (using a left-wing name to attract more public).

Savinkov's Russian People's Party aimed to create a right-wing opposition to the Directorate and the creation of paramilitary units that would help the loyalists against Kolchak's allies.

And it is in these moments that Savinkov (again similar to Trotsky) shone, since Savinkov proved to be very talented in using terror tactics and paramilitary units to fight against the Directorate.

The Russian People's Party and the paramilitaries led by Savinkov joined the militias of Trotsky's party, aimed in particular at attacking the Directorate collaborators in central regions of Russia (such as Yusupov and other big Russian capitalists).

During this time both parties also engaged in broadcasting approved propaganda from Moscow, to support other forms of the war effort.

After this Savinkov and his men led to support Jukums Vācietis, Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas and Petr Stuchka in the Baltic against Markov, Yudenich and Bermondt-Avalov (while Trotsky went to southern Russia to fight the Southern Directorate) .

In exchange for his support for the loyalists, in essence, Savinkov wanted to gain a large share of control of the Russian political right in the post-civil war period.

*******

["Russification" of Inner Mongolia]

The "Russification" of Inner Mongolia is a somewhat different process than the attempts at Russification that were attempted in, for example, the government of Tsar Nicholas I.

Here with Russification we refer to the process of political integration designed by the government of the Russian Empire and various parts of the government of Inner Mongolia, so that this region was integrated into the Russian Empire.

This process is especially catapulted by the presence of Damdin Sükhbaatar and the leadership of the Mongolian Social Democratic Labor Party, which during the Russian Civil War ensured that the Russian sphere of influence in the Chinese North was kept under control.

Through this pacification of the region (through military, economic and political dominance), Damdin Sükhbaatar and the MSDLP (Stalin's RSDLP associates) made plans for Inner Mongolia to be integrated into the Russian Empire as another administrative division.

There was already a base, de-facto Inner Mongolia was dominated by Russian allies and the country's membership of the Covenant of Nations meant that there was a notable importance of Russian capital and the ruble in the economy of Inner Mongolia.

It was only necessary to secure the support of the elites and part of the population in a referendum, for Inner Mongolia to join the Russian Empire.

The reason for this objective lies in the pan-Mongolian ideas of the MSDLP and that Inner Mongolia was now more useful within the Empire, than outside it.

Steps taken for this were already underway, with the Mongol princes and other politicians, generally affiliated with the Russian capital and / or the MSDLP, 'Russification' campaigns were launched, to promote the union between Inner Mongolia and the Russian Empire.

Mainly in the adoption of legal and legislative measures so that Inner Mongolia entered the empire and was fully integrated within it, in addition to the fact that Cyrillic for the Mongolian language began to be used in state affairs along with the traditional Mongolian alphabet.

The Han population of Inner Mongolia was the problem, but this was solved by the new system of autonomy that Tsar Nicholas II planned to install.

Furthermore, the propaganda and / or influence of Moscow and its allies must be taken into account in Inner Mongolia politics, to promote favorable results in a referendum for the union of Inner Mongolia with Russia.

A union that could not be broken, because Russia is One and Indivisible ...

The Bogd Lama agreed to collaborate with this Russification of the state, provided that his position as head of the Buddhism of the Mongolian believers was maintained.

Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg and Damdin Sükhbaatar helped convince the Bogd Lama.

* [Annex]: During the Russian civil war, Inner Mongolia contributed forces and supplies to the war effort of the Legitimist government and the Covenant of Nations (the Russosphere).

(OOC: To some extent based on what happened to the Tuvan People's Republic when it joined the USSR).

*******

[International]

April 1, begins the "English Civil War" after King-Emperor Edward VIII and the State Council of the Imperial Federation abolished the legislative chambers of the country (the Imperial Parliament, with the Lords supporting the Social Aristocracy and the ' last sane' Commons against the dictatorship).

The last great civil resistance against the dictatorship begins, with militants from both sides starting a fight in the Home Islands. More than 1 million men (mostly armed civilians in the Commons side) go to war on both sides.

But there is something very important, most of the armed forces

(the navy, army and air force) and political apparatuses of the Home Islands and the other members of the Imperial Federation side with King-Emperor Edward VIII (who has allies in the armed forces and regional politics). Also within the State Council the elites of the other members of the Imperial Federation are placed as compensation.

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Militants (Civilian background) and a deserter on the Commons side during the Home Islands civil war.

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Combat scene during this conflict.

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Troops-Militants of the Imperial Civil-Military Dictatorship checking civilians.​

The dictatorship in Croatia-Slovenia with British support continues to increase its military-offensive capabilities for the future world war.

In the process, the Zeleno (Nacionalno hrvatsko domobranstvo / National Croatian Home Guard) prepare for terror attacks against 'sub-human' populations in the Balkans and possibly Italy.

April 2, scene of major protests by coal miners and British teachers in the north of England against the dictatorship established by King-Emperor Edward VIII.

The last parties not dominated by the Social Aristocracy also form an opposition, but all aspects of 'civilized' behavior have disappeared in the Home Islands.

