The energy of a single photon is determined by its speed, whereas the energy of a collective group of photons depends on two factors: one is the speed of the photons, and the other is the number of photons.
Therefore, when the energy of light decreases, it cannot be specified whether it's the speed of the photons that has reduced or the number of photons.
In scenarios where photon annihilation doesn't occur, the reduction in light energy is mostly due to a decrease in speed.
For example, when a beam of light penetrates glass, its speed of propagation within the glass cannot reach the full speed of light, and the energy correspondingly diminishes.
These are discoveries that have been confirmed.
However, similar discoveries had to be made through laboratory means, using small amounts of light in delicate experiments, in order to be detectable by instruments.