The conflict turns violent and bloody in nature, with fighting in the streets, in the fields and numerous terrorist attacks, kidnappings, disappearances, executions and imprisonments.

Starts the loyalist operation for the Battle for the Urals in the Russian civil war.

April 4, census in Australia (Imperial Federation) reveals a population of around 5,435,734 inhabitants.

April 5, Emir Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid visits Egypt, where there are still mostly mixed opinions about Egypt's membership in the Emirate of Ha'il.

The young pan-Arab officers of Egypt welcome him, but of course his loyalty is not free.

The young officers are an important base of the central government of Ha'il against the old guard, generally of nationalistic tendencies (Egyptian nationalism).

Ha'il's central government during this period exiled some opponents to make way for more reliable allies. As a result, supporting the militarization of the Ha'il state (which has been a notable influence in subsequent decades).

The National-Republicans and Democrats are beginning to secure some positions that they had lost to the S-CPUSA, but not to be trusted (they will still take some hits in the future).

April 8, most major British capitalists favor the State Council dictatorship in the Home Islands civil war, supporting right-wing militants against militant workers and other opponents of the new regime.

Partly in reaction to the fear of a possible leftist government in the Home Islands and because of the positive relationship that the Social Aristocratic regime has built with the great non-Jewish capitalists.

April 9, economic chaos caused by various factors, including the British Civil War and the Russian Civil War, as well as effects on the colonial empires of both.

Indeed there is an international economic depression during this time, which affects industries such as sugar and food products.

100,000 militants join the cause of the Commons among Welsh and Scottish workers, but due to the lack of equipment and organized structure of these troops, they are doomed (their political-organizational leadership had been effectively purged for years, and members of the Common-Liberals, Moderate Conservatives, and Centrists had all refused to help these left-wing 'extremists').

April 11, during the dictatorship of the Empire of Japan, the House of Yamato (the imperial family) began to be confined more and more from royal political activities.

Indeed, the Yamato family begins to carry out mainly ceremonial (without real value) or religious activities.

That would actually be something very important later on.

April 12, the problems between President Henry Ford and Congress multiply during his second term.

The late progressives and moderates in the Democratic Party and the non-Fordists in the National Republican Party have various negative views of him due to his rampant anti-Semitism, extreme populism, and other issues.

Ford will continue to attack and undermine the American system through various methods throughout his second term as president.

April 13-15, there are three bloody days resulting from notable massacres in the civil war (beginning on a Wednesday and ending on a Friday, now called Black Friday among the miners of the British Isles).

The 'Triple Alliance', an alliance of associations of miners, railroad workers and other transport workers in favor of the Commons had been broken.

Railroad workers and transportation workers betrayed the militant mining unions, bringing a heavy blow to the rebel effort.

* More than 6,000 civilian-militants were captured and massacred on Black Friday, 1921.

April 15, Liberia repays a $5 million loan to the United States.

After this President Charles Dunbar Burgess King of Liberia is well received in the United States by President Henry Ford.

Georgy Timofeyevich Beregovoy is born.

April 16, just over 97 people die from tornadoes in the Deep South of the United States.

66 people are killed in the Mississippi Delta from hippopotamuses.

April 19, throughout Gran Colombia, a cult of a particular historical figure of the region, the prócer of the homeland Simon Bolivar, becomes very popular among the common population.

The próceres are often considered as Fathers of the Nation due to the relevance of their actions to found an independent and sovereign nation.

Juan Vicente Gómez Chacón, president of Gran Colombia until his death (in 1935), actively promoted this worship of historical figures, more than is usual for any state.

Partly because it was necessary, Gomez wanted to keep Gran Colombia together (trying to calm the possible rebellions of the Ecuadorian population) and it was necessary for the nation to take pride in its role among Latin American countries. Besides that it was good propaganda for his de-facto dictatorship.

April 23, the US Census Bureau announces that the total foreign-born population of the United States has increased by just 2.6% since 1910 (a total of 13,703,987 overall).

This is a drastic reduction, since between 1900 and 1910, the increase had been 30.7%.

We can attribute this reduction to the dramatic decrease in immigration resulting from problems throughout the world (both military conflicts and economic problems).

* Refugees and affected by civil wars in the Home Islands or Russia generally did not go to the United States.

April 24, as a result of the Dust Bowl in the United States, food problems (food insecurity) in and around the High Plains increase considerably.

April 25, several Japanese women join the Japanese Red Army due to their feminist leanings (within what is traditional Japanese society).

Partly because the IJN-led Dictatorship in the Empire of Japan prohibits the participation of women in political associations.

April 26, the new president Amadeo Bordiga begins to attack the old guard in the Camera del Lavoro (literally the "chamber of labor", which was where the parliamentary meetings of socialist Italy were held).

President Bordiga begins to promote economic and possibly political liberalization measures, leading to smaller-scale privatization in certain parts of the country.

The clashes between the hard-liners and the Bordiga reformists increase as a result.

May 1, foundation of the Jewish Communist Party and the Palestinian Communist Party, and with this the formation of the 'Popular United Front for the Liberation of Palestine-Israel'.

The two communist groups of Palestine-Israel (Holy Land) and their united front, made up of Jews, Palestinian Arabs and Christians, among other regional groups, with a leftist (Marxist) tendency.

In general, they are a leftist opposition to the Emirate of Ha'il, who want the independence of the Palestinian region (or at least a socialist-communist revolution in the Emirate), greater freedoms for non-Muslims, greater sovereignty for the Palestinian Arabs and other reforms.

These associations are the result of the unification of the radical secret societies of the region, and at the same time they are precursors of future movements formed throughout the 20th century.

May 2, Wojciech Korfanty tries to re-establish the Polish Legion (a failed project of the Polish government in exile), to regain a Poland independent from the territory of Russia and the Prussian Republic of Germany.

Similar to previous attempts, it fails.

May 3, legal measures against deserters from the armed forces increase in the United States of America.

Wage reduction in several US economic sectors (among them, especially metallurgy, with a reduction of between 20% and 40%, usually between 46 and 36 cents per hour and in the cotton industry it was reduced by 30%).

May 3, the population of South Africa (Imperial Federation) is 6,927,403 (mostly non-whites, but whites rule de-facto thanks to the segregation of the country and other realities of the time, such as the legacy of colonialism).

May 8, Swedish volunteers are created to support the forces of the dictatorship in the Home Islands (Imperial Federation).

Adolf Hitler in particular supports with large doses of propaganda these volunteers, and the British dictatorship in general (which he highly praises).

May 9, the German-Russian scientist of Jewish origin, Albert Einstein, is honored at Princeton University with the honorary degree of Doctor of Science.

"In his structural theory of our ever-old, ever-new universe, his name stands latest in that illustrious series wherein the other moderns are Clark Maxwell, Sir Isaac Newton and Galileo, and the earliest name is Pythagoras.

So, today, for his genius and integrity, we, who inadequately measure his power, salute the new Columbus of science, 'voyaging through strange seas of thought alone' "

-University President John Grieg Hibben on Einstein.

May 14, a geomagnetic storm, caused by a solar flare, begins to interfere with telegraph transmissions, telephone transmissions, and railroad signals throughout North America, Europe, and the Southern Hemisphere.

This storm causes an aurora borealis to be observed in the northeastern United States, and causes problems until May 17, 1921.

Astronomers at the United States Naval Observatory attributed the activity to a sunspot 94,000 miles (151,000 km) long and 21,000 miles (34,000 km) wide.

May 15, Palmiro Togliatti together with the theorist-writer Antonio Gramsci and General Benito Mussolini begin to openly criticize President Bordiga and his reform measures, attacking Bordiga's revisionism against Socialism in Italy.

May 19, the maintenance of emergency measures in the United States leads to an increase in social problems in the United States.

May 20, President Ford's federal government insists on the need to dispatch federal troops in West Virgini due to the de-facto state of war between miners and state syndicates against operators and companies in the region.

As a result of these interventions and other conflicts in the United States, the Battle of Blair Mountain will occur in August-September 1921.

May 27, Anna Brown's body is discovered in a ravine in Osage County, Oklahoma (United States), eventually leading to large-scale investigation into the "Osage Indian murders."

June 4, failed diplomatic negotiation attempts in the Home Islands civil war.

June 5, the forces and militants in favor of the dictatorship of the Imperial Federation launch a campaign of "reprisal burning", a five-month campaign in which the properties of opposition groups and their members are attacked.

Many houses are burned in the process, usually houses of common people (economically speaking). The opposition begins to carry out similar acts in response (generally burning much larger and more valuable properties).

June 9, the British government releases a 'White Paper', publishing an alleged letter and text (captured by the British intelligence service) about negotiations between the Commons and their allies with the French Communists.

The results of this attempt (a product falsified by the loyalist government as propaganda) are mixed.

June 12, deepening of a famine in the Republic of China as a result of the civil war and epidemics that occurred a few months ago.

June 16, 432,511 miners become militants on the side of the Commons and their allies during the civil war in the Home Islands.

183,827 join the militants of the loyalist government, which provides them with much more weaponry and support (including vehicles and various explosives).

June 19, inflation increases in the United States due to new economic problems. The state in particular responds with price adjustments, but the overproduction of silver dollars (which can still be exchanged for gold) does not help much.

June 20, El Salvador adopts the gold standard.

And the United States de-facto takes control of the Salvadoran central bank after it approved a treaty that gave concessions for decades (50 years) to US industries and interests.

Life in a Central American country is difficult ...

June 22, Henry Ford signs a law that increases the size of the US Army from 220,000 troops to 370,000 troops.

June 27, violence between various groups in the southern and northern parts of the Italian peninsula increases.

Unfortunately for the north of the FSR of Italy, the majority of the armed forces and law enforcement agencies lean more towards General Mussolini and the politician Togliatti, than to President Bordiga.

June 28, the State Council of the Imperial Federation launches the Air Navigation and Transport Act, which begins to regulate many aspects of trade, transportation and movement of people-goods in the Imperial Federation and its colonial empire (and partly in its sphere influence).